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66 invasive species found

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Alien Species

1. Acacia farnesiana (tree, shrub)        

Probably a native of tropical America, Acacia farnesiana was introduced to many tropical countries for its bark, gum, seed and wood. It is often planted as an ornamental or to check erosion, and is also used in the perfume industry because of its scented flowers. This thorny, deciduous shrub grows to 4m in height forming impenetrable thickets or sometimes a more open cover and prefers dry habitats between sea level and 1000 m. In Australia it occurs along watercourses on rangeland and farmland limiting access to water. It has also become an invasive species in Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu.

Common Names: acacia jaune, aroma, aromo, ban baburi, carambuco, cashia, cassie, debena, Ellington curse, espino blanco, espino ruco, esponja, esponjeira, huisache, huisache dulce, kandaroma, klu, klu bush, kolu, mimosa, mimosa bush, needle bush, oki, opoponax, popinac, popinac, rayo, Small's acacia, sweet acacia, tekaibakoa, titima, vaivai vakavotona, Westindische akazie

Synonyms: Acacia acicularis Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Acacia densiflora (Alex. ex Small) Cory, Acacia edulis Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.  var. pedunculata (Willd.) Kuntze, Acacia ferox M. Martens & Galeotti, Acacia indica (Pers.) Desv., Acacia lenticellata F.Muell., Acacia minuta (M.Jones) Beauchamp subsp. densiflora (Alex. ex Small) Beauchamp, Acacia pedunculata Willd., Acacia smallii Isely, Farnesia odora Gasp., Mimosa acicularis Poir., Mimosa farnesiana L., Mimosa acicularis (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Poir., Mimosa edulis (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Poir., Mimosa farnesiana L., Mimosa indica Pers., Mimosa pedunculata (Willd.) Poir., Vachellia densiflora Alex. ex Small, Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn., Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn. var. typica Speg., Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn. forma typica Speg.

2. Achatina fulica (mollusc)        

Achatina fulica feeds on a wide variety of crop plants and may present a threat to local flora. Populations of this pest often crash over time (20 to 60 years) and this should not be percieved as effectiveness of the rosy wolfsnail (Euglandina rosea) as a biocontrol agent. Natural chemicals from the fruit of Thevetia peruviana have activity against A. fulica and the cuttings of the alligator apple (Annona glabra) can be used as repellent hedges against A. fulica.

Common Names: achatine, Afrikanische Riesenschnecke, escargot géant d'Afrique, giant African land snail, giant African snail

Synonyms: Lissachatina fulica (Bowdich 1822)

3. Acridotheres tristis (bird)        

The common myna (Acridotheres tristis), also called the Indian myna, is a highly commensal Passerine that lives in close association with humans. It competes with small mammals and bird for nesting hollows and on some islands, such as Hawaii and Fiji, it preys on other birds' eggs and chicks. It presents a threat to indigenous biota, particularly parrots and other birdlife, in Australia and elsewhere.

Common Names: brun majna, Calcutta myna, common myna, German Indischer mynah, Hirtenmaina, hjarðmænir, house myna, Indian myna, Indian mynah, kabairohakka, maina, mainá común, maina comune, mainato, majna brunatna, majna obecná, manu, manu kaomani, manu kavamani, manu rataro, manu teve, Martin triste, merle des Moluques, mynah, pihamaina, piru, talking myna, treurmaina

Synonyms: Acridotheres tristas (Linnaeus, 1766)

4. Aedes aegypti (insect)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

The yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti is very common in urban and suburban areas in the tropic and subtropic regions. It is adapted to close association with humans and the female feeds almost exclusively on human blood. A. aegypti is the domestic vector of the yellow fever virus, caused epidemics of yellow fever in the Americas (before the 1940's) and recently in West Africa, and is responsible for 'urban yellow fever' - direct transmission of the virus between humans. A. aegypti is also the most important carrier of the dengue virus, although it is not paticularly susceptible to viral infection compared with other mosquito species.

Common Names: stégomyie, yellow fever mosquito

Synonyms: Culex aegypti Linnaeus, 1762, Culex albopalposus Becker, 1908, Culex anguste-alatus Becker, 1908, Culex annulitarsis Macquart, 1844 , Culex argenteus Poiret, 1787 , Culex augens Wiedemann, 1828, Culex calopus Meigen, 1818, Culex elegans Ficalbi, 1889 , Culex exagitans Walker, 1856 , Culex excitans Walker, 1848, Culex fasciatus Fabricius, 1805, Culex frater Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827 , Culex inexorabilis Walker, 1848 , Culex insatiabilis Bigot, 1859 , Culex kououpi Brulle, 1833 , Culex rossii Giles, 1889 , Culex taeniatus Wiedemann, 1828, Culex toxorhynchus Macquart, 1838 , Culex viridifrons Walker, 1848 , Duttonia alboannulis Ludlow, 1911 , Mimeteomyia pulcherrima Taylor, 1919 , Stegomyia atritarsis Edwards, 1920 , Stegomyia canariensis Pittaluga, 1905 , Stegomyia luciensis Theobald, 1901 , Stegomyia nigeria Theobald, 1901 , Stegomyia queenslandensis Theobald, 1901

5. Ageratum conyzoides (herb)      

Ageratum conyzoides is a weed distributed in many tropical and subtropical countries and is often difficult to control. It is an established weed in the Himalayas where several invasion research studies have been conducted in the Shiwalik Ranges. It has been found that Ageratum significantly reduces total biomass and species number, that is, biodiversity. It also changes vegetation community structure and modifies the soil regieme.

Common Names: a‘amia, agerato, agerato, ageratum, ageratum, asipukpuk, asipukpuk, azier françois, bahu-bahu, bahug-bahug, bandotan, barba de chivo, baume, baume blanc, baume mauve, belohanua, berokan, billy goat weed, blue Ageratum, blue flowered groundsel, blue top, boko-boko-wiwiri, botebotekoro, botekoro, bouton, bouton blan, bouton ble, budbuda, budbuda, bulak-manok, bulak-manok, camará apeba, camará iapó, camará japê, camará-opela, catinga de barrão, catinga de bode, catinga de bode, celestina, chuva, co cut-heo, efoe momoe, erva de santa maria, erva de santa-lúcia, erva de são joão, erva de são josé, goat weed, gobu, gundhaubon, herbe a femme, herbe a pisser, herbe a sorcier, herbe de bouc, hierba del perro, hierba del zorro, hierbe de chivo, huarmi, huarmi, hwo-hsiang-ji, imiesu, jambo-serila, kakalding, kakalding, kakkoazami, kamabuag, kamabuag, kolokong-kabanyo, kolokong-kabayo, kulong-kogong-babae, lau taioti, Leberbalsam, macela de são joão, macela francesa, mahakaua, maile hohono, maile honohono, maile kula, maire vaihi, maria preta, mata mothemothe, matruço, mbotembotekoro, mentrasto, mother brinkly, mumutung, Neela Phulnu, ngmak, olloowaisiip, oochunt, pain doux, petit pain doux, Phulkuri, pica roxo, picão roxo, ruput tahi-ayam, sekose sea, sogovanua, songovanua, tae‘oti, tamasondji bata, te‘ehosi, tekote tea, tropic ageratum, tropical whiteweed, white weed, winter weed, ya-sap-raeng, ya-tabsua, zerisson blanc

Synonyms: Ageratum album Willd. Ex Steud. 1821, Ageratum caeruleum Hort. ex. Poir., Ageratum coeruleum Desf., Ageratum conyzoides var hirtum (Lam.) DC. 1836, Ageratum cordifolium Roxb. 1832, Ageratum hirsutum Lam. 1810, Ageratum hirtum Lam. 1783, Ageratum humile Salisb. 1796, Ageratum latifolium Car., Ageratum maritimum H.B.K., Ageratum mexicanum Sims., Ageratum nanum Hort. Ex Sch. Bip. 1858, Ageratum obtusifolium Lam., Ageratum odoratum Vilm. 1866, Ageratum suffruiticosum Regal 1854, Cacalia mentrasto Vell.

6. Bemisia tabaci (insect)        

Bemisia tabaci has been reported from all continents except Antarctica. Over 900 host plants have been recorded for B. tabaci and it reportedly transmits 111 virus species. It is believed that B. tabaci has been spread throughout the world through the transport of plant products that were infested with whiteflies. Once established, B. tabaci quickly spreads and through its feeding habits and the transmission of diseases, it causes destruction to crops around the world. B. tabaci is believed to be a species complex, with a number of recognised biotypes and two described extant cryptic species.

Common Names: cotton whitefly, mosca blanca, sweet potato whitefly, Weisse Fliege

Synonyms: Aleyrodes inconspicua Quaintance, Aleyrodes tabaci Gennadius, Bemisia (Neobemisia) hibisci Visnya, Bemisia (Neobemisia) rhodesiaensis Visnya, Bemisia achyranthes Singh, Bemisia bahiana Bondar, Bemisia costa-limai Bondar, Bemisia emiliae Corbett, Bemisia goldingi Corbett, Bemisia gossypiperda Misra and Lamba, Bemisia gossypiperda var. mosaicivectura Ghesquiere, Bemisia hibisci Takahashi, Bemisia inconspicua Quaintance, Bemisia longispina Priesner and Hosny, Bemisia lonicerae Takahashi, Bemisia manihotis Frappa, Bemisia minima Danzig, Bemisia miniscula Danzig, Bemisia nigeriensis Corbett, Bemisia rhodesiaensis Corbett, Bemisia signata Bodnar, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Takahashi, Bemisia vayssierei Frappa

7. Bidens pilosa (herb)      

Bidens pilosa is a cosmopolitan, annual herb which originates from tropical and Central America. Its hardiness, explosive reproductive potential, and ability to thrive in almost any environment have enabled it to establish throughout the world. Generally introduced unintentionally through agriculture or sometimes intentionally for ornamental purposes, B. pilosa is a major crop weed, threat to native fauna, and a physical nuisance.

Common Names: abissawa, acetillo, adzrskpi, agberi-oku, akesan, alonga, alongoï, amonoablanfè, amor seco, anansee mpaane, anasipagné, arponcito, aseduro, asta de cabra, batimadramadramatakaro, beggar's tick , bident hérissé, bident poilu, bidente pilosa, black fellows, black jack, broom stick, broom stuff, cacha de cabra, cadillo, carrapicho-deagulha, cobbler's peg, dada, dadayem, devil's needles, diaani, diandu, dinenkui, dwirantwi, dzani pipi, eyinata, fisi'uli, gonoretti, gyinantwi, hairy beggar ticks, herbe d'aiguille, herbe villebague, hierba amarilla, iréné, iuna, kamik tuarongo, kandane, kete kete, ki, ki nehe, ki pipili, kichoma mguu, kichoma nguo, kiradale, klakuo, kofetoga, kofetonga, kokosa, ko-sendagusa, kukwe kwo, kurofidie, lebason, légué, manamendigo, masquia, matua kamate, mazote, mbatikalawau, mbatimandramandra, nana, nangua, nanguadian, nehe, nguad, niani, nidul-lif, niroa, papunga chipaca, passoklo, pega-prga, perca, pétéoré, picão-preto, pilipili, piquants noirs, piripiri, piripiri, piripiri kerekere, piripiri niroa, pisau-pisau, puriket, rosilla, sanyi, sanyina, sirvulaca, sornet, sosolé, Spanish needle, tabason, tagiaani, tebasson, tombo-maga, zagaï zagagbé, zagoi ini, zebeyuzébogue, zegbei zegbagwè, zikilli wissi, Zweizhan

Synonyms: Bidens leucantha (L.) Willd., Bidens leucantha Willd. var. sundaica (Blume) Hassk., Bidens odorata, Bidens sundaica (Blume), Coreopsis leucantha L.

8. Brontispa longissima (insect)

The Hispid palm leaf beetle attacks palm leaf fronds ( as the name suggests) especially those of the coconut tree. It is an introduced pest in many islands in the Pacific Ocean and also some nations of the Pacific Rim including Taiwan. Its impact on tropical and subtropical cropping systems can be severe.

Common Names: coconut hispid beetle, coconut hispine beetle, coconut leaf beetle, coconut leaf hispine beetle, palm leaf beetle

Synonyms: Brontispa castanea, Brontispa froggatti, Brontispa froggatti Sharp, Brontispa longissima var. Javana, Brontispa longissima var. Selebensis, Brontispa palmivora Gres, Brontispa reicherti, Brontispa simmondsi, Brontispa simmondsi Mlk., Oxycephala longipennis, Oxycephala longissima

9. Canna indica (herb)        

Canna indica is a native of tropical America and is a very popular ornamental plant throughout the tropical world. This plant has become an invasive in Pitcairn and in New Zealand, where it grows in thickets, crowding out other plants. It is spread by rhizomes making it difficult to remove.

Common Names: achira, African arrowroot, ali‘ipoe, li‘ipoe, apeellap, bakalele, bakare kare, Balisier comestible, balisier rouge, calenda, canna, canna lily, chupa flor, English shot, fa‘i masoa, fagafaga, fagamanu, Fanamanu, gasau ni ga, gwangwa, gwangwaama, Indian shot, luiuenwai, mongos halum-tano, nuaenga, oruuru, pia renga, pia-raroto‘a, poloka, poloke, Queensland arrowroot, riti, te misimisi, tiare papa‘a, toolima, tous-les-mois

Synonyms: Canna edulis Ker-Gawl., Canna achiras Gillies, Canna aurantiaca Roscoe, Canna aureovittata Lodd., Canna barbadica Bouché, Canna bidentata Bertol., Canna bifida Schult., Canna carnea Roscoe, Canna cearensis Huber, Canna chinensis Willd., Canna cinnabarina Bouché, Canna coccinea Link, Canna coccinea Mill., Canna coccinea Mill. var. bicolor Kraenzl, Canna coccinea Mill. var. sylvestris (Roscoe) Regel, Canna commutata Bouché, Canna compacta Bouché, Canna compacta Roscoe, Canna crocea Lag. ex Rchb., Canna crocea Roem. & Schult., Canna densifolia Bouché, Canna discolor Lindl., Canna edulis KerGawl., Canna ehrenbergii Bouché, Canna ellipticifolia Stokes, Canna esculenta Lodd. ex Loudon, Canna exigua Bouché, Canna flavescens Link, Canna floribunda Bouché, Canna formosa Bouché, Canna fulgida Bouche, Canna fulgida Bouché, Canna heliconiifolia Bouché  var. xalapensis (Bouché) Kraenzl, Canna heliconiifolia Bouché, Canna humilis Bouché, Canna indica L. var. speciosa (Roscoe) Hook.f., Canna indica L. var. coccinea (Mill.) Aiton, Canna indica L. var. edwarsii Regel, Canna indica L. var. limbata (Roscoe) Petersen, Canna indica L. var. maculata Hook., Canna indica L. var. nepalensis (Bouché) Hook.f., Canna indica L. var. patens Aiton, Canna indica L. var. rubra Aiton, Canna laeta Bouché, Canna lagunensis Lindl., Canna lambertii Lindl., Canna lanuginosa Roscoe, Canna leptochila Bouché, Canna limbata Roscoe, Canna lutea Mill., Canna lutea Mill. var. aurantiaca (Roscoe) Regel, Canna lutea Mill. var. genuina Kraenzl., Canna lutea Mill. var. pallida (Roscoe) Regel

10. Cenchrus echinatus (grass)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Cenchrus echinatus is an annual grass that is a native of tropical America, but has now widely colonised tropical and temperate zones worldwide. Though it is typically associated with dry, sandy habitats it can also grow in moist areas, where it may be long-lived and reach a much larger size. It is recognisable by the burrs it produces, which readily attach themselves to animals and clothing, making C. echinatus easily dispersed. It is fairly easily managed by physical and chemical means, though the soil seed reservoir means followup treatments are necessary.

Common Names: ‘ume‘alu, abrojo, bur grass, burgrass, burr grass, cabeza de negro, cachorro, cadillo, cadillo tigre, capim-amoroso, capim-carrapicho, capim-roseta, capim-timbete, caretón morado, cauit-cauitan, cenchrus épineux, common sandbur, eakung, espolón, field sandbur, golden grass, guizazo, hedgehog grass, hefa, herbe e cateaeux, iakung, kãlõklõk, karumwij, konpeito-gusa, legalek, lek e lek, lellik, mau‘u kuku, mosie vihilango, Mossman river grass, motie vihilago, mouku talatala, mozote, parango, pega-pega, piripiri, piri-piri, pua pipii, puu ta‘a ta‘a, quaramiyumut, roseta, sand bur, sand burr, sandburr, se bulabula, se mbulabula, se mbulambula, southern sandbur, southern sandbur grass, spiny sandbur, te anti, te kateketeke, te uteute ae kateketeke, vao papalagi, vao tui tui, vao tuitui, zacate banderilla

Synonyms: Cenchrus echinatus var. hillebrandianus (A.S. Hitchc.) F. Br.

11. Cenchrus polystachios (grass)        

Cenchrus polystachios (Pennisetum polystachion) is a large grass species originating from Africa and India. It has spread to many Pacific islands and thrives in tropical climates. C. polystachios causes major problems in the Northern Territory of Australia, where it has greatly increased the amount of flammable material in the wooded savanna ecosystem, leading to greater devastation from bushfires.

Common Names: dipw rais, feathery pennisetum, mechen katu, missiongrass, o tamata, pwokso, queue de chat, thin napier grass, West Indian pennisetum

Synonyms: Cenchrus setosus Sw. 1788, Gymnotrix geniculata Schult. 1824, Panicum barbatum Roxb. 1820, Panicum cauda-ratti Schumach. 1827, Panicum cenchroides Rich. 1792, Panicum densispicum Poir. 1816, Panicum erubescens Willd. 1809, Panicum polystachion L. 1759, Panicum subangustum Schumach., Panicum triticoides Poir. 1816, Pennisetum alopecuroides Desv. ex Ham. 1825, Pennisetum atrichum Stapf & C.E.Hubb. 1933, Pennisetum borbonicum Kunth 1830, Pennisetum cauda-ratti (Schumach.) Franch. 1895, Pennisetum elegans Nees ex Steud. 1854, Pennisetum erubescens (Willd.) Link 1827, Pennisetum flavescens J.Presl 1830, Pennisetum gabonense Franch. 1895, Pennisetum gracile Benth. 1849, Pennisetum hamiltonii Steud. 1841, Pennisetum hirsutum Nees 1829, Pennisetum indicum Murray var. purpurascens (Kunth) Kuntze 1891, Pennisetum nicaraguense E.Fourn. 1880, Pennisetum pallidum Nees 1829, Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schult. subsp. setosum (Sw.) Brunken 1979, Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schult. subsp. atrichum (Stapf & C.E.Hubb.) Brunken 1979, Pennisetum purpurascens Kunth 1816 , Pennisetum reversum Hack. ex Buettner var. gymnochaetium Hack. 1901, Pennisetum reversum Hack. ex Buettner 1890, Pennisetum richardii Kunth 1829, Pennisetum setosum (Sw.) L. Rich., Pennisetum setosum (Sw.) Rich. 1805, Pennisetum sieberi Kunth 1829, Pennisetum stenostachyum Peter 1930, Pennisetum subangustum (Schumach.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb. 1933, Pennisetum tenuispiculatum Steud. 1854, Pennisetum uniflorum Kunth 1816 , Setaria cenchroides (Rich.) Roem. & Schult. 1817, Setaria erubescens (Willd.) P.Beauv. 1812

12. Coccinia grandis (vine, climber)        

Coccinia grandis is a noxious vine that smothers vegetation and other objects forming a dense canopy. It acts as a host for melon fly and is a reservoir for other crop pests possibly including ring spot virus. It has become invasive in Guam, Saipan and Hawai‘i where it is a severe pest in gardens, on utility poles, roadsides, and in natural areas.

Common Names: aipikohr, ivy gourd, kiuri awia, kundru, scarlet-fruited gourd

Synonyms: Bryonia grandis L., Bryonia alceifolia Willd, Bryonia grandis L., Cephalandra indica Naudin, Coccinia cordifolia auct. non (L.) Cogn., Coccinia cordifolia (L.) Cogn. var. alceifolia (Willd.) Cogn., Coccinia cordifolia (L.) Cogn. var. wightiana (M.Roem.) Cogn., Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt  var. wightiana (M.Roem.) Greb., Coccinia indica Wight & Arn., Coccinia loureiriana M.Roem., Coccinia wightiana M.Roem., Cucumis pavel Kostel., Momordica bicolor Blume, Momordica covel Dennst., Momordica monadelpha Roxb.

13. Crassostrea gigas (mollusc)      

The bivalve Crassostrea gigas is a filter feeder. It has been introduced from Asia across the globe. In North America and the Australasia-Pacific regions C. gigas is known to settle into dense aggregations, and exclude native intertidal species. It has been documented destroying habitat and causing eutrophication of the water bodies it invades.

Common Names: giant oyster, giant Pacific oyster, immigrant oyster, Japanese oyster, Miyagi oyster, Pacific oyster

Synonyms: Ostrea gigas Thunberg, 1793 , Ostrea laperousi Schrenk, 1861 , Ostrea talienwhanensis Crosse, 1862

14. Cyperus rotundus (sedge)      

Cyperus rotundus (purple nutsedge) is a weed in over 90 countries and the world's worst invasive weed based on its distribution and effect on crops. Its complex underground network of tubers, basal bulbs, roots and rhizomes ensure its ability to survive and reproduce during adverse conditions. Further biological features, such as its adaptation to high temperatures, solar radiation and humidity, have turned this weed into a serious problem in subtropical and even arid regions.

Common Names: ‘oniani lau, ‘oniani rau, ‘oniani tita, alho-bravo, almendra de tierra, balisanga, boto-botonis, brown nut sedge, capim-alho, capim-dandá, castanuela, castañuela, cebollín, chaguan humatag, chufa, coco, coco grass, coquillo, coquillo purpura, coquito, cortadera, hamasuge, herbe à oignons, ivako, junça, juncia, juncia real, kili‘o‘opu, kili'o'opu, mala-apulid, malanga, matie ‘oniani, matie'oniani, mau‘u mokae, mau‘u mokae, mauku ‘oniani, mauku'oniani, mot ha, mothe, mumuta, mutha, nut grass, nut sedge, nutgrass, oniani, oniani lau, oniani rau, oniani tita, pakopako, pakopako, pakopako, purple nut sedge, purple nut sedge, purple nutsedge, red nut sedge, Rundes Zypergras, soro ni kabani, soronakambani, souchet à tubercules, souchet d'Asie, souchet en forme d'olive, souchet rond, suo cao, sur-sur, tamanengi, te mumute, tiririca, tiririca-vermelha, tuteoneon, vucesa, vuthesa, xiang fu zi, ya haeo mu, ya khon mu, zigolo infestante

Synonyms: Chlorocyperus rotundus (L.) Palla, Cyperus olivaris Targioni-Tozzetti, Cyperus purpuro-variegatus Boeckeler, Cyperus stoloniferum pallidus Boeckeler, Cyperus tetrastachyos Desf., Cyperus tuberosus Roxb, Pycreus rotundus (L.) Hayek

15. Eichhornia crassipes (aquatic plant)        

Originally from South America, Eichhornia crassipes is one of the worst aquatic weeds in the world. Its beautiful, large purple and violet flowers make it a popular ornamental plant for ponds. It is now found in more than 50 countries on five continents. Water hyacinth is a very fast growing plant, with populations known to double in as little as 12 days. Infestations of this weed block waterways, limiting boat traffic, swimming and fishing. Water hyacinth also prevents sunlight and oxygen from reaching the water column and submerged plants. Its shading and crowding of native aquatic plants dramatically reduces biological diversity in aquatic ecosystems.

Common Names: aguapé, bekabe kairanga, bung el ralm, bung el ralm, floating water hyacinth, jacinthe d'eau, jacinto de agua, jacinto-aquatico, jal khumbe, jal kumbhi, lechuguilla, lila de agua, lirio acuatico, mbekambekairanga, riri vai, wasserhyazinthe, water hyacinth, water orchid, wota haisin

Synonyms: Eichhornia speciosa Kunth, Heteranthera formosa, Piaropus crassipes (Mart.) Raf., Piaropus mesomelas, Pontederia crassipes Mart. (basionym)

16. Estrilda astrild (bird)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

The common waxbill, Estrilda astrild is native to tropical and southern Africa, but has been introduced to many island nations where it has shown mixed success in establishment. It feeds mainly on grass seeds and is commonly found in open long grass plains and close to human habitation. E. astrild shows a high reproductive rate which is attributed to its ability to naturalize easily.

Common Names: avadavat, common waxbill, red-cheeked waxbill, waxbill

17. Euglandina rosea (mollusc)        

The carnivorous rosy wolfsnail Euglandina rosea was introduced to Indian and Pacific Ocean Islands from the 1950s onwards as a biological control agent for the giant African snail (Achatina fulica). E. rosea is not host specific meaning that native molluscs species are at risk of expatriatioin or even extinction if this mollusc-eating snail is introduced. Partulid tree snails of the French Polynesian Islands were particularly affected; having evolved separately from each other in isolated valleys, many Partulid tree snails have been lost and today almost all the survivors exist only in zoos.

Common Names: cannibal snail, escargot carnivore de Floride, euglandine, Rosige Wolfsschnecke, rosy wolf snail

18. Hemidactylus frenatus (reptile)

The common house gecko is now established in at least 87 locations around the world outside of its natural range in Asia and the Indo-Pacific. Many of these new locations have been small remote islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Where the common house gecko has been introduced to islands of the Pacific Ocean, researchers have shown that this lizard has been responsible for the competitive displacement of other similar sized or smaller gecko species in urban and suburban environments. It was shown that habitat simplification and clumped food resources around artificial light sources as a result of urbanisation have enabled the common house gecko to gain an indirect competitive advantage over other nocturnal gecko species. The ability of the house gecko to persist outside of its natural range poses a threat to the survival of ecologically similar endemic geckos.

Common Names: Asian house gecko, Asiatischer Hausgecko, bridled house gecko, Chichak, common house gecko, geco-casero bocón, Gewöhnlicher Halbfingergecko

Synonyms: Gecko caracal Tytler 1865, Gecko chaus Tytler 1865, Hemidactylus auritus Poeppig (in Obst) 1977, Hemidactylus bowringii Stejneger 1907: 172, Hemidactylus fraenatus Bleeker 1857, Hemidactylus fragilis Lnaza 1990, Hemidactylus fragilis Calabresi 1915, Hemidactylus frenatus Cogger 2000: 246, Hemidactylus frenatus Cox et al. 1998: 84, Hemidactylus frenatus Glaw & Vences 1994: 277, Hemidactylus frenatus Lanza 1990, Hemidactylus frenatus Liner 1994, Hemidactylus frenatus Boulenger 1885: 120, Hemidactylus frenatus De Rooij 1915: 28, Hemidactylus frenatus Manthey & Grossmann 1997: 235, Hemidactylus frenatus Schlegel in Dumeril & Bibron 1836: 366, Hemidactylus hexaspis Cope 1869: 320, Hemidactylus inornatus Hallowell 1861, Hemidactylus javanicus Fitzinger 1826 (nomen nudum), Hemidactylus longiceps Cope 1869: 320, Hemidactylus mabouia Barbour & Loveridge 1929 (partim), Hemidactylus nigriventris De Rooij 1915: 31, Hemidactylus nigriventris Lidth De Jeude 1905, Hemidactylus okinawensis Okada 1936, Hemidactylus papuensis [Macleay] 1877, Hemidactylus pumilus Hallowell 1861: 502, Hemidactylus punctatus Jerdon 1853, Hemidactylus tristis Sauvage 1879, Hemidactylus vandermeermohri Wermuth 1965, Hemidactylus vandermeer-mohri Brongersma 1928, Hemidactylus vittatus Gray 1845, Hemidactylus (Pnoepus) Bojeri Fitzinger 1843, Hemidactylys cf. frenatus Andreone et al. 2003, Pnoepus bojeri Wells & Wellington 1985, Pnoepus caracal Wells & Wellington 1985, Pnoepus fragilis Wells & Wellington 1985, Pnoepus frenatus Wells & Wellington 1985, Pnoepus frenatus Wells 2002, Pnoepus inornatus Wells & Wellington 1985, Pnoepus papuensis Wells & Wellington 1985, Pnoepus pumilus Wells & Wellington 1985, Pnoepus punctatus Wells & Wellington 1985, Pnoepus vittatus Wells & Wellington 1985

19. Imperata cylindrica (grass)        

Native to Asia, cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) is common in the humid tropics and has spread to the warmer temperate zones worldwide. Cogon grass is considered to be one of the top ten worst weeds in the world. Its extensive rhizome system, adaptation to poor soils, drought tolerance, genetic plasticity and fire adaptability make it a formidable invasive grass. Increases in cogon grass concern ecologists and conservationists because of the fact that this species displaces native plant and animal species and alters fire regimes.

Common Names: alang-alang, blady grass, Blutgras, carrizo, cogon grass, gi, impérata cylindrique, japgrass, kunai, lalang, ngi, paille de dys, paillotte, satintail, speargrass

Synonyms: Imperata arundinacea Cirillo, Lagurus cylindricus L.

20. Lantana camara (shrub)        

Lantana camara is a significant weed of which there are some 650 varieties in over 60 countries. It is established and expanding in many regions of the world, often as a result of clearing of forest for timber or agriculture. It impacts severely on agriculture as well as on natural ecosystems. The plants can grow individually in clumps or as dense thickets, crowding out more desirable species. In disturbed native forests it can become the dominant understorey species, disrupting succession and decreasing biodiversity. At some sites, infestations have been so persistent that they have completely stalled the regeneration of rainforest for three decades. Its allelopathic qualities can reduce vigour of nearby plant species and reduce productivity in orchards. Lantana camara has been the focus of biological control attempts for a century, yet still poses major problems in many regions.

Common Names: ach man, angel lips, ayam, big sage, blacksage, bunga tayi, cambara de espinto, cuasquito, flowered sage, lantana, lantana wildtype, largeleaf lantana, latora moa, pha-ka-krong, prickly lantana, shrub verbean, supirrosa, Wandelroeschen, white sage, wild sage

Synonyms: Camara vulgaris, Lantana scabrida

21. Leucaena leucocephala (tree)        

The fast-growing, nitrogen-fixing tree/shrub Leucaena leucocephala, is cultivated as a fodder plant, for green manure, as a windbreak, for reforestation, as a biofuel crop etc. Leucaena has been widely introduced due to its beneficial qualities; it has become an aggressive invader in disturbed areas in many tropical and sub-tropical locations and is listed as one of the ‘100 of the World’s Worst Invasive Alien Species’. This thornless tree can form dense monospecific thickets and is difficult to eradicate once established. It renders extensive areas unusable and inaccessible and threatens native plants.

Common Names: acacia palida, aroma blanca, balori, bo chet, cassis, false koa, faux mimosa, faux-acacia, fua pepe, ganitnityuwan tangantan, graines de lin, guaje, guaslim, guaxin, horse/wild tamarind, huaxin, ipil-ipil, jumbie bean, kan thin, kanthum thect, koa-haole, kra thin, kratin, lamtoro, lead tree, leucaena, leucaena, liliak, lino criollo, lopa samoa, lusina, nito, pepe, rohbohtin, schemu, siale mohemohe, subabul, tamarindo silvestre, tangantangan, tangan-tangan, te kaitetua, telentund, tuhngantuhngan, uaxim, vaivai, vaivai dina, vaivai ni vavalangi, wild mimosa, wild tamarind, zarcilla

Synonyms: Acacia leucocephala (Lamark) Link 1822, Leucaena glabrata Rose 1897, Leucaena glauca (L.) Benth. 1842, Mimosa leucocephala Lamark 1783

22. Litoria aurea (amphibian)    

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Originally from the south east of Australia, where it is threatened with extinction, Litoria aurea is carnivorous with a wide range of food sources. It can be a threat to other amphibians and reptiles where it is introduced.

Common Names: golden-bell frog, green frog, green-and-golden bell frog, green-and-golden swamp frog, grenouille verte et dorée

23. Macfadyena unguis-cati (vine, climber)        

Macfadyena unguis-cati is a perennial, climbing liana found primarily in tropical forests. It is native to the Central and South Americas and the West Indies, but currently is represented on every continent except Antartica. It is an invasive species in much of its range and is said to be “one of the most destructive exotic vines”. Macfadyena unguis-cati effects all layers of infected forest ecosystems by rapidly spreading both vertically and horizontally across everything with which it makes contact, overwhelming both the understorey plants and the canopy trees. Macfadyena unguis-cati species becomes established quickly and is difficult to eliminate due to its rapid growth, extensive root system, and prolific seed production. Methods of manual, chemical, and biological control for Macfadyena unguis-cati are available.

Common Names: bejuco de gato, cat-claw creeper, catclaw-trumpet, catclawvine, cat's claw climber, cat's claw creeper, cat's claw vine, cat's-claw, claw vine, funnel-creeper, griffe à chatte, katteklouranker, liane patate, macfadyena, patte d'oiseau, paz y justicia, riffe chatte, uña de gato, yellow trumpet vine

Synonyms: Batocydia unguis-cati (L.) Mart. ex Britt., Bignonia tweedieana Lindl., Bignonia unguis-cati L., Doxantha unguis-cati (L.) Miers

24. Mikania micrantha (vine, climber)        

Mikania micrantha is a perennial creeping climber known for its vigorous and rampant growth. It grows best where fertility, organic matter, soil moisture and humidity are all high. It damages or kills other plants by cutting out the light and smothering them. A native of Central and South America, M. micrantha was introduced to India after the Second World War to camouflage airfields and is now a major weed. It is also one of the most widespread and problematic weeds in the Pacific region. Its seeds are dispersed by wind and also on clothing or hair.

Common Names: American rope, Chinese creeper, Chinesischer Sommerefeu, fue saina, liane americaine, mile-a-minute weed, ovaova, usuvanua, wa bosucu, wa mbosuthu, wa mbosuvu, wa mbutako, wa ndamele

25. Mimosa diplotricha (vine, climber, shrub)        

Mimosa diplotricha (also referred to in the literature as Mimosa invisa) is a serious weed around the Pacific Rim, where it is the subject of several eradication programmes. Early detection and control is recommended to prevent large infestations from establishing.

Common Names: co gadrogadro, giant false sensitive plant, giant sensitive plant, grande sensitive, la'au fefe palagi, la'au fefe tele, limemeihr laud, mechiuaiuu, nila grass, pikika‘a papa‘a, sensitive gèante, singbiguin sasa, vao fefe palagi, wa ngandrongandro levu, wa ngandrongandro ni wa ngalelevu

Synonyms: Mimosa invisa

26. Mimosa pudica (herb)        

Mimosa pudica is native to South America, but has become a pan-tropical weed. It was introduced to many countries as an ornamental plant and is still widely available for sale. Mimosa pudica has become a pest in forest plantations, cropland, orchards and pasture. Mimosa pudica is used as a medicinal plant in many regions.

Common Names: action plant, Almindelig mimose, attaapatti, betguen sosa, chuimui, co gadrogadro, cogadrogadro, dorme, dormidera, Gemeine Mimose, honteuse, humble plant, khadiraka, Kruidje-roer-me-niet, laajaalu, laajak, laajari, la'au fefe, Lajaalu, lajja, lajjalu, lajjavanthi, lajjavathi, lajouni, lazza bati, limemeihr, live and die, marie-honte, mateloi, mayhont, mechiuaiu, memege, mimosa, morivivi, muttidare muni, namaskaar, ngandrongandro, paope ‘avare, pikika‘a, pikika‘a, pohe ha‘avare, pope ha'avare, pua hilahila, puteri malu, rakau ‘avare, rakau ‘avarevare, rakau pikika‘a, rakau pikika‘a, Raktapaadi, reesamani, samangaa, sensitiva, sensitiva, sensitive, sensitive grass, sensitive plant, shamebush, shamelady, shameplant, shameweed, shamipatra, Sinnpflanze, sleeping grass, tho kandrodandro, tho ngandrongandro, thothae jegri, ti mawi, tiare pikika‘a, tita ‘avarevare, tita ‘avarevare, tita pikika‘a, togop-togop, tottalavaadi, touch-me-not, tuitui, tuitui, tuntokasvi, vao fefe, vao fefe, vao tuitui, vergonzosa

Synonyms: Mimosa pudica L. var. tetranda (Willd.) DC., Mimosa pudica L. var. unijuga (Duch. and Walp.) Griseb, Mimosa tetranda Humb. and Bonpl. ex Willd., Mimosa unijuga Duch. and Walp.

27. Monomorium floricola (insect)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

The primarily arboreal flower ant (Monomorium floricola) is one of the world's most broadly distributed tramp ants. Most occurrence records of M. floricola are in tropical and sub-tropical regions from latitudes above 30 degrees; populations in latitudes above 35 degrees are found in heated buildings or inside greenhouses. M. floricola has been identified as a significant arboreal predator of insect eggs; in Guam it is recognised as one of three most important ant species attacking eggs of native butterflies resulting in their reduced populations.

Common Names: bicoloured trailing ant, Braunrote Blutenameise, brownish-red flower ant, floral ant , flower ant, futairo-hime-ari

Synonyms: Monomorium angusticlava Donisthorpe, 1947, Monomorium cinnabari Roger, 1863, Monomorium floreanum Stitz, 1932, Monomorium impressumSmith, 1876, Monomorium poecilum Roger, 1863, Monomorium specularis Mayr, 1866

28. Mus musculus (mammal)        

The house mouse (Mus musculus) probably has a world distribution more extensive than any mammal, apart from humans. Its geographic spread has been facilitated by its commensal relationship with humans which extends back at least 8,000 years. They cause considerable damage to human activities by destroying crops and consuming and/or contaminating food supplies intended for human consumption. They are prolific breeders, sometimes erupting and reaching plague proportions. They have also been implicated in the extinction of indigenous species in ecosystems they have invaded and colonised. An important factor in the success of M. musculus is its behavioural plasticity brought about by the decoupling of genetics and behaviour. This enables M. musculus to adapt quickly and to survive and prosper in new environments.

Common Names: biganuelo, field mouse, Hausmaus, house mouse, kiore-iti, raton casero, souris commune, wood mouse

29. Oreochromis mossambicus (fish)        

Oreochromis mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia) has spread worldwide through introductions for aquaculture. Established populations of Oreochromis mossambicus in the wild are as a result of intentional release or escapes from fish farms. Oreochromis mossambicus is omnivorous and feeds on almost anything, from algae to insects.

Common Names: blou kurper, common tilapia, fai chau chak ue, Java tilapia, kawasuzume, kurper bream, malea, mojarra, mosambik-maulbrüter, Mozambikskaya tilapiya, Mozambique cichlid, Mozambique mouth-breeder, Mozambique mouthbrooder, Mozambique tilapia, mphende, mujair, nkobue, tilapia, tilapia del Mozambique, tilapia du Mozambique, tilapia mossambica, tilapia mozámbica, trey tilapia khmao, weißkehlbarsch, wu-kuo yu

Synonyms: Chromis dumerilii Steindachner, 1864, Chromis natalensis Weber, 1897, Chromis vorax Pfeffer, 1893, Sarotherodon mossambicus (Peters, 1852), Tilapia arnoldi Gilchrist & Thompson, 1917, Tilapia mossambica (Peters, 1852)

30. Oxalis corniculata (herb)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Oxalis corniculata is a cosmopolitan herb that is found worldwide. Spread of this species is due to high production of fertile seeds and its presence on all continents and many islands indicates that seeds are probably carried by birds. O. corniculata is thought to be invasive in many areas: Australasia-Pacific (such as Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Hawaii, French Polynesia, Palau, U.S. Minor Outlying Islands), Asia (such as Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea), Central America (Cayman Islands) and North America (Canada).

Common Names: pied de pigeon, ‘i‘i, ‘ihi ‘ai, ‘ihi ‘awa, ‘ihi maka ‘ula, ‘ihi makole, ‘ii, a‘aa‘a, acedera, acederilla, agrito, agsom, apsom, azedinha, chulco, clover sorrel, creeping lady's sorrel, creeping oxalis, creeping wood sorrel, creeping woods, creeping yellow oxalis, daraisig, gougus, hierba de la perdiz, kanapa, katabami, kavakava, kihikihi, kihikihi, koki‘i, koki‘i kura, malabalug-dagis, marasiksik, matakonikoni, omis, oseille filante, oxalis, patoa ‘ava‘ava, petit trèfle, pikhik, procumbent yellow sorrel, rongomi, salamagi, sheep sorrel, sour grass, taingang-daga, totowiwi, trébol, trèfle jaune, três-corações, trevo-azedo , vinagrillo, wood sorrel, yellow oxalis, yellow wood sorrel

Synonyms: Acetosella corniculata (L.) Kuntze, Oxalis corniculata var. atropurpurea Planch., Oxalis corniculata var. langloisii (Small) Wieg., Oxalis corniculata var. lupulina (R. Knuth) Zucc., Oxalis corniculata var. macrophylla Arsene ex R. Knuth, Oxalis corniculata var. minor Laing, Oxalis corniculata var. reptans Laing, Oxalis corniculata var. villosa (Bieb.) Hohen., Oxalis corniculata var. viscidula Wieg., Oxalis langloisii (Small) Fedde, Oxalis pusilla Salisb., Oxalis repens Thunb., Oxalis villosa Bieb., Xanthoxalis corniculata (L.) Small, Xanthoxalis corniculata var. atropurpurea (Planch.) Moldenke, Xanthoxalis langloisii Small, Xanthoxalis repens (Thunb.) Moldenke

31. Paratrechina longicornis (insect)    

Paratrechina longicornis (the crazy ant) is a tramp ant, which, by definition, is an ant that is widely dispersed through commerce and other human-assisted avenues. It is extremely easy to identify by observing its rapid and erratic movements. Paratrechina longicornis is highly adaptable to various environments and can be a major pest. It occurs in large numbers in homes or outdoors and is capable of displacing other ants and possibly other invertebrates. Paratrechina longicornis forages over long distances away from its nest, making the nest hard to find and the ants difficult to control.

Common Names: crazy ant , hairy ant , higenaga-ameiro-ari , long-horned ant, slender crazy ant

Synonyms: Formica gracilescens Nylander (1856) , Formica longicornis Latreille (1802) , Formica vagans Jerdon (1851) , Paratrechina currens Motschoulsky (1863) , Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille) (1925), Prenolepis (Nylanderia) longicornis Emery (1910) , Prenolepis longicornis Roger (1863) , Tapinoma gracilescens F. Smith (1858)

32. Passiflora foetida (vine, climber)        

Passiflora foetida is a perennial herbaceous vine that originates from tropical America, but is now a pantropic weed. It is a common weed in many places of the Pacific and Atlantic, where it climbs over low vegetation on roadsides and in other disturbed places. Monitoring and management of this toxic plant is recommended in tropical areas where it is present.

Common Names: bedoca, bombom, dulce, fetid pa, grenadier marron, ka thoc rock, kinahulo' atdao, kudamono, lani wai, loliloli ni kalavo, love-in-a-mist, mossy passionflower, pasio vao, passiflore, passiflore fétide, passiflore poc-poc, passionflower, pohapoha, pompom, pwomwpwomw, qaranidila, running pop, scarlet fruited passionflower, sou, stinking passionflower, tea biku, ti grenadelle, tomates, vaine 'ae kuma, vaine 'initia, vine vao, wild passion fruit, wild water lemon

Synonyms: Dysosmia ciliata (Dryand.) M.Roem., Dysosmia fluminensis M.Roem., Dysosmia foetida (L.) M.Roem., Dysosmia gossypifolia (Desv. ex Ham.) M.Roem., Dysosmia hastata (Bertol.) M.Roem., Dysosmia hibiscifolia (Lam.) M.Roem., Dysosmia nigelliflora (Hook.) M.Roem., Granadilla foetida (L.) Gaertn., Passiflora baraquiniana Lem., Passiflora ciliata Dryand., Passiflora ciliata Dryand. var. polyadena Griseb., Passiflora ciliata Dryand. var. quinqueloba Griseb., Passiflora ciliata Dryand. var. riparia C.Wright ex Griseb., Passiflora foetida L. forma suberecta Chodat & Hassl., Passiflora foetida L. var. lanuginosa Killip, Passiflora foetida L. forma latifolia Kuntze, Passiflora foetida L. forma longifolia Kuntze, Passiflora foetida L. forma quinqueloba (Griseb.) Mast., Passiflora foetida L. var. acapulcensis Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. arizonica Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. balansae Chodat, Passiflora foetida L. var. ciliata (Dryand.) Mast., Passiflora foetida L. var. eliasii Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. fluminensis (M.Roem.) Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. galapagensis Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. gardneri Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. glaziovii Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. gossypifolia (Desv. ex Ham.) Mast., Passiflora foetida L. var. hastata (Bertol.) Mast., Passiflora foetida L. var. hibiscifolia (Lam.) Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. hirsuta Mast., Passiflora foetida L. var. hirsutissima Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. hispida (DC. ex Triana & Planch.) Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. isthmia Killip

33. Pheidole megacephala (insect)        

Pheidole megacephala is one of the world's worst invasive ant species. Believed to be native to southern Africa, it is now found throughout the temperate and tropical zones of the world. It is a serious threat to biodiversity through the displacement of native invertebrate fauna and is a pest of agriculture as it harvests seeds and harbours phytophagous insects that reduce crop productivity. Pheidole megacephala are also known to chew on irrigation and telephone cabling as well as electrical wires.

Common Names: big-headed ant, brown house-ant, coastal brown-ant, Grosskopfameise, lion ant

Synonyms: Atta testacea Smith 1858, Formica edax Forskal 1775, Formica megacephala Fabricius 1793, Myrmica laevigata F. Smith, Myrmica suspiciosa Smith 1859, Myrmica trinodis Losana 1834, Oecophthora perniciosa Gerstacker 1859, Oecophthora pusilla Heer 1852, Pheidole janus F. Smith, Pheidole laevigata Mayr

34. Platydemus manokwari (flatworm)      

Worldwide land snail diversity is second only to that of arthropods. Tropical oceanic islands support unique land snail faunas with high endemism; biodiversity of land snails in Pacific islands is estimated to be around 5 000 species, most of which are endemic to single islands or archipelagos. Many are already under threat from the rosy wolfsnail (Euglandina rosea), an introduced predatory snail. They now face a newer but no less formidable threat, the introduced flatworm Platydemus manokwari (Platyhelminthes). Both "biocontrol" species continue to be dispersed to new areas in attempts to control Achatina fulica.

Common Names: Flachwurm, flatworm, snail-eating flatworm

35. Psidium guajava (tree, shrub)        

Psidium guajava is a tropical tree or shrub. It is native to central America from Mexico to northern South America. It has been introduced to most tropical and sub-tropical locations around the world for its edible fruit. In some countries the harvesting, processing and export of the fruit forms the basis of a sizeable industry. Due in part to its ability to grow on a variety of soils and across a range of climates, P. guajava has become invasive . Pastures and fields are overrun and native plants are outcompeted by this species, which has the ability to form dense thickets. This has led to its designation in many areas as a noxious weed to be controlled or eradicated. It is ranked by some authorities amongst the highest invasive categories.

Common Names: abas, abwas, amarood, amrut, apas, araca, banjiro, bayabas, bayawas, biyabas, dipajaya jambu, djamboe, djambu, farang, goaibeira, goavier, goeajaaba, goejaba, goiaba, goiabeiro, gouyav, gouyave, goyave, goyavier, guabang, guahva, guava, guave, guavenbaum, guayaba, guayaba silvestre, guayabilla, guayabo, guayave, guayavo, guwafah, guyaaba, guyabas, guyava, jambu batu, jambu batu, jambu berase, jambu biji, jambu kampuchia, jambu klutuk, jamphal, jamrukh, kautoga, kautoga tane, kautonga, kautonga tane, koejawal, kuabang, kuafa, kuahpa, kuava, ku'ava, kuawa, kuawa ke'oke'o, kuawa lemi, kuawa momona, kuhfahfah, kuma, kuwawa, lemon guava, ma-kuai, ma-man, ngguava ni India, nguava, oi, pauwa, perala, petokal, quwawa, sapari, si da, te kuava, te kuawa, tokal, trapaek sruk, tuava, tu'ava, tu'avu, tumu tuava, tuvava, xalxocot

Synonyms: Guajava pyrifera (L.) Kuntze, Myrtus guajava var. pyrifera (L.) Kuntze, Myrtus guajava (L.) Kuntze, Psidium aromaticum, Psidium cujavillus Burm. f., Psidium guajava var. cujavillum (Burman) Krug and Urb., Psidium guajava var. guajava, Psidium guava Griseb., Psidium guayava Raddi, Psidium igatemyensis Barb. Rodr., Psidium pomiferum L., Psidium pumilum var. guadalupense, Psidium pumilum Vahl, Psidium pyriferum L.

36. Quadrastichus erythrinae (insect)

Unusual growths, caused by the Erythrina gall wasp (Quadrastichus erythrinae), on leaves and young shoots of coral trees (Erythrina spp). alerts to the presence of this emerging invasive species. Q. erythrinae measures a mere 1.5mm and may be spread easily via infected leaves from infected Erythrina specimens.

Common Names: erythrina gall wasp, erythrina gall wasp (EGW)

37. Rattus exulans (mammal)      

The Pacific rat is the smallest of the three rats closely associated with humans. The fur is brown and its tail length is only slightly longer or shorter than the combined head and body length. Rattus exulans is recognised as a predator of native insects, lizards and birds, a browser of native flora and an agricultural pest. There appears to be no island groups reached by the Polynesians that did not receive Rattus exulans, although not all islands in a group were necessarily colonised.

Common Names: kiore, Kleine Pazifikratte, Maori rat, Pacific rat, Polynesian rat, rat du Pacifique, rat Polynésien, tikus Polynesia

Synonyms: Mus exulans Peale, 1848, Mus maorium Hutton, 1877, 1879

38. Rattus norvegicus (mammal)      

The Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) is globally widespread and costs primary industry hundreds of millions of dollars per year. It has caused or contributed to the extinction or range reduction of native mammals, birds, reptiles and invertebrates through predation and competition. It restricts the regeneration of many plant species by eating seeds and seedlings, eats food crops and spoils human food stores by urinating and defecating in them. Additional economic damage is caused by chewing through power cables and spreading diseases.

Common Names: brown rat, common rat, isorotta, Norway rat, pouhawaiki, rat surmolot, Rata de noruega, rata noruega, ratto di fogna, ratto grigio, rotta, sewer rat, surmolotto, tikus riul, topo delle fogne, Wanderratte, water rat

Synonyms: Epimys norvegicus Miller, 1912, Mus decumanus Pallas, 1778, Mus hibernicus Thompson, 1837, Mus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769

39. Rattus rattus (mammal)        

A native of the Indian sub-continent, the ship rat (Rattus rattus) has now spread throughout the world. It is widespread in forest and woodlands as well as being able to live in and around buildings. It will feed on and damage almost any edible thing. The ship rat is most frequently identified with catastrophic declines of birds on islands. It is very agile and often frequents tree tops searching for food and nesting there in bunches of leaves and twigs.

Common Names: black rat, blue rat, bush rat, European house rat, Hausratte, roof rat, ship rat

Synonyms: Mus alexandrinus Geoffroy, 1803, Mus novaezelandiae Buller, 1870, Mus rattus Linnaeus, 1758, Musculus frugivorus Rafinesque, 1814

40. Ricinus communis (tree, shrub)        

Ricinus communis is a perennial shrub that can assume tree-like status if it establishes in a suitable climate. It is frequently found invading riparian areas where it displaces native vegetation. The seed of this species is toxic to variety of species including humans. Consuming only a few seeds can be fatal.

Common Names: agaliya, agaliya , belenivavalagi, castor, castor bean, castor-oil-plant , gelug, higuerilla, ka'apeha, kamakou, kasterolieboom, koli, la'au 'aila, lama palagi, lama palagi, lama papalagi, lepo , maskerekur, maskerekur, mbele ni vavalagi, pa'aila , pakarana, pakarani, palma-christi, pititu , ricin, rícino, Rizinus, tiairi , tiairi papa'a, tiairi popa'a, tiarili, toto ni vavalagi, toto ni vavalagi, tuitui, tuitui fua ikiiki , tuitui papa'a, uluchula skoki, uluchula skoki , utouto

Synonyms: Ricinus africanus Willd. , Ricinus angulatus Thunb. , Ricinus armatus Haw. , Ricinus badius Rchb. , Ricinus chinensis Thunb. , Ricinus digitatus Noronha , Ricinus europaeus T.Nees , Ricinus glaucus Hoffmanns. , Ricinus hybridus Besser , Ricinus inermis Mill. , Ricinus japonicus Thunb. , Ricinus laevis DC. , Ricinus leucocarpus Bertol. , Ricinus lividus Jacq. , Ricinus macrophyllus Bertol. , Ricinus medicus Forssk. , Ricinus megalospermus Delile , Ricinus minor Mill. , Ricinus nanus Balbis , Ricinus peltatus Noronha , Ricinus purpurascens Bertol. , Ricinus rugosus Mill. , Ricinus sanguineus Groenland , Ricinus scaber Bertol. ex Moris , Ricinus speciosus Burm.f. , Ricinus spectabilis Blume , Ricinus tunisensis Desf. , Ricinus undulatus Besser , Ricinus urens Mill. , Ricinus viridis Willd. , Ricinus vulgaris Mill.

41. Salvinia molesta (aquatic plant, herb)        

Salvinia molesta is a floating aquatic fern that thrives in slow-moving, nutrient-rich, warm, freshwater. A rapidly growing competitive plant, it is dispersed long distances within a waterbody (via water currents) and between waterbodies (via animals and contaminated equipment, boats or vehicles). Salvinia molesta is cultivated by aquarium or pond owners and it is sometimes released by flooding, or by intentional dumping. Salvinia molesta may form dense vegetation mats that reduce water-flow and lower the light and oxygen levels in the water. This stagnant dark environment negatively affects the biodiversity and abundance of freshwater species, including fish and submerged aquatic plants. Salvinia molesta can alter wetland ecosystems and cause wetland loss and also poses a severe threat to socio-economic activities dependent on open, flowing and/or high quality waterbodies, including hydro-electricity generation, fishing and boat transport.

Common Names: African payal , African pyle, aquarium watermoss, fougère d’eau, giant salvinia , giant salvinia , kariba weed , koi kandy, salvinia, water fern , water spangles

Synonyms: Salvinia auriculata Aubl.

42. Schinus terebinthifolius (tree)        

Native to Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil, Schinus terebinthifolius is a pioneer of disturbed sites, but is also successful in undisturbed natural environments. It is an aggressive evergreen shrub or small tree, 3-7 metres in height that grows in a variety of soil types and prefers partial sun. Schinus terebinthifolius produces shady habitats that repel other plant species and discourage colonisation by native fauna and alter the natural fire regime. Its fruit has a 'paralysing effect' on birds and even grazing animals when ingested. Schinus terebinthifolius seeds are dispersed by birds and mammals and it readily escapes from garden environments. It is planted as both an ornamental and shade tree and has many uses.

Common Names: baie rose , Brazilian holly, Brazilian pepper, Brazilian pepper tree, Christmas berry, copal, encent, faux poivrier, Florida holly, Mexican pepper, naniohilo, pimienta de Brasil, poivre du Brésil, poivre marron, poivre rose, poivrier d'Amérique, Rosapfeffer, warui, wilelaiki

43. Schizoporella errata (bryozoan)

Schizoporella errata is a heavily calcified, encrusting cheilostome bryozoan. It colonises most freely available substratum, including artificial underwater structures and vessel hulls. Colonies may reach 25cm in height and are widely varying in growth form, sometimes dominating space in fouling assemblages.

Common Names: branching bryozoan, bryozoan, cheilostome bryozoan, encrusting bryozoan

Synonyms: Lepralia errata

44. Sphagneticola trilobata (herb)        

Although Sphagneticola trilobata is the accepted name for this species, it is widely known as Wedelia trilobata. Sphagneticola trilobata is native to the tropics of Central America and has naturalised in many wet tropical areas of the world. Cultivated as an ornamental, it readily escapes from gardens and forms a dense ground cover, crowding out or preventing regeneration of other species. In plantations, it will compete with crops for nutrients, light and water, and reduce crop yields.

Common Names: ate, atiat, creeping ox-eye, dihpw ongohng, Hasenfuss, ngesil ra ngebard, rosrangrang, Singapore daisy, trailing daisy, tuhke ongohng, ut mõkadkad, ut telia, wedelia

Synonyms: Acmella brasiliensis Spreng., Acmella spilanthoides Cass., Buphthalmum repens Lam., Buphthalmum strigosum Spreng., Complaya trilobata (L.) Strother, Polymnia carnosa Poir., Polymnia carnosa Poir. var. aspera (Rich.) Poir., Polymnia carnosa Poir. var. glabella (Rich.) Poir., Polymnia carnosa Poir. var. triloba (Rich.) Poir., Seruneum paludosum (DC.) Kuntze, Seruneum trilobatum (L.) Kuntze, Silphium trilobatum L., Sphagneticola ulei O.Hoffm., Stemmodontia trilobata (L.) Small, Thelechitonia trilobata (L.) H.Rob. & Cuatrec., Verbesina carnosa M.Gómez, Verbesina carnosa M.Gómez var. aspera (Rich.) M.Gómez, Verbesina carnosa M.Gómez var. triloba (Rich.) M.Gómez, Wedelia brasiliensis S.F.Blake, Wedelia carnea Rich., Wedelia carnosa Rich. ex Spreng., Wedelia carnosa Rich. var. aspera Rich., Wedelia carnosa Rich. var. glabella Rich., Wedelia carnosa Rich. var. triloba Rich., Wedelia crenata Rich., Wedelia paludicola Poepp. & Endl., Wedelia paludosa DC., Wedelia triloba (Rich.) Bello, Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.

45. Tapinoma melanocephalum (insect)    

Tapinoma melanocephalum is known as a tramp ant as its spread around the globe has been assisted by human activities. It is highly flexible in the habitats it occupies, providing there is some form of disturbance allowing it to establish ahead of more dominant ant species, and it nests readily outdoors or indoors. Tapinoma melanocephalum is a household pest, as well as disturbing greenhouse environments and can transport pathogenic microbes in hospitals.

Common Names: albaricoque , awate-konuka-ari , black-headed ant, ghost ant, hormiga bottegaria , house infesting ant , tiny yellow house ant, tramp ant

Synonyms: Formica familiaris Smith, F. 1860, Formica melanocephalum Fabricius, 1793, Formica nana Jerdon, Myrmica pellucida Smith, F. 1857, Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius): Mayr, 1862, Tapinoma melanocephalum var. australe Santschi 1928, Tapinoma melanocephalum var. australis Santschi 1928

46. Urochloa maxima (grass)        

Although Urochloa maxima is the accepted name for this species, it is still widely known as Panicum maximum. Urochloa maxima is a native of tropical Africa where it occurs from sea level to 1,800m. It is used as a forage grass and its ability to tolerate a wide range of habitats make it a very productive species. Urochloa maxima has become prevalent in Samoa and Tonga and it is a problem species in Guam and Hawaii. Although it is a favourable grass in many areas it can also form dense stands and displace native species.

Common Names: buffalograss, capime guiné, fataque, green panic, Guinea grass, herbe de Guinéa, panic élevé, saafa, talapi, tinikarati, vao Kini, vao Kini, yerba de Guinea, zacate Guinea

Synonyms: Panicum gongylodes Jacq., Panicum hirsutissimum Steud., Panicum jumentorum Pers., Panicum laeve Lam., Panicum maximum Jacq., Panicum maximum var. coloratum C.T. White, Panicum maximum var. gongylodes (Jacq.) Döll, Panicum maximum var. maximum, Panicum maximum var. pubiglume K. Schum., Panicum maximum var. trichoglume Robyns, Panicum polygamum var. gongylodes (Jacq.) E. Fourn., Panicum trichocondylum Steud., Urochloa maxima var. trichoglumis (Robyns) R.D. Webster

47. Wasmannia auropunctata (insect)        

Wasmannia auropunctata (the little fire ant) is blamed for reducing species diversity, reducing overall abundance of flying and tree-dwelling insects, and eliminating arachnid populations. It is also known for its painful stings. On the Galapagos, it eats the hatchlings of tortoises and attacks the eyes and cloacae of the adult tortoises. It is considered to be perhaps the greatest ant species threat in the Pacific region.

Common Names: albayalde, cocoa tree-ant, formi électrique, formiga pixixica, fourmi électrique, fourmi rouge, hormiga colorada, hormiga roja, hormiguilla, little fire ant, little introduced fire ant, little red fire ant, pequena hormiga de fuego, petit fourmi de feu, Rote Feuerameise, sangunagenta, satanica, small fire ant, tsangonawenda, West Indian stinging ant

Synonyms: Hercynia panamana (Enzmann 1947), Ochetomyrmex auropunctata, Ochetomyrmex auropunctatum (Forel 1886), Ochetomyrmex auropunctatus, Tetramorium auropunctatum (Roger 1863), Wasmannia glabra (Santschi 1931), Xiphomyrmex atomum (Santschi 1914)

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Biostatus not specified

1. Acanthaster planci (sea star)

Coral gardens from Micronesia and Polynesia provide valuable marine resources for local communities and environments for native marine species such as marine fish. In coral ecosystems already affected by coral bleaching, excess tourism and natural events such as storms and El Nino, the effects of the invasive coral-feeding starfish (Acanthaster planci) on native coral communities contributes to an already dire state of affairs. Acanthaster planci significantly threatens the viability of these fragile coral ecosystems, and damage to coral gardens by the starfish has been quite extensive in some reef systems.

Common Names: coral-eating starfish, coral-feeding starfish, crown-of-thorns-starfish, giant thorny starfish

2. Alternanthera sessilis (herb)      

Alternanthera sessilis is a weed that inhabits many areas of the world. It occupies moist areas and can be found from sea level to over 2000m. Alternanthera sessilis is a pest of sugarcane, a weed of rice in tropical areas, and an agricultural weed that invades disturbed wet areas in tropical and subtropical regions. It has been used widely around the world for its medicinal uses, as well as for food. The plant has been readily used for food partly due to its abundance.

Common Names: bhirangijhar, brède chevrette, brede embellage, common roadside weed, dwarf copperleaf, fisi'i'ano, galuti, horng-tyan-wu, joyweed, lianzi cao, magloire, mata kura, mukunuwanna, okula beluulechad, palewawae, periquito-sessil, phak pet thai, sessile joyweed, ti, vao sosolo

Synonyms: Achyranthes linearifolia Sw. ex Wikstr., Achyranthes sessilis (L.) Desf. Ex. Steud, Achyranthes triandra Roxb., Achyranthes villosa Blanco, Achyranthes polygonoides (L.) Lam., Allaganthera forskalii Mart., Alternanthera achyranthes Forssk., Alternanthera angustifolia R. Br., Alternanthera decipiens Benth., Alternanthera denticulata R. Br., Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) P. Beauv., Alternanthera glabra Moq., Alternanthera major (Benth.) Domin, Alternanthera micrantha (Benth.) Domin , Alternanthera nana R. Br., Alternanthera nodiflora R. Br., Alternanthera polygonoides (L.) R. Br., Alternanthera prostrata D. Don., Alternanthera repens J.F.Gmel., Alternanthera sennii Mattei, Alternanthera sibirica (de Vest ex Schult.) Steud., Alternanthera tenella Moq., Alternanthera tenuissima Suess., Alternanthera trianda Lam., Alternanthera uliginosa (Domin) Dinter, Bucholzia polygonoides (L.) Mart., Gomphrena polygonoides (L.), Gomphrena sessilis L., Illecebrum angustifolium (R.Br.) Spreng., Illecebrum denticulatum(R.Br.) Spreng., Illecebrum nanum (R.Br.) Spreng, Illecebrum polygonoides (L.) L., Illecebrum sessile (L.) L., Illecebrum sibiricum de Vest ex Schult., Illecebrum triandrum Llanos, Paronychia sessilis (L.) Desf., Paronychia tetragona Moench, Steiremis repens Raf., Telanthera polygonoides (L.) Moq.

3. Anas platyrhynchos (bird)      

The mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the most common and widely distributed dabbling duck, having a widespread global distribution throughout the northern hemisphere. This migratory species is a highly valued game bird and the source of all domestic ducks with the exception of the Muscovy. Introductions and range expansions of A. platyrhynchos for game purposes pose a threat of competition and hybridization to native waterfowl. Also, recent studies hold the mallard as a likely vector for the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) (H5N1).

Common Names: canard colvert, mallard

Synonyms: Anas boschas Linnaeus, 1758, Anas oustaleti Salvadori, 1894

4. Anoplolepis gracilipes (insect)        

Anoplolepis gracilipes (so called because of their frenetic movements) have invaded native ecosystems and caused environmental damage from Hawaii to the Seychelles and Zanzibar. On Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean, they have formed multi-queen supercolonies. They are also decimating the red land crab (Gecarcoidea natalis) populations. Crazy ants also prey on, or interfere in, the reproduction of a variety of arthropods, reptiles, birds and mammals on the forest floor and canopy. Their ability to farm and protect sap-sucking scale insects, which damage the forest canopy on Christmas Island, is one of their more surprising attributes. Although less than 5% of the rainforest on Christmas Island has been invaded so far, scientists are concerned that endangered birds such as the Abbott’s booby (Sula abbotti), which nests nowhere else in the world, could eventually be driven to extinction through habitat alteration and direct attack by the ants.

Common Names: ashinaga-ki-ari, crazy ant, Gelbe Spinnerameise, gramang ant, long-legged ant, Maldive ant, yellow crazy ant

Synonyms: Anoplolepis longipes Emery 1925, Formica longipes Jerdon 1851, Plagiolepis longipes Emery 1887

5. Commelina benghalensis (herb)      

Believed to be native only to tropical Asia and Africa, Commelina benghalensis is a widely distributed herbaceous weed that commonly invades agricultural sites and disturbed areas. Though not commonly reported to invade natural areas, this rapidly reproducing plant is considered one of the most troublesome weeds for 25 crops in 29 different countries.

Common Names: alikbangon, Benghal dayflower, bias-bias, blue commelina, comméline, commeline du Bengale, dayflower, gewor, golondrina, hairy honohono, hairy wandering-Jew, herbe aux cochons, Indian dayflower, kanaibashi, kanasiri, kanchara, kanchura, kaningi, kanini, kankaua, kena, konasimalu, krishnaghas, kuhasi, kulkulasi, mankawa, matalí, mau‘u Toga, mau‘u Tonga, musie matala pulu, myet-cho, sabilau, sabilau, trapoeraba, tropical spiderwort, tsuyukusa, tsuyukusa, wandering-jew, yu-je-tsai

Synonyms: Commelina canescens Vahl, Commelina cucullata L., Commelina delicatula Schltdl., Commelina kilimandscharica K. Schum., Commelina mollis Jacq., Commelina nervosa Burm. f., Commelina procurrens Schltdl., Commelina prostrata Regel, Commelina pyrrhoblepharis Hassk. (1867), Commelina turbinata Vahl

6. Phellinus noxius (fungus)

Root and crown rot caused by Phellinus noxius is pantropical in distribution. Also known as brown root rot disease, it is present in native forests but most often noticed in disturbed areas. It has a broad host range and causes major losses in timber and hardwood plantations, agroforests and landscapes. The fungus forms an infection centre and spreads from tree to tree by root contact. It can exist on decaying roots in the soil for more than 10 years.

Common Names: brown root rot, limu mea

Synonyms: Fomes noxius Corner, 1932

7. Pistia stratiotes (aquatic plant)        

Pistia stratiotes is a freshwater invasive weed that is found throughout the tropics and subtropics. It is a free-floating plant that is capable of forming dense mats on the surfaces of lakes, ponds, rivers and other bodies of water. Pistia stratiotes is a popular garden pond plant and is often spread by the dumping of aquarium or ornamental pond plants. Fragments, or whole plants, can be spread via boats or fishing equipment from an infested area to a clean body of water.

Common Names: laitue d'eau, Lechuguilla de agua, lechuguita de agua, pistie, repollo de agua, salade d’eau, tropical duckweed, water lettuce

8. Technomyrmex albipes (insect)

Native to the Indo-Pacific area, Technomyrmex albipes, commonly known as the white-footed ant, has spread to Australia, Africa, North America, Caribbean and Asia. Technomyrmex albipes are often found on cut flowers and other imported plants. It's penchant for invading houses and nesting in wall cavities distresses homeowners. The unusual colony structure of Technomyrmex albipes allows them to reproduce rapidly, especially in warm weather, reaching numbers in the millions in some locations. Management of Technomyrmex albipes is difficult when populations abound, as chemical poisons are not transferred between workers.

Common Names: ashijiro-hirafushi-ari, white-footed ant, white-footed house ant

Synonyms: Formica (Tapinoma) albipes Smith, Formica albipes, Tapinoma albipes (Smith), Tapinoma albitarse Motschoulsky, Tapinoma nigrum Mayr, Technomrmex albipes var. vitiensis Mann., Technomyrmex albipes st. rufescens Santschi, Technomyrmex detorquens Walker

9. Urochloa maxima (grass)        

Although Urochloa maxima is the accepted name for this species, it is still widely known as Panicum maximum. Urochloa maxima is a native of tropical Africa where it occurs from sea level to 1,800m. It is used as a forage grass and its ability to tolerate a wide range of habitats make it a very productive species. Urochloa maxima has become prevalent in Samoa and Tonga and it is a problem species in Guam and Hawaii. Although it is a favourable grass in many areas it can also form dense stands and displace native species.

Common Names: buffalograss, capime guiné, fataque, green panic, Guinea grass, herbe de Guinéa, panic élevé, saafa, talapi, tinikarati, vao Kini, vao Kini, yerba de Guinea, zacate Guinea

Synonyms: Panicum gongylodes Jacq., Panicum hirsutissimum Steud., Panicum jumentorum Pers., Panicum laeve Lam., Panicum maximum Jacq., Panicum maximum var. coloratum C.T. White, Panicum maximum var. gongylodes (Jacq.) Döll, Panicum maximum var. maximum, Panicum maximum var. pubiglume K. Schum., Panicum maximum var. trichoglume Robyns, Panicum polygamum var. gongylodes (Jacq.) E. Fourn., Panicum trichocondylum Steud., Urochloa maxima var. trichoglumis (Robyns) R.D. Webster

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Native Species

1. Casuarina equisetifolia (tree)        

Casuarina equisetifolia is an evergreen conifer-like angiosperm. It has been introduced to new locations for coastal landscaping and erosion control. It has become invasive in Florida (USA) where it interferes with prime reptile nesting sites. Casuarina aggressively colonizes sandy beaches where it forms monocultures and degrades habitat in the Cayman Islands.

Common Names: agoho, arbol de hierro, Australian beefwood, Australian-pine, beach she-oak, beef wood-tree, bois de fer, casuarina, coast she-oak, Eisenholz, filao, horsetailtree, ironwood, nokonoko, pin d'Australie, pinheiro-da-Austrália, pino australiano, Strandkasuarine, whistling-pine

Synonyms: Casuarina litorea L. var. litorea, Casuarina litorea Rumpheus ex Stickman, Casuarina littorea L. ex Fosberg & Sachet

2. Colubrina asiatica (shrub)      

In its non-native locations, especially in coastal habitats, Colubrina asiatica aggressively outcompetes native vegetation. It is found, most often at the interface of uplands and submerged lands or between beach dune and maritime hammock. C. asiatica is also frequently found along elevated road shoulders in coastal areas, from where it can spread into adjacent natural areas. Plants grow rapidly in full sun. Its seeds are constantly dispersed at a rapid rate by ocean currents, and seed-eating birds may also ingest them as crop stones, producing a wider dispersal range. C. asiatica exhibits tremendous vegetative regeneration, including adventitious rooting from branches coming in contact with the soil and vigorous resprouting from cut or injured stems.

Common Names: Asian snakewood, hoop with, Indian snakewood, latherleaf, wild coffee

Synonyms: Ceanothus asiaticus L.

3. Epipremnum pinnatum (vine, climber)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Pothos vine (Epipremnum pinnatum) is a common escaped garden vine. It climbs up tree trunks and into the forest canopy, primarily in disturbed areas and along roadsides, smothering native plants. The plant is poisonous when eaten and can cause minor skin irritation when touched.

Common Names: ara, centipede tongavine, cortina, devil's ivy, enredadera, gefleckte Efeutute, golden pothos, long wei cao, money plant, pothos, selkasohlap, taro vine, Tongavine, variegated-philodendron

Synonyms: Epipremnum mirabile Schott, Philodendron nechodomae Britton, Pothos pinnatus L., Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl., Scindapsus aureus (Lindl. & André) Engl.

4. Landoltia punctata (aquatic plant)      

Native to Southeastern Asia and Australia and arguably to the United States, Landoltia punctata (dotted duckweed) has been introduced to several states in the U.S.A. and many European and Asian countries. It thrives in nutrient rich waters and prefers slow moving or stagnant ponds to enhabitat. Consequences of its introduction are unknown, but its capability to reproduce quickly, disperse rapidly and grow in low oxygen areas make it a potential threat to freshwater systems.

Common Names: dotted duckmeat, dotted duckweed, giant duckweed

Synonyms: Lemna melanorrhiza F. Muell. ex Kurz in J. Bot. 5 (1867), Lemna oligorhiza Kurz in J. Linn. Soc. London 9 (1866), Lemna pleiorrhiza F. Muell. ex Kurz in J. Bot. 5 (1867), Lemna punctata G. Mey., Prim. fl. Esseq. (1818), Spirodela javanica (Bauer) Hegelm. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21 (1895), Spirodela melanorrhiza (Kurz) Hegelm. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21 (1895), Spirodela oligorrhiza (Kurz) Hegelm., Lemnaceen (1868), Spirodela pleiorrhiza Hegelm. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21 (1895), Spirodela punctata (G. Mey.) Thompson in Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. 9 (1897), Spirodela pusilla Hegelm. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21 (1895)

5. Lutjanus kasmira (fish)      

Lutjanus kasmira is a commercially important reef-associated tropical fish that has been introduced into Hawaii for fisheries. In introduced areas of Hawaii it has become abundant, forming dense schools. It may outcompete native fish for space, crowding them out of important refuge areas.

Common Names: blouband snapper, blue-banded hussar, bluebanded snapper, blueline snapper, blue-lined sea perch, bluelined snapper, blue-lined snapper fish, bluestripe seaperch, bluestripe snapper, bluestriped snapper, common bluestripe snapper, common blue-stripe snapper, common bluestriped snapper, gorara tikus, hamra, hobara, ikan nonya, irri ranna, janja, kelea, kuning-kuning, kunyit, kunyit-kunyit, madras, mbawaa, merah, naisarah, nga-wet-panni, nisar, pargo de raios azuis, pargo de rayas, pargo de rayas azules, perche à raies bleues, pla ka pong deng thab nam ngern, pla kapong, savane, taape, tanda-tanda, tembo-uzi, vali ranna, verikeechan, vivaneau à raies bleues, yellow and blue seaperch, yosuji-fuedai

6. Porphyrio porphyrio (bird)

The ecological similarity of the purple swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio) to the Florida native common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) and purple gallinule (Porphyrula martinica) have prompted efforts to eliminate this member of the rail family from Florida. It is not clear what negative consequences could result from these non-native birds but in other parts of the world they are noted for their aggressive behaviour and their habit of eating other bird's eggs.

Common Names: bláhæna, caimão, calamón común, Modrzyk, pollo sultano, pukeko, purperkoet, purpurhöna, Purpurhuhn, seikei, slípka modrá, sultanhøne, sultanhøne, sultánka modrá, sulttaanikana, talève sultane

7. Pterois volitans (fish)    

The Indo-Pacific red lionfish (Pterois volitans) is a beautiful but dangerous tropical fish that has spread to new marine environments through the aquarium trade. The lionfish has invaded the Northwestern Atlantic and the Caribbean in one of the most rapid marine finfish invasions in history. In some areas, it has the potential to displace commercially important species such as the grouper and reduce recruitment of juvenile fishes, which in turn disrupts marine ecosystem processes.

Common Names: butterfly cod, cá Mao Tiên, chale, firefish, hana-minokasago, Indo-Pacific red lionfish, laffe volant, lepu-penganten, lionfish, lionfish scorpion, ominokasago, ornate butterfly-cod, ornate butterfly-cod, peacock lionfish, poisson scorpion, poisson volant, poisson-dindon, red firefish, red lionfish, sausau-lele, scorpion fish, scorpion volitans, skrzydlica pstra, turkey fish, turkeyfish, volitan lion, zebrafish

Synonyms: Brachirus zebra (Quoy and Gaimard, 1825), Gasterosteus volitans, Pterois cristatus, Pterois geniserra, Pterois muricata, Pterois zebra Quoy and Gaimard, 1825, Scorpaena volitans (Linnaeus, 1758)

8. Pueraria montana var. lobata (vine, climber)        

Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) roots can eventually comprise over 50% of the plant’s biomass, serving as an organ for carbohydrate storage for recovery after disturbance and making it difficult to control with herbicides. Only in the eastern United States is kudzu considered a serious pest, although it is also established in Oregon in the northwestern USA, in Italy and Switzerland, and one infestation on the northern shore of Lake Erie in Canada. Kudzu is considered naturalized in the Ukraine, Caucasus, central Asia, southern Africa, Hawai, Hispaniola, and Panama. Impacts of kudzu in the southeastern USA include loss of productivity of forestry plantations (estimated at about 120 USD per hectare per year), smothering and killing of native plants and denying access to lands for hunting, hiking, and bird watching.

Common Names: acha, aka, aka, aka, aka fala, akataha, fen ge, fen ke, foot-a-night vine, gan ge, gan ge teng, Japanese arrowroot, Ko-hemp, Kopoubohne, kudzu, kudzu común, kudzu vine, Kudzu-Kletterwein, kuzu, nepalem, shan ge teng, vigne japonaise, vine-that-ate-the-South, wa yaka, wa yaka

Synonyms: Dolichos hirsutus Thunberg, Dolichos lobatus Willd., Pachyrrhizus thunbergianus Siebold & Zuccarini, Pueraria hirsuta (Thunb.) C. Schneider, Pueraria lobata var. thomsonii (Benth.) Maesen, Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. var. lobata (Willd.), Pueraria thunbergiana (Sieb. & Zucc.) Benth.

9. Rubus moluccanus (vine, climber, shrub)        

Rubus moluccanus is a member of the raspberry and blackberry family and has a wide distribution throughout South-East Asia and the Pacific. Its berries, fruit and leaves are able to be used for a variety of culinary purposes and medicinal purposes. It can spread via runners that sprout when they touch the ground and its seeds are dispersed by birds. This scrambling shrub or climber reaches 2 to 3m high and threatens native plants through overcrowding and competition and its prickly stems may pose a hazard to humans and livestock.

Synonyms: Rubus capricorni, Rubus hillii, Rubus moluccanus var. dendrocharis

10. Rubus rosifolius (tree, shrub)        

Rubus rosifolius is a prickly shrub that produces edible red berries. It is valued for a number of culinary and medicinal purposes. This species has become invasive in Hawai‘i and French Polynesia, where it is capable of intruding into the understory of rainforests. Prickly stems and an ability to form dense thickets make R. rosifolius undesirable in many areas.

Common Names: akala, akalakala, forest bramble, framboisier, frambueso de Africa, Mauritius raspberry, native bramble, native raspberry, ola'a, roseleaf raspberry, thimbleberry

Synonyms: Rubus commersonnii Poir., Rubus coronarius, Rubus eustephanos var. coronarius, Rubus rosaefolius Smith, Rubus rosifolius Smith var. coronarius Sims, Rubus rosifolius var. commersonii, Rubus rosifolius var. rosifolius

11. Terminalia catappa (tree)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Terminalia catappa is a native plant of Asia that has escaped from cultivation. Due to its ability to cope with sandy, well draining soil, and salt spray it is often found on coastal regions. It is considered invasive in Florida, United States, and several Carribean Islands, including Montserrat, Puerto Rico and the Cayman Islands. Its seeds are highly bouyant which allows it disperse vast distances however they are highly edible so are eaten by bats, crabs and humans. However despite its potential as being an invasive species it is being considered for multiple applications. Due to its extensive and deep-rooting structure it is considered a possible species to use as a dune retention species against proposed climate change and sea-level rise, and in Brazil it is also being considered a potential cultivar to use in bio-fuel creation.

Common Names: alconorque, alite, almendra, almendrillo, almendro, almendro de la india, almendro del pais, almendron, alumpit, amandelboom, amandier de Cayenne, amandier des indies, amandier des tropiques, amendoeira, amendoeira, amendoeira-da-india, badam, badam, badamier, badamier, barbados almond, bastard almond, beach almond, bengal almond, castafiola, castanhola, castania, chapeu-de-sol, country almond, demarara almond, false kamani, fijian almond, guarda-sol, india almond, Indischer Mandelbaum, kamani ‘ula, kamani-haole, Katappenbaum, kauariki, kaukauariki, ketapang, koa‘i‘i, kotamba, koua‘i‘i, ma‘i‘i, malabar-almond, malay almond, natapoa, parasol, saori, sea-almond, singapore almond, story tree, ta‘ie, talie, talisai, talise, taraire, tavola, tavola nut, telie, tipapop, tipop, tivi, tropical almond, west indian almond, white bombway, wilde amandel, zanmande

Synonyms: Badamia comersoni Gaertn., Buceras catappa Hitchc., Juglans catappa Lour., Phytolacca javanica Osbeck, Terminalia badamia Tul., Terminalia dichotoma Miq., Terminalia latifolia Blanco, Terminalia mauritana Blanco, Terminalia moluccana Lam., Terminalia ovatifolia Nor.