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85 invasive species found

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Alien Species

1. Abelmoschus moschatus (herb, shrub)      

Abelmoschus moschatus is a weedy, herbaceous plant that is native to India, parts of China and tropical Asia, and some Pacific islands. It is cultivated in India for the musk-like oil contained in its seeds, which is valued for perfume manufacture. It is considered a weed in open and disturbed areas. It has been found to be a suitable host plant for the insect Dysdercus cingulatus, which is a serious pest of cotton crops.

Common Names: `aute toga, abelmosch musqué, algalia, almizcle vegetal, almizcle vegetal, ambretta semi, ambrette, aukiki, bisameibisch, fau ingo, fau tagaloa, fautia, fou ingo, gombo musqué, gombo musqué, gongul, kamang, kamwayang, karereon, metei, musk, musk mallow, o'e'e, okeoke, okra, vakeke, wakeke, wakewake, wakiwaki

Synonyms: Hibiscus abelmoschus L.

2. Acridotheres fuscus (bird)    

Acridotheres fuscus is native to India and south-east Asia and is now established in many Pacific islands. Acridotherea can be translated as “grasshopper hunter” - presumably an indication of its major food source in some parts of its native region. It is perceived as a problem to agricultural sectors dependant on crops. Both rural villages and urban areas are at risk of invasion. They feed off rubbish and food scraps and nest in any available spaces in houses and buildings. This behaviour and their close association with human habitations combine to cause a wide variety of problems for humans.

Common Names: brun maina, Dschungelmaina, jungle myna, junglemaina, maina della giungla indiana, mainá hindú, maina vao, majna hnedá, majna szara, martin forestier, morihakka, viidakkomaina

3. Acridotheres tristis (bird)        

The common myna (Acridotheres tristis), also called the Indian myna, is a highly commensal Passerine that lives in close association with humans. It competes with small mammals and bird for nesting hollows and on some islands, such as Hawaii and Fiji, it preys on other birds' eggs and chicks. It presents a threat to indigenous biota, particularly parrots and other birdlife, in Australia and elsewhere.

Common Names: brun majna, Calcutta myna, common myna, German Indischer mynah, Hirtenmaina, hjarðmænir, house myna, Indian myna, Indian mynah, kabairohakka, maina, mainá común, maina comune, mainato, majna brunatna, majna obecná, manu, manu kaomani, manu kavamani, manu rataro, manu teve, Martin triste, merle des Moluques, mynah, pihamaina, piru, talking myna, treurmaina

Synonyms: Acridotheres tristas (Linnaeus, 1766)

4. Adenanthera pavonina (tree)        

A medium-sized tree up to 15m high, Adenanthera pavonina is native to India and Malaysia. It has been planted extensively throughout the tropics as an ornamental and has become naturalised in many countries. It invades intact, undisturbed hardwood forests as well as disturbed sites and can quickly form large colonies.

Common Names: arbre collier, bead tree, bois de condori, bois noir de Bourbon, bois noir rouge, carolina, colales, coral bean tree, culalis, false wili wili, falso-sândalo, kaikes, kolales, kulales, kulalis, la'aulopa, lera, lerendamu, lopa, metekam, metkam, metkem, mwetkwem, olho-de-pavão, paina, peacock flower-fence, peacock tree, pitipitio, pomea, red bead tree, red sandalwood tree, segavé, telengtúngd, telentundalel, vaivai, vaivainivavalangi

Synonyms: Adenanthera gersenii Scheffer, Adenanthera polita Miq

5. Aedes aegypti (insect)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

The yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti is very common in urban and suburban areas in the tropic and subtropic regions. It is adapted to close association with humans and the female feeds almost exclusively on human blood. A. aegypti is the domestic vector of the yellow fever virus, caused epidemics of yellow fever in the Americas (before the 1940's) and recently in West Africa, and is responsible for 'urban yellow fever' - direct transmission of the virus between humans. A. aegypti is also the most important carrier of the dengue virus, although it is not paticularly susceptible to viral infection compared with other mosquito species.

Common Names: stégomyie, yellow fever mosquito

Synonyms: Culex aegypti Linnaeus, 1762, Culex albopalposus Becker, 1908, Culex anguste-alatus Becker, 1908, Culex annulitarsis Macquart, 1844 , Culex argenteus Poiret, 1787 , Culex augens Wiedemann, 1828, Culex calopus Meigen, 1818, Culex elegans Ficalbi, 1889 , Culex exagitans Walker, 1856 , Culex excitans Walker, 1848, Culex fasciatus Fabricius, 1805, Culex frater Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827 , Culex inexorabilis Walker, 1848 , Culex insatiabilis Bigot, 1859 , Culex kououpi Brulle, 1833 , Culex rossii Giles, 1889 , Culex taeniatus Wiedemann, 1828, Culex toxorhynchus Macquart, 1838 , Culex viridifrons Walker, 1848 , Duttonia alboannulis Ludlow, 1911 , Mimeteomyia pulcherrima Taylor, 1919 , Stegomyia atritarsis Edwards, 1920 , Stegomyia canariensis Pittaluga, 1905 , Stegomyia luciensis Theobald, 1901 , Stegomyia nigeria Theobald, 1901 , Stegomyia queenslandensis Theobald, 1901

6. Agave americana (herb, shrub)

Agave americana is a large, rhizomatous succulent that grows in a wide range of conditions including cliffs, urban areas, woodlands, grasslands, riparian zones, beaches and sandy areas, and rocky slopes. A. americana is tolerant of wind, salt, high temperatures, and extreme drought. It can grow in shallow, very dry, low fertility soil and can colonise bare sand. It is grown for many reasons- ornamental, medicinal and agricultural. In South Australia Agave americana mainly invades disturbed sites, road sides and coastal vegetation. It may also harbour introduced animal species, such as rabbits, making feral animal control more difficult.

Common Names: agave, agave d'Amérique, American agave, American aloe, American century plant, American-aloe, Amerikanische agave, century plant, garingboom, Hundert-jährige agave, maguey, maguey americano, pita común, pite, spreading century-plant, wild century-plant, yucca

Synonyms: Agave rasconensis Trel. ex Standl., Agave zonata Trel., Aloe americana (L.) Crantz

7. Ageratum conyzoides (herb)      

Ageratum conyzoides is a weed distributed in many tropical and subtropical countries and is often difficult to control. It is an established weed in the Himalayas where several invasion research studies have been conducted in the Shiwalik Ranges. It has been found that Ageratum significantly reduces total biomass and species number, that is, biodiversity. It also changes vegetation community structure and modifies the soil regieme.

Common Names: a‘amia, agerato, agerato, ageratum, ageratum, asipukpuk, asipukpuk, azier françois, bahu-bahu, bahug-bahug, bandotan, barba de chivo, baume, baume blanc, baume mauve, belohanua, berokan, billy goat weed, blue Ageratum, blue flowered groundsel, blue top, boko-boko-wiwiri, botebotekoro, botekoro, bouton, bouton blan, bouton ble, budbuda, budbuda, bulak-manok, bulak-manok, camará apeba, camará iapó, camará japê, camará-opela, catinga de barrão, catinga de bode, catinga de bode, celestina, chuva, co cut-heo, efoe momoe, erva de santa maria, erva de santa-lúcia, erva de são joão, erva de são josé, goat weed, gobu, gundhaubon, herbe a femme, herbe a pisser, herbe a sorcier, herbe de bouc, hierba del perro, hierba del zorro, hierbe de chivo, huarmi, huarmi, hwo-hsiang-ji, imiesu, jambo-serila, kakalding, kakalding, kakkoazami, kamabuag, kamabuag, kolokong-kabanyo, kolokong-kabayo, kulong-kogong-babae, lau taioti, Leberbalsam, macela de são joão, macela francesa, mahakaua, maile hohono, maile honohono, maile kula, maire vaihi, maria preta, mata mothemothe, matruço, mbotembotekoro, mentrasto, mother brinkly, mumutung, Neela Phulnu, ngmak, olloowaisiip, oochunt, pain doux, petit pain doux, Phulkuri, pica roxo, picão roxo, ruput tahi-ayam, sekose sea, sogovanua, songovanua, tae‘oti, tamasondji bata, te‘ehosi, tekote tea, tropic ageratum, tropical whiteweed, white weed, winter weed, ya-sap-raeng, ya-tabsua, zerisson blanc

Synonyms: Ageratum album Willd. Ex Steud. 1821, Ageratum caeruleum Hort. ex. Poir., Ageratum coeruleum Desf., Ageratum conyzoides var hirtum (Lam.) DC. 1836, Ageratum cordifolium Roxb. 1832, Ageratum hirsutum Lam. 1810, Ageratum hirtum Lam. 1783, Ageratum humile Salisb. 1796, Ageratum latifolium Car., Ageratum maritimum H.B.K., Ageratum mexicanum Sims., Ageratum nanum Hort. Ex Sch. Bip. 1858, Ageratum obtusifolium Lam., Ageratum odoratum Vilm. 1866, Ageratum suffruiticosum Regal 1854, Cacalia mentrasto Vell.

8. Antigonon leptopus (vine, climber)        

Antigonon leptopus is a smothering vine that invades disturbed areas and forest edges. It produces many seeds, which are spread by water currents and animals that consume the fruit. It has become invasive in some Pacific Islands, and is naturalised in many other parts of the Pacific.

Common Names: antigone, antigone à pied grêle, chain-of-love, confederate vine, coral bells, coral vine, corallita, dilngau, flores ka'dena, hearts on a chain, kadena de amor, liane antigone, love-vine, Mexican creeper, mountain rose, queen's jewels, rohsapoak, Sandwich Island creeper

Synonyms: Antigonon cinerascens M.Martens & Galeotti, Antigonon cordatum M.Martens & Galeotti, Antigonon platypus Hook. & Arn., Corculum leptopum (Hook. & Arn.) Stuntz, Corculum leptopus (Hook. & Arn.) Stuntz

9. Arundo donax (grass)        

Giant reed (Arundo donax) invades riparian areas, altering the hydrology, nutrient cycling and fire regime and displacing native species. Long ‘lag times’ between introduction and development of negative impacts are documented in some invasive species; the development of giant reed as a serious problem in California may have taken more than 400 years. The opportunity to control this weed before it becomes a problem should be taken as once established it becomes difficult to control.

Common Names: arundo grass, bamboo reed, caña, caña común, caña de Castilla, caña de la reina, caña de techar, cana- do-reino, cana-do-brejo, cane, canne de Provence, canno-do-reino, capim-plumoso, carrizo, carrizo grande, cow cane, donax cane, E-grass, fiso palagi, giant cane, giant reed, grand roseau, kaho, kaho folalahi, la canne de Provence, narkhat, ngasau ni vavalangi, Pfahlrohr, reed grass, river cane, Spaanse-riet, Spanisches Rohr, Spanish cane, Spanish reed, wild cane

Synonyms: Aira bengalensis (Retz.) J.F. Gmel., Amphidonax bengalensis (Retz.) Nees ex Steud., Amphidonax bengalensis Roxb. ex Nees., Amphidonax bifaria (Retz.) Nees ex Steud., Arundo aegyptiaca hort. ex Vilm., Arundo bambusifolia Hook. f., Arundo bengalensis Retz., Arundo bifaria Retz., Arundo coleotricha (Hack.) Honda., Arundo donax var. angustifolia Döll., Arundo donax var. coleotricha Hack., Arundo donax var. lanceolata Döll., Arundo donax var. procerior Kunth., Arundo donax var. versicolor (P. Mill.) Stokes, Arundo glauca Bubani., Arundo latifolia Salisb., Arundo longifolia Salisb. ex Hook. f., Arundo sativa Lam., Arundo scriptoria L., Arundo versicolor P. Mill., Cynodon donax (L.) Raspail., Donax arundinaceus P. Beauv., Donax bengalensis (Retz.) P. Beauv., Donax bifarius (Retz.) Trin. ex Spreng., Donax donax (L.) Asch. and Graebn.

10. Asparagus densiflorus (herb)        

Asparagus densiflorus, commonly known as asparagus fern, is not a true fern. It reproduces by seed. A. densiflorus is known to invade a variety of habitats, and its impacts include smothering of forest understory and ground cover and preventing the regeneration of canopy species.

Common Names: asparagus fern, asperge de Sprenger, bushy asparagus, regal fern, smilax, sprengeri fern, Sprenger's asparagus fern

Synonyms: Asparagopsis densiflorus Kunth, Asparagus aethiopicus L. cv. sprengeri, Asparagus sprengeri Regel, Protasparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Oberm.

11. Bambusa vulgaris (grass, tree)      

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Bambusa vulgaris is the most widespread member of its genus, and has long been cultivated across the tropics and subtropics. It prefers lowland humid habitats, but tolerates a wide range of climatic conditions and soil types. It commonly naturalises, forming monospecific stands along river banks, roadsides and open ground.

Common Names: agarabà, aur beting, aur gading, bacáu, bakal, balé, bambou, bambu, bambu ampel, bambu blenduk, bambú común, bambu kuning, bambu kuning, bambú patamba, bambúa, bambu-verde, bambu-vulgar, bannada bidiru, baran, basini bans, basinibans, bolinao, bolinau, boo, buloh aur, buloh gading, buloh kuning, buloh minyak, buloh minyak has, buloh pau, buluh aur, buluh minyak, buluh pau, burirau, butong, caña brava, caña India, cañambú, cañaza, chan kham, common bamboo, cupamu, dai-san-chiku, davike, domar, feathery bamboo, gemeiner bambus, golden bamboo, grand bambou, haladi bidiru, haur, i ngol, igbon ikirai, itikna, kabaloan, kaho palangi, kaho papalangi, kalaka, kanale, kasul, kauayan, kauayan-china, kauayan-kiling, kawayan, kawayan-china, kawayang-kiting, kawayang-tsina, kawayan-kiling, ken, kenye, kewe, kiling, kinshi-chiku, ko-tatami, labong, lefyog, limas, linetso, lulasi, lunas, mai-luang, mambu kakar, mambu yang, maribal, marobal, mfele, mlasi, musyombe, ngmalu, nsungwi, otate, patong, patung, phai cheen, phai chin, phai lueang, phai-bongkham, phai-luang, phai-ngachang, pilanda, pito, ponmungil, rai yai, ree sai, ri sai, russèi kaèw, s'a:ng kh'am', saang kham, sacaú, sang kham, seemamula, semi, sen, seni, senye, sii, simine, sinambang, soft bamboo, striped bamboo, sunderkania bansa, taiu-anak, tamalang, tamalang silau, tambalang, tamelang, taring, tatami, tatami-na, teuanak, tewanak, tiling, vyo, wanet, wok, wusle, yellow bamboo

Synonyms: Arundarbor arundinacea (Retz.) Kuntze, Arundarbor bambos Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2, 1891, Arundarbor blancoi (Steudel) Kuntze 1891, Arundarbor fera (Miquel) Kuntze 1891, Arundarbor fera Rumphius 1743, Arundarbor monogyna (Blanco) Kuntze 1891, Arundo bamboa Miller 1768, Arundo bambos L., Arundo fera Oken 1841, Bambos arundinacea Retz., Bambusa arundinacea var. picta Moon 1824, Bambusa auriculata Kurz ex Cat. Hort. Bot. Calc., 1864, Bambusa balcooa Roxburgh 1832, Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss, Bambusa blancoi Steudel 1854, Bambusa capensis Rupr., Bambusa fera Miquel 1857, Bambusa humilis Reichenbach ex. Ruprecht 1839, Bambusa madagascariensis hort. ex A. & C. Rivière 1878, Bambusa mitis Blanco 1837, Bambusa monogyna Blanco 1837, Bambusa sieberi Grisebach 1864, Bambusa striata Lodd., Bambusa surinamensis Ruprecht 1839, Bambusa thouarsii Kunth 1822, Bambusa tuldoides Munro, Bambusa vasaria Herbier Hamilton, Dendrocalamus balcooa (Roxburgh) Voigt 1845, Leleba vulgaris (Schrader ex Wendland) Nakai 1933, Nastus thouarsii (Kunth) Raspail 1825, Nastus viviparus Raspail 1825, Phyllostachys striata (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Nakai

12. Bidens pilosa (herb)      

Bidens pilosa is a cosmopolitan, annual herb which originates from tropical and Central America. Its hardiness, explosive reproductive potential, and ability to thrive in almost any environment have enabled it to establish throughout the world. Generally introduced unintentionally through agriculture or sometimes intentionally for ornamental purposes, B. pilosa is a major crop weed, threat to native fauna, and a physical nuisance.

Common Names: abissawa, acetillo, adzrskpi, agberi-oku, akesan, alonga, alongoï, amonoablanfè, amor seco, anansee mpaane, anasipagné, arponcito, aseduro, asta de cabra, batimadramadramatakaro, beggar's tick , bident hérissé, bident poilu, bidente pilosa, black fellows, black jack, broom stick, broom stuff, cacha de cabra, cadillo, carrapicho-deagulha, cobbler's peg, dada, dadayem, devil's needles, diaani, diandu, dinenkui, dwirantwi, dzani pipi, eyinata, fisi'uli, gonoretti, gyinantwi, hairy beggar ticks, herbe d'aiguille, herbe villebague, hierba amarilla, iréné, iuna, kamik tuarongo, kandane, kete kete, ki, ki nehe, ki pipili, kichoma mguu, kichoma nguo, kiradale, klakuo, kofetoga, kofetonga, kokosa, ko-sendagusa, kukwe kwo, kurofidie, lebason, légué, manamendigo, masquia, matua kamate, mazote, mbatikalawau, mbatimandramandra, nana, nangua, nanguadian, nehe, nguad, niani, nidul-lif, niroa, papunga chipaca, passoklo, pega-prga, perca, pétéoré, picão-preto, pilipili, piquants noirs, piripiri, piripiri, piripiri kerekere, piripiri niroa, pisau-pisau, puriket, rosilla, sanyi, sanyina, sirvulaca, sornet, sosolé, Spanish needle, tabason, tagiaani, tebasson, tombo-maga, zagaï zagagbé, zagoi ini, zebeyuzébogue, zegbei zegbagwè, zikilli wissi, Zweizhan

Synonyms: Bidens leucantha (L.) Willd., Bidens leucantha Willd. var. sundaica (Blume) Hassk., Bidens odorata, Bidens sundaica (Blume), Coreopsis leucantha L.

13. Canis lupus (mammal)      

Canis lupus (the dog) is possibly the first animal to have been domesticated by humans. It has been selectively bred into a wide range of different forms. They are found throughout the world in many different habitats, both closely associated with humans and away from habitation. They are active hunters and have significant negative impacts on a wide range of native fauna.

Common Names: domestic dog, feral dog, guri, Haushund, kuri, kurio, pero, peto, uli

Synonyms: Canis dingo Blumenbach, 1780, Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758

14. Canna indica (herb)        

Canna indica is a native of tropical America and is a very popular ornamental plant throughout the tropical world. This plant has become an invasive in Pitcairn and in New Zealand, where it grows in thickets, crowding out other plants. It is spread by rhizomes making it difficult to remove.

Common Names: achira, African arrowroot, ali‘ipoe, li‘ipoe, apeellap, bakalele, bakare kare, Balisier comestible, balisier rouge, calenda, canna, canna lily, chupa flor, English shot, fa‘i masoa, fagafaga, fagamanu, Fanamanu, gasau ni ga, gwangwa, gwangwaama, Indian shot, luiuenwai, mongos halum-tano, nuaenga, oruuru, pia renga, pia-raroto‘a, poloka, poloke, Queensland arrowroot, riti, te misimisi, tiare papa‘a, toolima, tous-les-mois

Synonyms: Canna edulis Ker-Gawl., Canna achiras Gillies, Canna aurantiaca Roscoe, Canna aureovittata Lodd., Canna barbadica Bouché, Canna bidentata Bertol., Canna bifida Schult., Canna carnea Roscoe, Canna cearensis Huber, Canna chinensis Willd., Canna cinnabarina Bouché, Canna coccinea Link, Canna coccinea Mill., Canna coccinea Mill. var. bicolor Kraenzl, Canna coccinea Mill. var. sylvestris (Roscoe) Regel, Canna commutata Bouché, Canna compacta Bouché, Canna compacta Roscoe, Canna crocea Lag. ex Rchb., Canna crocea Roem. & Schult., Canna densifolia Bouché, Canna discolor Lindl., Canna edulis KerGawl., Canna ehrenbergii Bouché, Canna ellipticifolia Stokes, Canna esculenta Lodd. ex Loudon, Canna exigua Bouché, Canna flavescens Link, Canna floribunda Bouché, Canna formosa Bouché, Canna fulgida Bouche, Canna fulgida Bouché, Canna heliconiifolia Bouché  var. xalapensis (Bouché) Kraenzl, Canna heliconiifolia Bouché, Canna humilis Bouché, Canna indica L. var. speciosa (Roscoe) Hook.f., Canna indica L. var. coccinea (Mill.) Aiton, Canna indica L. var. edwarsii Regel, Canna indica L. var. limbata (Roscoe) Petersen, Canna indica L. var. maculata Hook., Canna indica L. var. nepalensis (Bouché) Hook.f., Canna indica L. var. patens Aiton, Canna indica L. var. rubra Aiton, Canna laeta Bouché, Canna lagunensis Lindl., Canna lambertii Lindl., Canna lanuginosa Roscoe, Canna leptochila Bouché, Canna limbata Roscoe, Canna lutea Mill., Canna lutea Mill. var. aurantiaca (Roscoe) Regel, Canna lutea Mill. var. genuina Kraenzl., Canna lutea Mill. var. pallida (Roscoe) Regel

15. Casuarina equisetifolia (tree)        

Casuarina equisetifolia is an evergreen conifer-like angiosperm. It has been introduced to new locations for coastal landscaping and erosion control. It has become invasive in Florida (USA) where it interferes with prime reptile nesting sites. Casuarina aggressively colonizes sandy beaches where it forms monocultures and degrades habitat in the Cayman Islands.

Common Names: agoho, arbol de hierro, Australian beefwood, Australian-pine, beach she-oak, beef wood-tree, bois de fer, casuarina, coast she-oak, Eisenholz, filao, horsetailtree, ironwood, nokonoko, pin d'Australie, pinheiro-da-Austrália, pino australiano, Strandkasuarine, whistling-pine

Synonyms: Casuarina litorea L. var. litorea, Casuarina litorea Rumpheus ex Stickman, Casuarina littorea L. ex Fosberg & Sachet

16. Cedrela odorata (tree, shrub)        

Cedrela odorata is a native of the West Indies and from Central America to South America, including the Brazilian Atlantic and Amazon Rain Forest. It has been introduced to many Pacific Islands and South Africa. This fast growing timber tree has become invasive in some areas, especially those disturbed by cutting.

Common Names: Barbados cedar, cèdre acajou, cèdre des barbares, cedro, cedro cubano, cigar box cedar, Mexican cedar, sita hina, Spanish cedar, West Indian cedar

17. Cenchrus echinatus (grass)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Cenchrus echinatus is an annual grass that is a native of tropical America, but has now widely colonised tropical and temperate zones worldwide. Though it is typically associated with dry, sandy habitats it can also grow in moist areas, where it may be long-lived and reach a much larger size. It is recognisable by the burrs it produces, which readily attach themselves to animals and clothing, making C. echinatus easily dispersed. It is fairly easily managed by physical and chemical means, though the soil seed reservoir means followup treatments are necessary.

Common Names: ‘ume‘alu, abrojo, bur grass, burgrass, burr grass, cabeza de negro, cachorro, cadillo, cadillo tigre, capim-amoroso, capim-carrapicho, capim-roseta, capim-timbete, caretón morado, cauit-cauitan, cenchrus épineux, common sandbur, eakung, espolón, field sandbur, golden grass, guizazo, hedgehog grass, hefa, herbe e cateaeux, iakung, kãlõklõk, karumwij, konpeito-gusa, legalek, lek e lek, lellik, mau‘u kuku, mosie vihilango, Mossman river grass, motie vihilago, mouku talatala, mozote, parango, pega-pega, piripiri, piri-piri, pua pipii, puu ta‘a ta‘a, quaramiyumut, roseta, sand bur, sand burr, sandburr, se bulabula, se mbulabula, se mbulambula, southern sandbur, southern sandbur grass, spiny sandbur, te anti, te kateketeke, te uteute ae kateketeke, vao papalagi, vao tui tui, vao tuitui, zacate banderilla

Synonyms: Cenchrus echinatus var. hillebrandianus (A.S. Hitchc.) F. Br.

18. Cestrum nocturnum (shrub)        

Cestrum nocturnum commonly known as queen of the night, is a popular ornamental species widely distributed for its strongly fragrant flowers that bloom at night. Having bird-dispersed seeds and the ability to reproduce vegetatively has resulted in escapes from cultivation, where in some areas it aggressively colonises disturbed sites such as road edges and forest gaps forming dense impenetrable thickets and resulting in competition with and displacement of native plant species. C. nocturnum is also known to be poisonous if ingested, forming a risk to grazing livestock and has been known to produce hay-fever like symptoms in some people.

Common Names: ai pua e pogi, ala aumoe, ali'I o le po, ariki-va'ine, dama de noche, dama di noche, fafine o te po, galan de noche, ike he po, jasmin bâtard, jasmin de nuit, jonoul ruo awa, kara, kupaoa, lady of the night, laukau po'uli, night cestrum, night jessamine, night queen, night-blooming jasmine, night-flowering cestrum, night-flowering jasmine, onaona Iapana, queen of the night, teine 'o le po, thauthau, thauthau ni mbongi, tiare ariki va'ine, ye xiang shu

Synonyms: Cestrum parqui

19. Coccinia grandis (vine, climber)        

Coccinia grandis is a noxious vine that smothers vegetation and other objects forming a dense canopy. It acts as a host for melon fly and is a reservoir for other crop pests possibly including ring spot virus. It has become invasive in Guam, Saipan and Hawai‘i where it is a severe pest in gardens, on utility poles, roadsides, and in natural areas.

Common Names: aipikohr, ivy gourd, kiuri awia, kundru, scarlet-fruited gourd

Synonyms: Bryonia grandis L., Bryonia alceifolia Willd, Bryonia grandis L., Cephalandra indica Naudin, Coccinia cordifolia auct. non (L.) Cogn., Coccinia cordifolia (L.) Cogn. var. alceifolia (Willd.) Cogn., Coccinia cordifolia (L.) Cogn. var. wightiana (M.Roem.) Cogn., Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt  var. wightiana (M.Roem.) Greb., Coccinia indica Wight & Arn., Coccinia loureiriana M.Roem., Coccinia wightiana M.Roem., Cucumis pavel Kostel., Momordica bicolor Blume, Momordica covel Dennst., Momordica monadelpha Roxb.

20. Columba livia (bird)      

Columba livia is native to Europe and has been introduced worldwide as a food source, or for game. These pigeons prefer to live near human habitation, such as farmland and buildings. They cause considerable damage to buildings and monuments because of their corrosive droppings. They also pose a health hazard, since they are capable of transmitting a variety of diseases to humans and to domestic poultry and wildlife.

Common Names:  pombo-doméstico, agreste, b? câu, bákteduvvá, balandis, bareski-golumbaika, baresko-golumbo, bjargdúfa, bládúgva, bládúva, bydue, calman-creige, calmane creggey, carrier pigeon, colm aille, colom roquer, colom roquer, colom wyls, colomba salvaria, colomen ddôf, colomen y graig, colomp salvadi, columba da chasa, columba selvadia, columbu agreste, columbu aresti, columbu de is arrocas, colu'r aille, common pigeon, didu, div gulab, divlji golub, dobato, domaci golob, domestic dove, domestic pigeon, dubet, dziwi holb, Felsentaube, feral pigeon, feral rock pigeon, golab miejski¦Golab skalny, golab skalny, golub pecinar, golub pecinar, gradski Golub, güvercin, haitz-uso, Haustaube, Strassentaube, holub domácí, holub skalní, homing pigeon, húsdúfa, kaljutuvi, kalliokyyhky, kawarabato, kawara-bato, kesykyyhky, kieminis, klinšu balodis, klippduva, klippedue, kolombo, kolomm an garrek, naminis karvelis, paloma, paloma bravia, paloma casera, paloma común, paloma de castilla, paloma doméstica, pecinar, pëllumbi i egër i shkëmbit, piccione, piccione domestico, piccione selvatico, piccione selvatico semidomestico, piccione terraiolo, piccione torraiolo, pichon, pigeon, pigeon biset, pigeon biset domestique, pigeon de ville, pigeon domestique, pomba brava, pombo da rocha, pombo o pombo-doméstico, pombo-das-rochas, porumbel de stânca, pustynnik, rock dove, rock dove pigeon, rock pigeon, rotsduif, ruve, sizij golub, sizy Golub, sizyj golub', skalen g'l'b, šyzy holub, szirti galamb, tamduva, tidori, tidu, Tkhakapuyt Aghavni, tudun tal-gebel, tzidu, Verwilderte Haustaube, Xixella, yuan ge, ziwy golub

21. Cynodon dactylon (grass)      

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Cynodon dactylon is adapted to survive both extended dry periods and flooding conditions. It is a potential agricultural weed and a commonly used as a lawn grass.

Common Names: arampandrotra, Australian couch, Bahama grass, balama grass, bamyudaa gurasu, Bermuda grass, Bermudagras, chiendent, chiendent, chiendent dactyle, chiendent pied-de-poule, common bermuda grass, couch grass, devil grass, devil's grass, enua, fandrahana, fandropalana, fandrotrarana, fandrotsana, galud-galud, gewonekweek, grama, grama brava, grama dulce, grama rastera, grama-seda, gramigna comune, gramilla, gramilla brava, gramilla Italiana, grand chiendent, gros chiendent, gyougishiba, Handjesgras, herbe de couverture, herbes des Bermudes, hierba Bermuda, hierba fina, Hundszahngras, Indian doab, kabuta, kambuta, kawad-kawaran, kindresy, kulatai, manienie, mosie molulu, motie molulu, motie molulu, nienie, nienie haole, paja de la virgen, palo delgado, pasto Argentina, pasto Bermuda, pasto de gallina, pasto de las Bermudas, pata de perdiz, pelo de conejo, pied de poule, quick grass, scutch grass, star grass, ya phaet, ya phraek, zacate de aguijilla, zacate de Bermuda, zacate de conejo, zacate de gallina, zacate gallina

Synonyms: Capriola dactylon (L.) Kuntze [Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon], Cynodon aristiglumis Caro & Sánchez, Cynodon coursii A. Camus [Cynodon dactylon var. coursii], Cynodon dactylon var. densus Hurcombe, Cynodon incompletus auct. non Nees, Cynodon polevansii Stent [Cynodon dactylon var. polevansii], Digitaria stolonifera Schrad. [Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon], Panicum dactylon L. [Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon]

22. Cyperus rotundus (sedge)      

Cyperus rotundus (purple nutsedge) is a weed in over 90 countries and the world's worst invasive weed based on its distribution and effect on crops. Its complex underground network of tubers, basal bulbs, roots and rhizomes ensure its ability to survive and reproduce during adverse conditions. Further biological features, such as its adaptation to high temperatures, solar radiation and humidity, have turned this weed into a serious problem in subtropical and even arid regions.

Common Names: ‘oniani lau, ‘oniani rau, ‘oniani tita, alho-bravo, almendra de tierra, balisanga, boto-botonis, brown nut sedge, capim-alho, capim-dandá, castanuela, castañuela, cebollín, chaguan humatag, chufa, coco, coco grass, coquillo, coquillo purpura, coquito, cortadera, hamasuge, herbe à oignons, ivako, junça, juncia, juncia real, kili‘o‘opu, kili'o'opu, mala-apulid, malanga, matie ‘oniani, matie'oniani, mau‘u mokae, mau‘u mokae, mauku ‘oniani, mauku'oniani, mot ha, mothe, mumuta, mutha, nut grass, nut sedge, nutgrass, oniani, oniani lau, oniani rau, oniani tita, pakopako, pakopako, pakopako, purple nut sedge, purple nut sedge, purple nutsedge, red nut sedge, Rundes Zypergras, soro ni kabani, soronakambani, souchet à tubercules, souchet d'Asie, souchet en forme d'olive, souchet rond, suo cao, sur-sur, tamanengi, te mumute, tiririca, tiririca-vermelha, tuteoneon, vucesa, vuthesa, xiang fu zi, ya haeo mu, ya khon mu, zigolo infestante

Synonyms: Chlorocyperus rotundus (L.) Palla, Cyperus olivaris Targioni-Tozzetti, Cyperus purpuro-variegatus Boeckeler, Cyperus stoloniferum pallidus Boeckeler, Cyperus tetrastachyos Desf., Cyperus tuberosus Roxb, Pycreus rotundus (L.) Hayek

23. Dioscorea bulbifera (herb, vine, climber)      

Dioscorea bulbifera is a highly invasive plant and presents a management problem in many parts of the world. Despite some medicinal and agricultural uses, D. bulbifera is widely characterized as an organism that outcompetes and smothers native vegetation.

Common Names: ‘oi, aerial yam, air yam, air-potato, ápwereka, belloi, bitter yam, Brotwurzel, cheeky yam, dau fasia, dau kwasi, ellal, hoei-oepas, hoi, hoi, hoi, hoi, igname bulbifère, inhame, kaile, kaile manu, kaile ndranu, magnaheugo, mata, ñame de gunda, palai, papa voladora, pi‘oi, potato yam, pousse en l'air, pureka, puruka, pwer, pwereka, pwerh, rook, sarau, soi, wild yam, yam, Yamswurzel, yoi

Synonyms: Dioscorea hoffa Cordem., Dioscorea tamnifolia Salisb., Dioscorea bulbifera L.  var. vera Prain & Burkill, Dioscorea crispata Roxb., Dioscorea dicranandra Donn.Sm., Dioscorea heterophylla Roxb., Dioscorea pulchella Roxb., Dioscorea tenuiflora Schltdl., Helmia bulbifera (L.) Kunth, Smilax decipiens Spreng.

24. Epipremnum pinnatum (vine, climber)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Pothos vine (Epipremnum pinnatum) is a common escaped garden vine. It climbs up tree trunks and into the forest canopy, primarily in disturbed areas and along roadsides, smothering native plants. The plant is poisonous when eaten and can cause minor skin irritation when touched.

Common Names: ara, centipede tongavine, cortina, devil's ivy, enredadera, gefleckte Efeutute, golden pothos, long wei cao, money plant, pothos, selkasohlap, taro vine, Tongavine, variegated-philodendron

Synonyms: Epipremnum mirabile Schott, Philodendron nechodomae Britton, Pothos pinnatus L., Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl., Scindapsus aureus (Lindl. & André) Engl.

25. Eugenia uniflora (tree, shrub)        

Eugenia uniflora is an evergreen shrub that can reach tree like proportions. It is a hardy species that can thrive in a variety of habitats, both in its native and introduced range. Eugenia uniflora can quickly reach thick densities which affect understorey light levels, subsequently changing micro-environments. It is also known to host recognised pests and pathogens.

Common Names: Barbados cherry, Brazilian cherry, cayenne cherry, Cayennekirsche, cerese à côtes, cereza quadrada, cerezo de Cayena, cerise carée, cerise créole, cerise de Cayenne, cerise de pays, cerises-cotes, cerisier carré, cerisier de Cayenne, Florida cherry, French cherry, guinda, kafika, kafika palangi, kafika papalangi, menemene, monkie monkie kersie, nagapiry, ñanga-piré, pendanga, pitanga, pitanga-da-praia, red Brazil cherry, Surinaamsche kersh, Surinam cherry, Surinamkirsche, venevene, zoete kers

Synonyms: Eugenia brasiliana (L.) Aubl., Eugenia michelii Lam., Myrtus brasiliana L. , Myrtus brasiliana L. var. normalis Kuntze , Plinia pedunculata L.f. , Plinia rubra L. , Stenocalyx michelii O. Berg , Stenocalyx uniflorus (L.) Kausel

26. Falcataria moluccana (tree)        

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Falcataria moluccana is an invasive, nitrogen-fixing tree species. It is has been introduced to the Seychelles, Mauritius, Reunion and many Pacific islands; including, most notably, Hawaii where it has become a problematic invader. Its rapid growth habit allows it to outcompete slow-growing native trees, and its abundant, high-quality litter alters nutrient dynamics in the soil. This affects decomposition rates and microorganism and invertebrate community composition. Ecosystem processes may be altered in both terrestrial and aquatic environments where F. moluccana invades riparian areas.

Common Names: ‘arapitia, albízia, albizzia , batai, bataiwood, falcata, malacana, mara, Molucca albizia, Moluccan sau, parasiante, peacock plume, sau, tamaligi paepae , tamaligi palagi, tamaligi uliuli , tamaligi, tamalini, tuhke kerosene, tuhke kerosin, tuhkehn karisihn, ukall ra ngebard

Synonyms: Adenanthera falcataria L., Albizia falcata auct. pl., Albizia falcataria (L.) Fosb., Albizia moluccana F.A. Miquel, Albizia moluccana Miq., Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) I. Nielsen, Paraserianthes falcataria subsp. falcataria

27. Felis catus (mammal)        

Felis catus was domesticated in the eastern Mediterranean c. 3000 years ago. Considering the extent to which cats are valued as pets, it is not surprising that they have since been translocated by humans to almost all parts of the world. Notable predators, cats threaten native birdlife and other fauna, especially on islands where native species have evolved in relative isolation from predators.

Common Names: cat, domestic cat, feral cat, Hauskatze, house cat, poti, pusiniveikau

28. Hedychium flavescens (herb)        

Hedychium flavescens has been spread from its home-range in the Himalayas to occupy many locations around the world. It has caused great concern in countries where it has been introduced; for example in New Zealand, Hawaii and La Réunion, as it can form dense vegetative growths that may cover whole areas of land and prevent the regrowth and regeneration of native plant species. Moist warm climates in particular favour successful establishment of Hedychium flavescens.

Common Names: awapuhi melemele, cream garland lily, cream ginger, cream ginger lily, e mei jiang hua, gingembre jaune, hédychie jaunâtre, kopi rengarenga, kopi rengarenga, longose jaune vanille, longoze, opuhi rea rea, re'a rengarenga, teuila, wild ginger, yellow ginger, yellow ginger-lily

Synonyms: Hedychium emeiense Z.Y. Zhu, Hedychium panzhuum Z.Y. Zhu

29. Imperata cylindrica (grass)        

Native to Asia, cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) is common in the humid tropics and has spread to the warmer temperate zones worldwide. Cogon grass is considered to be one of the top ten worst weeds in the world. Its extensive rhizome system, adaptation to poor soils, drought tolerance, genetic plasticity and fire adaptability make it a formidable invasive grass. Increases in cogon grass concern ecologists and conservationists because of the fact that this species displaces native plant and animal species and alters fire regimes.

Common Names: alang-alang, blady grass, Blutgras, carrizo, cogon grass, gi, impérata cylindrique, japgrass, kunai, lalang, ngi, paille de dys, paillotte, satintail, speargrass

Synonyms: Imperata arundinacea Cirillo, Lagurus cylindricus L.

30. Ipomoea aquatica (vine, climber)        

Ipomea aquatica is rich in iron and is used traditionally to treat gastric and intestinal disorders. However, Ipomea aquatica is highly invasive, forming dense mats over the surface of water bodies, such as lakes, ponds, marshes, canals and ditches. It is also found in very moist soils, such as the muddy banks along streams. Ipomea aquatica spreads rapidly from plant fragments and its floating seeds allow effective colonisation of new areas. Aquatic herbicides, whilst generally effective, are not specific enough to be used in many sensitive areas, making eradication very difficult.

Common Names: akankong, aquatic morning glory, aseri, cancon, Chinese waterspinach, kang kong, kangking, kangkong, kangkun, kangum, kankan, kankum, kongkong, lili vai, liseron d’eau, lorenzo, luve ne tombithi, ndrinikava, ota karisa, seeri, seri, swamp cabbage, swamp morning glory, te kang kong, ung-choi, wa kumala, water bindweed, water spinach

Synonyms: Convolvulus repens Vahl, Ipomoea repens Roth, Ipomoea reptans Poiret, Ipomoea subdentata Miq.

31. Lantana camara (shrub)        

Lantana camara is a significant weed of which there are some 650 varieties in over 60 countries. It is established and expanding in many regions of the world, often as a result of clearing of forest for timber or agriculture. It impacts severely on agriculture as well as on natural ecosystems. The plants can grow individually in clumps or as dense thickets, crowding out more desirable species. In disturbed native forests it can become the dominant understorey species, disrupting succession and decreasing biodiversity. At some sites, infestations have been so persistent that they have completely stalled the regeneration of rainforest for three decades. Its allelopathic qualities can reduce vigour of nearby plant species and reduce productivity in orchards. Lantana camara has been the focus of biological control attempts for a century, yet still poses major problems in many regions.

Common Names: ach man, angel lips, ayam, big sage, blacksage, bunga tayi, cambara de espinto, cuasquito, flowered sage, lantana, lantana wildtype, largeleaf lantana, latora moa, pha-ka-krong, prickly lantana, shrub verbean, supirrosa, Wandelroeschen, white sage, wild sage

Synonyms: Camara vulgaris, Lantana scabrida

32. Lepidium virginicum (herb)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Lepidium virginicum is a weed of agronomic, vegetable, orchard, and nursery crops. It is reported to have naturalised on disturbed sites in Hawaii and the western United States, and spreading rapidly on Grand Cayman.

Common Names: cresón, cresson sauvage, cresson savane, culantrillo, escobilla, lentejilla, lépidie de Virginie, mancuerno, mastruço, mastruz, mastuerzo, mastuerzo silvestre, menstruz, momili, naunau, passerage de Virginie, peppergrass, poorman pepperweed, poorman's pepper, poorman's-pepperwort, Virginia cress, Virginia pepperweed, Virginian peppercress, wild peppercress

33. Leucaena leucocephala (tree)        

The fast-growing, nitrogen-fixing tree/shrub Leucaena leucocephala, is cultivated as a fodder plant, for green manure, as a windbreak, for reforestation, as a biofuel crop etc. Leucaena has been widely introduced due to its beneficial qualities; it has become an aggressive invader in disturbed areas in many tropical and sub-tropical locations and is listed as one of the ‘100 of the World’s Worst Invasive Alien Species’. This thornless tree can form dense monospecific thickets and is difficult to eradicate once established. It renders extensive areas unusable and inaccessible and threatens native plants.

Common Names: acacia palida, aroma blanca, balori, bo chet, cassis, false koa, faux mimosa, faux-acacia, fua pepe, ganitnityuwan tangantan, graines de lin, guaje, guaslim, guaxin, horse/wild tamarind, huaxin, ipil-ipil, jumbie bean, kan thin, kanthum thect, koa-haole, kra thin, kratin, lamtoro, lead tree, leucaena, leucaena, liliak, lino criollo, lopa samoa, lusina, nito, pepe, rohbohtin, schemu, siale mohemohe, subabul, tamarindo silvestre, tangantangan, tangan-tangan, te kaitetua, telentund, tuhngantuhngan, uaxim, vaivai, vaivai dina, vaivai ni vavalangi, wild mimosa, wild tamarind, zarcilla

Synonyms: Acacia leucocephala (Lamark) Link 1822, Leucaena glabrata Rose 1897, Leucaena glauca (L.) Benth. 1842, Mimosa leucocephala Lamark 1783

34. Ligustrum sinense (tree, shrub)      

Ligustrum sinense, or Chinese privet, is a shrub or small tree native to China, Vietnam and Laos that can grow up to 9 meters tall. Its flowers are small and somewhat unpleasantly fragrant and its fruits are dark blue or bluish-black. L. sinense has been reported in floodplains, wetlands and bogs, as well as in dry, moist and wet forests, waste places, roadsides and open stream systems. It is widespread and common, especially near towns, where it is deliberately planted. It may displace shrubs of alluvial forests and remain persistent in these areas. Chinese privet fruits are consumed by wildlife, particularly birds, which often excrete the seeds unharmed at distant locations where they may germinate and become established. L. sinense can easily escape cultivation to invade adjacent areas and can form dense monospecific thickets.

Common Names: Chinese liguster, Chinese ligustrum, Chinese privet, common chinese privet, hedge privet, small-leaf privet, troène de Chine, xiao la

Synonyms: Ligustrum calleryanum Decne., Ligustrum indicum (Lour.) Merr., Ligustrum microcarpum Kaneh. & Sasaki, Ligustrum sinense Lour. var. multiflorum Bowles, Ligustrum sinense Lour. var. villosum (May) Rehder, Ligustrum sinense var. stauntonii (DC.) Rehder, Ligustrum stauntonii DC., Ligustrum villosum May, Olea consanguinea Hance, Olea walpersiana Hance, Phillyrea indica Lour.

35. Melia azedarach (tree, shrub)        

Melia azedarach is a tree of the mahogany family that is native to Australasia and often planted as an ornamental shade tree. It invades along roadways, fencerows and other disturbed areas. Melia azedarach has also been found in upland grasslands, woodlands, pastures and riparian areas. Melia azedarach requires open sun, but adapts to a wide range of soil moisture conditions. It grows between sea level and 700 metres in open dry habitats and is highly resistant to insects and other pathogens. It produces much fruit, which is consumed by birds that disperse the seeds. Melia azedarach also reproduces vegetatively by forming root suckers, which allows it to spread and form dense, thickets.

Common Names: ‘ilinia, ‘inia, alelaila, amargoseira-do-Himalaio, arbre à chapelets, bakain, chinaberry , chuan liang zi, dake, Indian lilac, indischer Zedrachbaum, jazmin, lelah, lilas, lilas de l'Inde, lilas de Perse, lilas des Indes, margosa tree, margosier, melia, para‘isu, paraíso, Persian lilac, persischer Flieder, petit lilas, prais, pride-of-India, sendan, Sichuan pagoda-tree, sili, sita, syringa berrytree, tili, tira, umbrella tree, white cedar

Synonyms: Antelaea javanica Gaertn. , Azedarach amena Raf. , Azedarach deleteria Medik. , Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze , Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze forma arguta (DC.) Kuntze, Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze forma longifoliola Kuntze , Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze forma sambucina (Blume) Kuntze, Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze forma squamulosa (C.DC.) Kuntze, Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze forma subdentata Kuntze , Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze forma typica Kuntze , Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze var. australasica (Juss.) Kuntze, Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze var. dubia (Cav. ex M.Roem.) Kuntze, Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze var. glabrior Kuntze , Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze forma incisodentata Kuntze , Azedarach speciosa Raf. , Azedarach vulgaris M.Gómez , Melia angustifolia Schumach. , Melia arguta DC. , Melia australasica Juss. , Melia australis Sweet, Melia azedarach L. forma albiflora Makino , Melia azedarach L. forma umbraculifera (G.Knox) Rehder, Melia azedarach L. subvar. intermedia Makino , Melia azedarach L. subvar. semperflorens (Makino) Makino, Melia azedarach L. var. acuminatissima Miq. , Melia azedarach L. var. australasica (Juss.) C.DC., Melia azedarach L. var. biglandulosa Pierre ex Pellegr. , Melia azedarach L. var. cochinchinensis (Pierre) Pellegr., Melia azedarach L. var. floribunda (Carrière) Morren, Melia azedarach L. var. glabrior C.DC. , Melia azedarach L. var. glandulosa Pierre , Melia azedarach L. var. incisa Miq. , Melia azedarach L. var. intermedia (Makino) Makino, Melia azedarach L. var. japonica (G.Don) Makino, Melia azedarach L. var. javanica Koord. & Valeton , Melia azedarach L. var. sambucina (Blume) Miq., Melia azedarach L. var. sempervirens L. , Melia azedarach L. var. squamulosa C.DC. , Melia azedarach L. var. subtripinnata Miq. , Melia azedarach L. var. umbraculifera G.Knox , Melia azedarach L. var. umbraculiformis Berckmans & L.H.Bailey , Melia azedarach L. var. umbraculifera Knox , Melia azedarach var. japonica (G. Don) Makino , Melia birmanica Kurz , Melia bogoriensis Koord. & Valeton , Melia candollei Juss. , Melia cochinchinensis M.Roem. , Melia commelinii Medik. , Melia composita Willd. , Melia composita Willd. var. cochinchinensis Pierre , Melia dubia Cav. ex M.Roem. , Melia floribunda Carrière , Melia florida Salisb. , Melia guineensis G.Don , Melia hasskarlii K.Koch , Melia japonica G.Don , Melia japonica G.Don var. semperflorens Makino , Melia japonica G.Don var. squamulosa C.DC. , Melia japonica Hassk. , Melia japonica var. semperflorens Makino, Melia javanica M.Roem. , Melia orientalisM.Roem. , Melia robusta Roxb. ex G.Don , Melia sambucina Blume , Melia sempervirens Sw., Melia superba Roxb. , Melia toosendan Siebold & Zucc.

36. Merremia tuberosa (vine, climber)        

Merremia tuberosa is a climbing vine that is native to Mexico and parts of central America that has become invasive on various Pacific islands and parts of the United States. The vine overgrows tall hardwood forest canopies and smothers native trees and shrubs. Its population on Niue is reported as especially aggressive.

Common Names: bara- asa-gao, bejuco de golondrin, Brazilian jalap, Ceylon morning glory, foco de luz, Hawaiian wood rose, liane à tonelle, liane Gandelour, liane sultane jaune, liane-jaune, quiebra caje- te, quiebra machet, quinamacal, rosa de barranco, rose des bois, Spanish arborvine, Spanish woodbine, wood rose, xixcamátic, yellow morning-glory

Synonyms: Batatas tuberosa (L.) Bojer, Ipomoea tuberosa L., Operculina tuberosa (L.) Meisn.

37. Mikania micrantha (vine, climber)        

Mikania micrantha is a perennial creeping climber known for its vigorous and rampant growth. It grows best where fertility, organic matter, soil moisture and humidity are all high. It damages or kills other plants by cutting out the light and smothering them. A native of Central and South America, M. micrantha was introduced to India after the Second World War to camouflage airfields and is now a major weed. It is also one of the most widespread and problematic weeds in the Pacific region. Its seeds are dispersed by wind and also on clothing or hair.

Common Names: American rope, Chinese creeper, Chinesischer Sommerefeu, fue saina, liane americaine, mile-a-minute weed, ovaova, usuvanua, wa bosucu, wa mbosuthu, wa mbosuvu, wa mbutako, wa ndamele

38. Mimosa pudica (herb)        

Mimosa pudica is native to South America, but has become a pan-tropical weed. It was introduced to many countries as an ornamental plant and is still widely available for sale. Mimosa pudica has become a pest in forest plantations, cropland, orchards and pasture. Mimosa pudica is used as a medicinal plant in many regions.

Common Names: action plant, Almindelig mimose, attaapatti, betguen sosa, chuimui, co gadrogadro, cogadrogadro, dorme, dormidera, Gemeine Mimose, honteuse, humble plant, khadiraka, Kruidje-roer-me-niet, laajaalu, laajak, laajari, la'au fefe, Lajaalu, lajja, lajjalu, lajjavanthi, lajjavathi, lajouni, lazza bati, limemeihr, live and die, marie-honte, mateloi, mayhont, mechiuaiu, memege, mimosa, morivivi, muttidare muni, namaskaar, ngandrongandro, paope ‘avare, pikika‘a, pikika‘a, pohe ha‘avare, pope ha'avare, pua hilahila, puteri malu, rakau ‘avare, rakau ‘avarevare, rakau pikika‘a, rakau pikika‘a, Raktapaadi, reesamani, samangaa, sensitiva, sensitiva, sensitive, sensitive grass, sensitive plant, shamebush, shamelady, shameplant, shameweed, shamipatra, Sinnpflanze, sleeping grass, tho kandrodandro, tho ngandrongandro, thothae jegri, ti mawi, tiare pikika‘a, tita ‘avarevare, tita ‘avarevare, tita pikika‘a, togop-togop, tottalavaadi, touch-me-not, tuitui, tuitui, tuntokasvi, vao fefe, vao fefe, vao tuitui, vergonzosa

Synonyms: Mimosa pudica L. var. tetranda (Willd.) DC., Mimosa pudica L. var. unijuga (Duch. and Walp.) Griseb, Mimosa tetranda Humb. and Bonpl. ex Willd., Mimosa unijuga Duch. and Walp.

39. Monomorium floricola (insect)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

The primarily arboreal flower ant (Monomorium floricola) is one of the world's most broadly distributed tramp ants. Most occurrence records of M. floricola are in tropical and sub-tropical regions from latitudes above 30 degrees; populations in latitudes above 35 degrees are found in heated buildings or inside greenhouses. M. floricola has been identified as a significant arboreal predator of insect eggs; in Guam it is recognised as one of three most important ant species attacking eggs of native butterflies resulting in their reduced populations.

Common Names: bicoloured trailing ant, Braunrote Blutenameise, brownish-red flower ant, floral ant , flower ant, futairo-hime-ari

Synonyms: Monomorium angusticlava Donisthorpe, 1947, Monomorium cinnabari Roger, 1863, Monomorium floreanum Stitz, 1932, Monomorium impressumSmith, 1876, Monomorium poecilum Roger, 1863, Monomorium specularis Mayr, 1866

40. Monomorium pharaonis (insect)

Monomorium pharaonis (the pharaoh ant) is native to Africa and has successfully invaded areas on every continent except Antarctica. It is concentrated in tropical regions but is also commonly found in temperate zones within suitable human infrastructure, especially buildings associated with the distribution or storage of food. Due to Monomorium pharaonis' ability to act as a vector for some bacterial human pathogens, its presence in hospitals is of great concern as it may increase infection rates.

Common Names: fourmi pharaon, pharaoh ant

Synonyms: Atta minuta Jerdon , Diplorhoptrum domesticum (Shuckard) , Formica antiguensis Fabricius , Formica pharaonis Linnaeus , Monomorium domestica (Shuckard) , Monomorium pharaonis (Linnaeus) , Monomorium vastator (Smith) , Myrmica (Monomorium) contigua Smith , Myrmica (Monomorium) fragilis Smith , Myrmica (Monomorium) vastator Smith , Myrmica (Myrmecina) domestica Shuckard , Myrmica contigua Smith , Myrmica domestica Shuckard , Myrmica fragilis Smith , Myrmica pharaonis (Linnaeus) , Myrmica unifasciata Bostock , Myrmica vastator Smith

41. Mus musculus (mammal)        

The house mouse (Mus musculus) probably has a world distribution more extensive than any mammal, apart from humans. Its geographic spread has been facilitated by its commensal relationship with humans which extends back at least 8,000 years. They cause considerable damage to human activities by destroying crops and consuming and/or contaminating food supplies intended for human consumption. They are prolific breeders, sometimes erupting and reaching plague proportions. They have also been implicated in the extinction of indigenous species in ecosystems they have invaded and colonised. An important factor in the success of M. musculus is its behavioural plasticity brought about by the decoupling of genetics and behaviour. This enables M. musculus to adapt quickly and to survive and prosper in new environments.

Common Names: biganuelo, field mouse, Hausmaus, house mouse, kiore-iti, raton casero, souris commune, wood mouse

42. Olea europaea (tree)

In Europe and Northern Africa, the olive tree (Olea europaea) has been widely cultivated for its fruit and valuable oil for thousands of years (i.e. subspecies europaea). Escapes from cultivation are known to occur due to the large amount of bird-dispersed seed produced; potentially resulting in the formation of dense monocultures which can permanently displace native plant species and increase the fire hazard. There are several physical and chemical management options available for O. europaea; but these are generally labour intensive and require follow-up operations due to the large amount of seed produced as well as its coppicing ability.

Common Names: ‘oliwa, ‘oliwa haole, African olive, black olive, European olive, feral olive, golden olive, oliva, olive, orive

Synonyms: Olea europea

43. Opuntia monacantha (tree, shrub, succulent)      

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Common Names: common prickly pear, drooping prickly pear, lauaufai va , Opuntia, prickly pear, red tungi, red tungy, round red prickly pear

Synonyms: Opuntia humifusa Raf., Opuntia vulgaris auct. non P. Mill.

44. Oreochromis mossambicus (fish)        

Oreochromis mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia) has spread worldwide through introductions for aquaculture. Established populations of Oreochromis mossambicus in the wild are as a result of intentional release or escapes from fish farms. Oreochromis mossambicus is omnivorous and feeds on almost anything, from algae to insects.

Common Names: blou kurper, common tilapia, fai chau chak ue, Java tilapia, kawasuzume, kurper bream, malea, mojarra, mosambik-maulbrüter, Mozambikskaya tilapiya, Mozambique cichlid, Mozambique mouth-breeder, Mozambique mouthbrooder, Mozambique tilapia, mphende, mujair, nkobue, tilapia, tilapia del Mozambique, tilapia du Mozambique, tilapia mossambica, tilapia mozámbica, trey tilapia khmao, weißkehlbarsch, wu-kuo yu

Synonyms: Chromis dumerilii Steindachner, 1864, Chromis natalensis Weber, 1897, Chromis vorax Pfeffer, 1893, Sarotherodon mossambicus (Peters, 1852), Tilapia arnoldi Gilchrist & Thompson, 1917, Tilapia mossambica (Peters, 1852)

45. Oryctes rhinoceros (insect)      

Oryctes rhinoceros is one of the most serious pests of the coconut palm. Oryctes rhinoceros also has a record of damage, wherever it has become established in the tropics, to native palm trees and native Pandanus.

Common Names: Asiatic rhinoceros beetle, bebete coco, black beetle, coconut black beetle, coconut palm rhinoceros beetle, coconut rhinoceros beetle, date palm beetle, dung beetle, escarabajo rinoceronte Asiático, fruit stalk borer, Indischer Nashornkäfer, Indischer Nashornkäfer, klappertor, kumbang badak, kumbang tanduk, oryctes du cocotier, Palmen-Nashornkaefer, rhinoceros beetle, rhinoceros du cocotier, scarabé du cocotier

Synonyms: Oryctes stentor Castelnau, 1840, Scarabaeus rhinoceros Linnaeus

46. Ostrea edulis (mollusc)    

Ostrea edulis (the European flat oyster) is native to Europe and the Mediterranean. It has been introduced to the northwestern Atlantic Ocean for aquaculture. Usually found in muddy areas, O. edulis has long been harvested for food. Over-harvesting in its native range, however, has caused it to be reintroduced to Europe. While in Atlantic waters, O. edulis became infected with the disease bonamiasis (Bonamia ostrae). This disease has caused widespread mortality in the vast majority of O. edulis.

Common Names: common oyster, edible oyster, eetbare oester, Essbare euster, European flat oyster, European oyster, huître comestible, huître plate Européenne, istiride, native oyster, oester, ostra Europa, platte oester, stridia, stridie, ustritsa

Synonyms: Ostrea adriatica Lam-Middendorff 1848, Ostrea taurica Krynicki 1837

47. Oxalis corniculata (herb)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Oxalis corniculata is a cosmopolitan herb that is found worldwide. Spread of this species is due to high production of fertile seeds and its presence on all continents and many islands indicates that seeds are probably carried by birds. O. corniculata is thought to be invasive in many areas: Australasia-Pacific (such as Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Hawaii, French Polynesia, Palau, U.S. Minor Outlying Islands), Asia (such as Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea), Central America (Cayman Islands) and North America (Canada).

Common Names: pied de pigeon, ‘i‘i, ‘ihi ‘ai, ‘ihi ‘awa, ‘ihi maka ‘ula, ‘ihi makole, ‘ii, a‘aa‘a, acedera, acederilla, agrito, agsom, apsom, azedinha, chulco, clover sorrel, creeping lady's sorrel, creeping oxalis, creeping wood sorrel, creeping woods, creeping yellow oxalis, daraisig, gougus, hierba de la perdiz, kanapa, katabami, kavakava, kihikihi, kihikihi, koki‘i, koki‘i kura, malabalug-dagis, marasiksik, matakonikoni, omis, oseille filante, oxalis, patoa ‘ava‘ava, petit trèfle, pikhik, procumbent yellow sorrel, rongomi, salamagi, sheep sorrel, sour grass, taingang-daga, totowiwi, trébol, trèfle jaune, três-corações, trevo-azedo , vinagrillo, wood sorrel, yellow oxalis, yellow wood sorrel

Synonyms: Acetosella corniculata (L.) Kuntze, Oxalis corniculata var. atropurpurea Planch., Oxalis corniculata var. langloisii (Small) Wieg., Oxalis corniculata var. lupulina (R. Knuth) Zucc., Oxalis corniculata var. macrophylla Arsene ex R. Knuth, Oxalis corniculata var. minor Laing, Oxalis corniculata var. reptans Laing, Oxalis corniculata var. villosa (Bieb.) Hohen., Oxalis corniculata var. viscidula Wieg., Oxalis langloisii (Small) Fedde, Oxalis pusilla Salisb., Oxalis repens Thunb., Oxalis villosa Bieb., Xanthoxalis corniculata (L.) Small, Xanthoxalis corniculata var. atropurpurea (Planch.) Moldenke, Xanthoxalis langloisii Small, Xanthoxalis repens (Thunb.) Moldenke

48. Paratrechina longicornis (insect)    

Paratrechina longicornis (the crazy ant) is a tramp ant, which, by definition, is an ant that is widely dispersed through commerce and other human-assisted avenues. It is extremely easy to identify by observing its rapid and erratic movements. Paratrechina longicornis is highly adaptable to various environments and can be a major pest. It occurs in large numbers in homes or outdoors and is capable of displacing other ants and possibly other invertebrates. Paratrechina longicornis forages over long distances away from its nest, making the nest hard to find and the ants difficult to control.

Common Names: crazy ant , hairy ant , higenaga-ameiro-ari , long-horned ant, slender crazy ant

Synonyms: Formica gracilescens Nylander (1856) , Formica longicornis Latreille (1802) , Formica vagans Jerdon (1851) , Paratrechina currens Motschoulsky (1863) , Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille) (1925), Prenolepis (Nylanderia) longicornis Emery (1910) , Prenolepis longicornis Roger (1863) , Tapinoma gracilescens F. Smith (1858)

49. Passiflora foetida (vine, climber)        

Passiflora foetida is a perennial herbaceous vine that originates from tropical America, but is now a pantropic weed. It is a common weed in many places of the Pacific and Atlantic, where it climbs over low vegetation on roadsides and in other disturbed places. Monitoring and management of this toxic plant is recommended in tropical areas where it is present.

Common Names: bedoca, bombom, dulce, fetid pa, grenadier marron, ka thoc rock, kinahulo' atdao, kudamono, lani wai, loliloli ni kalavo, love-in-a-mist, mossy passionflower, pasio vao, passiflore, passiflore fétide, passiflore poc-poc, passionflower, pohapoha, pompom, pwomwpwomw, qaranidila, running pop, scarlet fruited passionflower, sou, stinking passionflower, tea biku, ti grenadelle, tomates, vaine 'ae kuma, vaine 'initia, vine vao, wild passion fruit, wild water lemon

Synonyms: Dysosmia ciliata (Dryand.) M.Roem., Dysosmia fluminensis M.Roem., Dysosmia foetida (L.) M.Roem., Dysosmia gossypifolia (Desv. ex Ham.) M.Roem., Dysosmia hastata (Bertol.) M.Roem., Dysosmia hibiscifolia (Lam.) M.Roem., Dysosmia nigelliflora (Hook.) M.Roem., Granadilla foetida (L.) Gaertn., Passiflora baraquiniana Lem., Passiflora ciliata Dryand., Passiflora ciliata Dryand. var. polyadena Griseb., Passiflora ciliata Dryand. var. quinqueloba Griseb., Passiflora ciliata Dryand. var. riparia C.Wright ex Griseb., Passiflora foetida L. forma suberecta Chodat & Hassl., Passiflora foetida L. var. lanuginosa Killip, Passiflora foetida L. forma latifolia Kuntze, Passiflora foetida L. forma longifolia Kuntze, Passiflora foetida L. forma quinqueloba (Griseb.) Mast., Passiflora foetida L. var. acapulcensis Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. arizonica Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. balansae Chodat, Passiflora foetida L. var. ciliata (Dryand.) Mast., Passiflora foetida L. var. eliasii Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. fluminensis (M.Roem.) Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. galapagensis Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. gardneri Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. glaziovii Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. gossypifolia (Desv. ex Ham.) Mast., Passiflora foetida L. var. hastata (Bertol.) Mast., Passiflora foetida L. var. hibiscifolia (Lam.) Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. hirsuta Mast., Passiflora foetida L. var. hirsutissima Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. hispida (DC. ex Triana & Planch.) Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. isthmia Killip

50. Pheidole megacephala (insect)        

Pheidole megacephala is one of the world's worst invasive ant species. Believed to be native to southern Africa, it is now found throughout the temperate and tropical zones of the world. It is a serious threat to biodiversity through the displacement of native invertebrate fauna and is a pest of agriculture as it harvests seeds and harbours phytophagous insects that reduce crop productivity. Pheidole megacephala are also known to chew on irrigation and telephone cabling as well as electrical wires.

Common Names: big-headed ant, brown house-ant, coastal brown-ant, Grosskopfameise, lion ant

Synonyms: Atta testacea Smith 1858, Formica edax Forskal 1775, Formica megacephala Fabricius 1793, Myrmica laevigata F. Smith, Myrmica suspiciosa Smith 1859, Myrmica trinodis Losana 1834, Oecophthora perniciosa Gerstacker 1859, Oecophthora pusilla Heer 1852, Pheidole janus F. Smith, Pheidole laevigata Mayr

51. Physalis peruviana (shrub)      

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Physalis peruviana originates from the tropics and is cultivated in its native lands. It poses an indirect threat to agriculture when imported as it may harbour introduced plant pests.

Common Names: aguaymanto, alquequenje, alquequenje amarillo, alquequenje , bate-testa  , botebote yadra, camapú , Cape gooseberry, capuli, capulí , coqueret du Peru, erva-noiva-do-peru , goldenberry , gooseberry tomato, gooseberry-tomato, goundou-goundou, groselha-do-Peru, groselha-do-Peru, ground cherry, ishmagol, jangalii mevaa, Kapstachelbeere, kospeli, ku‘usi, manini, manini fua lalahi, maulanggua, mbotembote yandra, oatamo, pa‘ina, Peruvian cherry, Peruvian ground-cherry, physalis , poha, rasabarii, te baraki, te bin, thol thakkali, tomatinho-de-capucho, topotopo, tukiyandra, tupera, tupere, uvilla  , watamo, winebusupén

52. Pimenta dioica (tree)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Allspice (Pimenta dioica) has been introduced widely through the horticultural trade for its spice that is used to flavour food and as a perfume; its strong wood is used to make tools and it is used as an ornamental tree. Allspice is known to have naturalised in its introduced range. On Kauai in Hawaii, allspice has spread into secondary forests. It is prolific and carpets of seedlings can be seen be seen below adult trees. Seeds are spread by fruit eating birds.

Common Names: allspice, Jamaican pepper, malaqueta, pimento, sipaisi

Synonyms: Myrtus dioica L., Myrtus pimenta L., Pimenta officinalis Lindl., Pimenta officinalis Lindley, Pimenta pimenta (L.) Karst.

53. Platydemus manokwari (flatworm)      

Worldwide land snail diversity is second only to that of arthropods. Tropical oceanic islands support unique land snail faunas with high endemism; biodiversity of land snails in Pacific islands is estimated to be around 5 000 species, most of which are endemic to single islands or archipelagos. Many are already under threat from the rosy wolfsnail (Euglandina rosea), an introduced predatory snail. They now face a newer but no less formidable threat, the introduced flatworm Platydemus manokwari (Platyhelminthes). Both "biocontrol" species continue to be dispersed to new areas in attempts to control Achatina fulica.

Common Names: Flachwurm, flatworm, snail-eating flatworm

54. Psidium guajava (tree, shrub)        

Psidium guajava is a tropical tree or shrub. It is native to central America from Mexico to northern South America. It has been introduced to most tropical and sub-tropical locations around the world for its edible fruit. In some countries the harvesting, processing and export of the fruit forms the basis of a sizeable industry. Due in part to its ability to grow on a variety of soils and across a range of climates, P. guajava has become invasive . Pastures and fields are overrun and native plants are outcompeted by this species, which has the ability to form dense thickets. This has led to its designation in many areas as a noxious weed to be controlled or eradicated. It is ranked by some authorities amongst the highest invasive categories.

Common Names: abas, abwas, amarood, amrut, apas, araca, banjiro, bayabas, bayawas, biyabas, dipajaya jambu, djamboe, djambu, farang, goaibeira, goavier, goeajaaba, goejaba, goiaba, goiabeiro, gouyav, gouyave, goyave, goyavier, guabang, guahva, guava, guave, guavenbaum, guayaba, guayaba silvestre, guayabilla, guayabo, guayave, guayavo, guwafah, guyaaba, guyabas, guyava, jambu batu, jambu batu, jambu berase, jambu biji, jambu kampuchia, jambu klutuk, jamphal, jamrukh, kautoga, kautoga tane, kautonga, kautonga tane, koejawal, kuabang, kuafa, kuahpa, kuava, ku'ava, kuawa, kuawa ke'oke'o, kuawa lemi, kuawa momona, kuhfahfah, kuma, kuwawa, lemon guava, ma-kuai, ma-man, ngguava ni India, nguava, oi, pauwa, perala, petokal, quwawa, sapari, si da, te kuava, te kuawa, tokal, trapaek sruk, tuava, tu'ava, tu'avu, tumu tuava, tuvava, xalxocot

Synonyms: Guajava pyrifera (L.) Kuntze, Myrtus guajava var. pyrifera (L.) Kuntze, Myrtus guajava (L.) Kuntze, Psidium aromaticum, Psidium cujavillus Burm. f., Psidium guajava var. cujavillum (Burman) Krug and Urb., Psidium guajava var. guajava, Psidium guava Griseb., Psidium guayava Raddi, Psidium igatemyensis Barb. Rodr., Psidium pomiferum L., Psidium pumilum var. guadalupense, Psidium pumilum Vahl, Psidium pyriferum L.

55. Pueraria montana var. lobata (vine, climber)        

Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) roots can eventually comprise over 50% of the plant’s biomass, serving as an organ for carbohydrate storage for recovery after disturbance and making it difficult to control with herbicides. Only in the eastern United States is kudzu considered a serious pest, although it is also established in Oregon in the northwestern USA, in Italy and Switzerland, and one infestation on the northern shore of Lake Erie in Canada. Kudzu is considered naturalized in the Ukraine, Caucasus, central Asia, southern Africa, Hawai, Hispaniola, and Panama. Impacts of kudzu in the southeastern USA include loss of productivity of forestry plantations (estimated at about 120 USD per hectare per year), smothering and killing of native plants and denying access to lands for hunting, hiking, and bird watching.

Common Names: acha, aka, aka, aka, aka fala, akataha, fen ge, fen ke, foot-a-night vine, gan ge, gan ge teng, Japanese arrowroot, Ko-hemp, Kopoubohne, kudzu, kudzu común, kudzu vine, Kudzu-Kletterwein, kuzu, nepalem, shan ge teng, vigne japonaise, vine-that-ate-the-South, wa yaka, wa yaka

Synonyms: Dolichos hirsutus Thunberg, Dolichos lobatus Willd., Pachyrrhizus thunbergianus Siebold & Zuccarini, Pueraria hirsuta (Thunb.) C. Schneider, Pueraria lobata var. thomsonii (Benth.) Maesen, Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. var. lobata (Willd.), Pueraria thunbergiana (Sieb. & Zucc.) Benth.

56. Pycnonotus cafer (bird)        

Pycnonotus cafer (red-vented bulbul) is a noisy, gregarious bird distinguished by a conspicuous crimson patch below the root of the tail. It is aggressive and chases off other bird species and may also help to spread the seeds of other invasive species. It is an agricultural pest, destroying fruit, flowers, beans, tomatoes and peas. It occurs naturally from Pakistan to southwest China and has been introduced to many Pacific Islands, where it has caused serious problems by eating fruit and vegetable crops, as well as nectar, seeds and buds.

Common Names: bulbul à ventre rouge, bulbul cafre, red-vented bulbul, Rußbülbül

57. Quadrastichus erythrinae (insect)

Unusual growths, caused by the Erythrina gall wasp (Quadrastichus erythrinae), on leaves and young shoots of coral trees (Erythrina spp). alerts to the presence of this emerging invasive species. Q. erythrinae measures a mere 1.5mm and may be spread easily via infected leaves from infected Erythrina specimens.

Common Names: erythrina gall wasp, erythrina gall wasp (EGW)

58. Rattus exulans (mammal)      

The Pacific rat is the smallest of the three rats closely associated with humans. The fur is brown and its tail length is only slightly longer or shorter than the combined head and body length. Rattus exulans is recognised as a predator of native insects, lizards and birds, a browser of native flora and an agricultural pest. There appears to be no island groups reached by the Polynesians that did not receive Rattus exulans, although not all islands in a group were necessarily colonised.

Common Names: kiore, Kleine Pazifikratte, Maori rat, Pacific rat, Polynesian rat, rat du Pacifique, rat Polynésien, tikus Polynesia

Synonyms: Mus exulans Peale, 1848, Mus maorium Hutton, 1877, 1879

59. Rattus norvegicus (mammal)      

The Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) is globally widespread and costs primary industry hundreds of millions of dollars per year. It has caused or contributed to the extinction or range reduction of native mammals, birds, reptiles and invertebrates through predation and competition. It restricts the regeneration of many plant species by eating seeds and seedlings, eats food crops and spoils human food stores by urinating and defecating in them. Additional economic damage is caused by chewing through power cables and spreading diseases.

Common Names: brown rat, common rat, isorotta, Norway rat, pouhawaiki, rat surmolot, Rata de noruega, rata noruega, ratto di fogna, ratto grigio, rotta, sewer rat, surmolotto, tikus riul, topo delle fogne, Wanderratte, water rat

Synonyms: Epimys norvegicus Miller, 1912, Mus decumanus Pallas, 1778, Mus hibernicus Thompson, 1837, Mus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769

60. Rattus rattus (mammal)        

A native of the Indian sub-continent, the ship rat (Rattus rattus) has now spread throughout the world. It is widespread in forest and woodlands as well as being able to live in and around buildings. It will feed on and damage almost any edible thing. The ship rat is most frequently identified with catastrophic declines of birds on islands. It is very agile and often frequents tree tops searching for food and nesting there in bunches of leaves and twigs.

Common Names: black rat, blue rat, bush rat, European house rat, Hausratte, roof rat, ship rat

Synonyms: Mus alexandrinus Geoffroy, 1803, Mus novaezelandiae Buller, 1870, Mus rattus Linnaeus, 1758, Musculus frugivorus Rafinesque, 1814

61. Ricinus communis (tree, shrub)        

Ricinus communis is a perennial shrub that can assume tree-like status if it establishes in a suitable climate. It is frequently found invading riparian areas where it displaces native vegetation. The seed of this species is toxic to variety of species including humans. Consuming only a few seeds can be fatal.

Common Names: agaliya, agaliya , belenivavalagi, castor, castor bean, castor-oil-plant , gelug, higuerilla, ka'apeha, kamakou, kasterolieboom, koli, la'au 'aila, lama palagi, lama palagi, lama papalagi, lepo , maskerekur, maskerekur, mbele ni vavalagi, pa'aila , pakarana, pakarani, palma-christi, pititu , ricin, rícino, Rizinus, tiairi , tiairi papa'a, tiairi popa'a, tiarili, toto ni vavalagi, toto ni vavalagi, tuitui, tuitui fua ikiiki , tuitui papa'a, uluchula skoki, uluchula skoki , utouto

Synonyms: Ricinus africanus Willd. , Ricinus angulatus Thunb. , Ricinus armatus Haw. , Ricinus badius Rchb. , Ricinus chinensis Thunb. , Ricinus digitatus Noronha , Ricinus europaeus T.Nees , Ricinus glaucus Hoffmanns. , Ricinus hybridus Besser , Ricinus inermis Mill. , Ricinus japonicus Thunb. , Ricinus laevis DC. , Ricinus leucocarpus Bertol. , Ricinus lividus Jacq. , Ricinus macrophyllus Bertol. , Ricinus medicus Forssk. , Ricinus megalospermus Delile , Ricinus minor Mill. , Ricinus nanus Balbis , Ricinus peltatus Noronha , Ricinus purpurascens Bertol. , Ricinus rugosus Mill. , Ricinus sanguineus Groenland , Ricinus scaber Bertol. ex Moris , Ricinus speciosus Burm.f. , Ricinus spectabilis Blume , Ricinus tunisensis Desf. , Ricinus undulatus Besser , Ricinus urens Mill. , Ricinus viridis Willd. , Ricinus vulgaris Mill.

62. Solanum mauritianum (tree, shrub)        

Solanum mauritianum is a widespread invasive weed belonging to the nightshade family. It has the ability to crowd out native plants if growing densely, but, if occurring sparsely, it may act as a nursery crop. All parts of Solanum mauritianum plant are poisonous to humans, especially the berries. This plant is dispersed by birds, with the fruit being especially favoured by some species. Biological control of this species has been undertaken in South Africa.

Common Names: bois de tabac marron, bringellier marron, bugweed, flannel weed, groot bitterappel, igayintombi, isigwayana, kerosene plant, luisboom, morelle de Maurice, pua nana honua, pula, rau 'ava'ava, tabac marron, tobacco weed, tree tobacco, umbanga banga, wild tobacco, woolly nightshade

Synonyms: Solanum auriculatum Aiton 1789, Solanum carterianum Rock 1913, Solanum tabaccifolium Vell. 1829, Solanum verbascifolium L. forma typicum Hassl. 1918, Solanum verbascifolium L. ssp. auriculatum (Aiton) Hassl. 1918, Solanum verbascifolium L. var. auriculatum (Aiton) Kuntze 1891

63. Solenopsis geminata (insect)    

Solenopsis geminata has spread almost world-wide by human commerce. It usually invades open areas but can easily colonise human infrastructure and agricultural systems, such as coffee and sugarcane plantations in hot climates. Its greatest known threats are its painful sting and the economic losses due to crop damage caused by its tending of honeydew-producing insects. Solenopsis geminata is known to reduce populations of native butterfly eggs and larvae. It has the potential to displace native ant populations, but is susceptible to competitive pressures from some other ant species.

Common Names: aka-kami-ari, Feuerameise, fire ant, ginger ant, tropical fire ant

Synonyms: Atta clypeata (Smith), Atta coloradensis (Buckley), Atta lincecumii (Buckley), Atta rufa (Jerdon), Crematogaster laboriosus (Smith), Diplorhoptrum drewseni (Mayr), Myrmica (Monomorium) saxicola (Buckley), Myrmica glaber (Smith), Myrmica laevissima (Smith), Myrmica mellea (Smith), Myrmica paleata (Lund), Myrmica polita (Smith), Solenopsis cephalotes (Smith), Solenopsis edouardi var. bahiaensis (Santschi), Solenopsis edouardi var. perversa (Santschi), Solenopsis eduardi (Forel), Solenopsis geminata subsp. Medusa (Mann), Solenopsis geminata var. galapageia (Wheeler), Solenopsis geminata var. innota (Santschi), Solenopsis geminata var. nigra (Forel), Solenopsis germinata var. diabola (Wheeler), Solenopsis mandibularis (Westwood)

64. Sphagneticola trilobata (herb)        

Although Sphagneticola trilobata is the accepted name for this species, it is widely known as Wedelia trilobata. Sphagneticola trilobata is native to the tropics of Central America and has naturalised in many wet tropical areas of the world. Cultivated as an ornamental, it readily escapes from gardens and forms a dense ground cover, crowding out or preventing regeneration of other species. In plantations, it will compete with crops for nutrients, light and water, and reduce crop yields.

Common Names: ate, atiat, creeping ox-eye, dihpw ongohng, Hasenfuss, ngesil ra ngebard, rosrangrang, Singapore daisy, trailing daisy, tuhke ongohng, ut mõkadkad, ut telia, wedelia

Synonyms: Acmella brasiliensis Spreng., Acmella spilanthoides Cass., Buphthalmum repens Lam., Buphthalmum strigosum Spreng., Complaya trilobata (L.) Strother, Polymnia carnosa Poir., Polymnia carnosa Poir. var. aspera (Rich.) Poir., Polymnia carnosa Poir. var. glabella (Rich.) Poir., Polymnia carnosa Poir. var. triloba (Rich.) Poir., Seruneum paludosum (DC.) Kuntze, Seruneum trilobatum (L.) Kuntze, Silphium trilobatum L., Sphagneticola ulei O.Hoffm., Stemmodontia trilobata (L.) Small, Thelechitonia trilobata (L.) H.Rob. & Cuatrec., Verbesina carnosa M.Gómez, Verbesina carnosa M.Gómez var. aspera (Rich.) M.Gómez, Verbesina carnosa M.Gómez var. triloba (Rich.) M.Gómez, Wedelia brasiliensis S.F.Blake, Wedelia carnea Rich., Wedelia carnosa Rich. ex Spreng., Wedelia carnosa Rich. var. aspera Rich., Wedelia carnosa Rich. var. glabella Rich., Wedelia carnosa Rich. var. triloba Rich., Wedelia crenata Rich., Wedelia paludicola Poepp. & Endl., Wedelia paludosa DC., Wedelia triloba (Rich.) Bello, Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.

65. Sus scrofa (mammal)        

Sus scrofa (feral pigs) are escaped or released domestic animals which have been introduced to many parts of the world. They damage crops, stock and property, and transmit many diseases such as Leptospirosis and Foot and Mouth disease. Rooting pigs dig up large areas of native vegetation and spread weeds, disrupting ecological processes such as succession and species composition. Sus scrofa are omnivorous and their diet can include juvenile land tortoises, sea turtles, sea birds, endemic reptiles and macro-invertebrates. Management of Sus scrofa is complicated by the fact that complete eradication is often not acceptable to communities that value feral pigs for hunting and food.

Common Names: kuhukuhu, kune-kune, petapeta, pig, poretere, razorback, te poaka, Wildschwein

66. Syngonium podophyllum (vine, climber)

Syngonium podophyllum is an ornamental vine native to Central and parts of South America that has established invasive populations in the United States, South Africa, Singapore, the Carribbean, and on several Pacific islands. It may establish dense populations that displace native plants and grow over native trees.

Common Names: African evergreen, American evergreen, arrowhead vine, goose-foot plant, nephthytis, selkesingketieu

Synonyms: Syngonium angustatum, Syngonium podophyllum var. albolineatum

67. Syzygium cumini (tree)        

Syzygium cumini has been introduced to many different places where it has been utilised as a fruit producer, as an ornamental and also for its timber. It has the ability to form a dense cover, excluding all other species. This characteristic has allowed Syzygium cumini to become invasive in Hawaii where it prevents the re-establishment of native lowland forest and very invasive in the Cook Islands and in French Polynesia. This tree has not been evaluated for biological control, but vigorous efforts to exterminate it with herbicides are taking place in Hawaii.

Common Names: black plum, damson plum, djoowet, doowet, druif, duhat, duhat, faux-pistachier, guayabo pesjua, indian blackberry, jalao, jaman, jambhool, jamblang, jambol, jambolan plum, jambolanier, jambool, jambu, jambul, jambulao, jamelao, jamelong, jamelongue, jamélongue, jamelonguier, jamelon-guier, jammun, jamoen, Java plum, jiwat, Ka'ika, kavika ni India, koeli, koriang, lomboy, lunaboy, ma-ha, Malabar plum, mesegerak, mesekerrak, mesekerrák, mesigerak, paramu, pesjua extranjera, pistati, Portuguese plum, pring bai, pring das krebey, purple plum, salam, va, voi rung, wa

Synonyms: Calyptranthes caryophyllifolia (Lam.) Willd., Calyptranthes oneillii Lundell, Eugenia cumini (L.) Druce, Eugenia jambolana Lam., Eugenia caryophyllifolia Lam., Eugenia cumini (L.) Druce, Eugenia jambolana Lam., Myrtus cumini L., Syzygium jambolana (Lam.) DC., Syzygium jambolanum DC., Syzygium caryophyllifolium (Lam.) DC., Syzygium jambolanum (Lam.) DC.

68. Syzygium jambos (tree)      

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Syzygium jambos, commonly known as the Malabar plum, is indigenous to the Malay Archipelago. It is a small tree (10 - 15 m), and was primarily introduced into new areas as an ornamental and as a shade tree. S. jambos has been introduced to Southern Africa, Australia and a number of Pacific islands including Micronesia, Hawaii, American Samoa and Pitcairn, where it has become an invasive species, threatening native flora.

Common Names: ‘ohi‘a loke, ahi‘a papa‘a, apel en wai, fa palangi, fekika papalangi, haia, hehea ha‘amoa , iouen wai, iouen wai, jambos, jambosier, jambrosade, jamrosa, jamrosa, jamrosat, jamrosier, ka‘ika, ka‘ika papa‘a, ka‘ika takataka, ka‘ika varani, kavika ni India, kavika ni vavalangi, kavika ni vavalangi, Malabar plum, manzana rosa, pomarrosa, pomme-rose, pommier rose, prunier de Malabar, rose apple, rose-apple, Rosenapfelbaum, seasea palagi, yambo, youenwai

Synonyms: Caryophyllus jambos (L.) Stokes, Eugenia jambos L., Jambosa jambos (L.) Millsp.

69. Tapinoma melanocephalum (insect)    

Tapinoma melanocephalum is known as a tramp ant as its spread around the globe has been assisted by human activities. It is highly flexible in the habitats it occupies, providing there is some form of disturbance allowing it to establish ahead of more dominant ant species, and it nests readily outdoors or indoors. Tapinoma melanocephalum is a household pest, as well as disturbing greenhouse environments and can transport pathogenic microbes in hospitals.

Common Names: albaricoque , awate-konuka-ari , black-headed ant, ghost ant, hormiga bottegaria , house infesting ant , tiny yellow house ant, tramp ant

Synonyms: Formica familiaris Smith, F. 1860, Formica melanocephalum Fabricius, 1793, Formica nana Jerdon, Myrmica pellucida Smith, F. 1857, Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius): Mayr, 1862, Tapinoma melanocephalum var. australe Santschi 1928, Tapinoma melanocephalum var. australis Santschi 1928

70. Thevetia peruviana (tree)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Yellow oleander, Thevetia peruviana is a bushy shrub native to tropical America. Seedlings can be found on cultivated ground and ex-pasture land. It is cultivated in gardens as an ornamental where it competes with garden plants. It is an opportunistic plant and is found growing on disturbed habitats. Its fruit, seeds, foliage or sap are poisonous to man and animals. It is a significant weed in Timor-Leste and is listed as a Category 1 weed in South Africa (prohibited and to be controlled).

Common Names: adelfa amarilla, be still tree, cabalonga, chirca, foreigner's tree, geel-oleander, irelepsech , jacapa, kanneeta, koneta, loandro-amarelo, luckynut, nohomalie, oléandre jaune, piti, poupou, pua, Thevetie, venevene, yellow oleander

Synonyms: Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippoid, Cerbera thevetia L., Thevetia neriifolia Juss. ex Steud.

71. Tradescantia spathacea (herb)        

Tradescantia spathacea is a beautiful succulent that has been introduced to south Asia and many Pacific Islands from its native range in the tropical Americas. Although it has not yet been declared a pest, in many areas it has become a very invasive weed, especially in Florida where it invades and disrupts native plant communities. Tradescantia spathacea creates a dense groundcover on the forest floor which prevents native plants from germinating. Tradescantia spathacea has diverse reproductive methods and grows in areas other plants cannot. These two characteristics make this plant a potential danger to many areas. Monitoring is recommended wherever this species is present.

Common Names: boat lily, boat plant, faina kula, moses in a boat, Moses-in-a-basket, oyster plant, riri mangio, riri raei, talotalo, laupapaki

Synonyms: Rhoeo discolor Hance ex Walp, Rhoeo spathacea (Sw.) Stear, Rhoeo discolor (L'Hér.) Hance, Rhoeo spathacea (Sw.) Stearn, Rhoeo spathacea (Sw.) Stearn  forma concolor (Baker) Stehle, Rhoeo spathacea (Sw.) Stearn  forma variegata (Hook) Stehle, Tradescantia discolor L'Hér., Tradescantia discolor L'Hér., Tradescantia discolor L'Hér. var. concolor Baker, Tradescantia discolor L'Hér. var. variegata Hook.

72. Urochloa maxima (grass)        

Although Urochloa maxima is the accepted name for this species, it is still widely known as Panicum maximum. Urochloa maxima is a native of tropical Africa where it occurs from sea level to 1,800m. It is used as a forage grass and its ability to tolerate a wide range of habitats make it a very productive species. Urochloa maxima has become prevalent in Samoa and Tonga and it is a problem species in Guam and Hawaii. Although it is a favourable grass in many areas it can also form dense stands and displace native species.

Common Names: buffalograss, capime guiné, fataque, green panic, Guinea grass, herbe de Guinéa, panic élevé, saafa, talapi, tinikarati, vao Kini, vao Kini, yerba de Guinea, zacate Guinea

Synonyms: Panicum gongylodes Jacq., Panicum hirsutissimum Steud., Panicum jumentorum Pers., Panicum laeve Lam., Panicum maximum Jacq., Panicum maximum var. coloratum C.T. White, Panicum maximum var. gongylodes (Jacq.) Döll, Panicum maximum var. maximum, Panicum maximum var. pubiglume K. Schum., Panicum maximum var. trichoglume Robyns, Panicum polygamum var. gongylodes (Jacq.) E. Fourn., Panicum trichocondylum Steud., Urochloa maxima var. trichoglumis (Robyns) R.D. Webster

73. Urochloa mutica (grass)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

The perennial buffalo grass (Urochloa mutica) can grow to heights of two meters, it is found growing in wet fields, ditches and gullies from sea level to 700mts. It forms dense monotypic stands by layering of trailing stems and can overgrow shrubs and native vegetation in the habitats it invades. It also has a mild allelopathic effect. It can tolerate brackish water and interfere with stream flow due to its higly aggressive invasive habit.

Common Names: buffalo grass, California grass, Dutch grass, giant couch, gramalote, herbe borer, herbe de Guinée, herbe de Para, hierba de Pará, mauku puakatoro, Mauritius grass , para grass , pasto Pará, puakatau , Scotch grass, tall panicum, water grass, zacuti para

Synonyms: Brachiaria mutica (Forsk.) Stapf, Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf, Brachiaria purpurascens (Raddi) Henr., Brachiaria purpurascens Henr., Panicum barbinode Trin., Panicum guadeloupense Steudel, Panicum muticum Forsk., Panicum muticum Forssk., Panicum purpurascens Raddi

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Biostatus not specified

1. Acanthophora spicifera (alga)    

Acanthophora spicifera is a red algae which is found in most tropical or subtropical seas of the world. Its plastic morphology allows it to adapt to a variety of environmental conditions, and hence it can invade a diverse range of habitats. It is an alien invasive species in Hawaii. It is amongst the most successful alien algal species in this region, where it may modify native communities and compete with native algae.

Common Names: bulung tombong bideng, culot, red alga, spiny alga, spiny seaweed

Synonyms: Acanthophora antillarum Montagne ex Kützing 1865, Acanthophora intermedia Crouan, Acanthophora orientalis J. Agardh 1863, Acanthophora orientalis var. wightii (J. Agardh) Sonder 1879, Acanthophora spicifera f. orientalis (J.Agardh) Weber-van Bosse 1923, Acanthophora spicifera f. wightii (J. Agardh) Weber-van Bosse 1923, Acanthophora spicifera var. orientalis (J. Agardh) Zaneveld 1956, Acanthophora thierryi f. gracilis P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan 1878, Acanthophora thierryi J.V. Lamouroux 1813, Acanthophora wightii J. Agardh 1863, Chondria acanthophorara C. Agardh 1822, Fucus acanthophorus J.V. Lamouroux 1805, Fucus spicifer M. Vahl 1802

2. Alternanthera sessilis (herb)      

Alternanthera sessilis is a weed that inhabits many areas of the world. It occupies moist areas and can be found from sea level to over 2000m. Alternanthera sessilis is a pest of sugarcane, a weed of rice in tropical areas, and an agricultural weed that invades disturbed wet areas in tropical and subtropical regions. It has been used widely around the world for its medicinal uses, as well as for food. The plant has been readily used for food partly due to its abundance.

Common Names: bhirangijhar, brède chevrette, brede embellage, common roadside weed, dwarf copperleaf, fisi'i'ano, galuti, horng-tyan-wu, joyweed, lianzi cao, magloire, mata kura, mukunuwanna, okula beluulechad, palewawae, periquito-sessil, phak pet thai, sessile joyweed, ti, vao sosolo

Synonyms: Achyranthes linearifolia Sw. ex Wikstr., Achyranthes sessilis (L.) Desf. Ex. Steud, Achyranthes triandra Roxb., Achyranthes villosa Blanco, Achyranthes polygonoides (L.) Lam., Allaganthera forskalii Mart., Alternanthera achyranthes Forssk., Alternanthera angustifolia R. Br., Alternanthera decipiens Benth., Alternanthera denticulata R. Br., Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) P. Beauv., Alternanthera glabra Moq., Alternanthera major (Benth.) Domin, Alternanthera micrantha (Benth.) Domin , Alternanthera nana R. Br., Alternanthera nodiflora R. Br., Alternanthera polygonoides (L.) R. Br., Alternanthera prostrata D. Don., Alternanthera repens J.F.Gmel., Alternanthera sennii Mattei, Alternanthera sibirica (de Vest ex Schult.) Steud., Alternanthera tenella Moq., Alternanthera tenuissima Suess., Alternanthera trianda Lam., Alternanthera uliginosa (Domin) Dinter, Bucholzia polygonoides (L.) Mart., Gomphrena polygonoides (L.), Gomphrena sessilis L., Illecebrum angustifolium (R.Br.) Spreng., Illecebrum denticulatum(R.Br.) Spreng., Illecebrum nanum (R.Br.) Spreng, Illecebrum polygonoides (L.) L., Illecebrum sessile (L.) L., Illecebrum sibiricum de Vest ex Schult., Illecebrum triandrum Llanos, Paronychia sessilis (L.) Desf., Paronychia tetragona Moench, Steiremis repens Raf., Telanthera polygonoides (L.) Moq.

3. Anoplolepis gracilipes (insect)        

Anoplolepis gracilipes (so called because of their frenetic movements) have invaded native ecosystems and caused environmental damage from Hawaii to the Seychelles and Zanzibar. On Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean, they have formed multi-queen supercolonies. They are also decimating the red land crab (Gecarcoidea natalis) populations. Crazy ants also prey on, or interfere in, the reproduction of a variety of arthropods, reptiles, birds and mammals on the forest floor and canopy. Their ability to farm and protect sap-sucking scale insects, which damage the forest canopy on Christmas Island, is one of their more surprising attributes. Although less than 5% of the rainforest on Christmas Island has been invaded so far, scientists are concerned that endangered birds such as the Abbott’s booby (Sula abbotti), which nests nowhere else in the world, could eventually be driven to extinction through habitat alteration and direct attack by the ants.

Common Names: ashinaga-ki-ari, crazy ant, Gelbe Spinnerameise, gramang ant, long-legged ant, Maldive ant, yellow crazy ant

Synonyms: Anoplolepis longipes Emery 1925, Formica longipes Jerdon 1851, Plagiolepis longipes Emery 1887

4. Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) (micro-organism)        

Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) is a deadly pathogen which affects many areas of the world-wide banana industry. Infected banana plants produce increasingly smaller leaves on shorter petioles giving the plants a bunched appearance. Fruits may be distorted and plants become sterile before the whole mat (rhizome) eventually dies. The international spread of BBTV is primarily through infected planting materials.

Common Names: abaca bunchy top virus, banana bunchy top disease (BBTD), BBTV, bunchy top, bunchy top virus, laufeti’iti’i

Synonyms: Banana bunchy top virus BBTV

5. Canna indica (herb)        

Canna indica is a native of tropical America and is a very popular ornamental plant throughout the tropical world. This plant has become an invasive in Pitcairn and in New Zealand, where it grows in thickets, crowding out other plants. It is spread by rhizomes making it difficult to remove.

Common Names: achira, African arrowroot, ali‘ipoe, li‘ipoe, apeellap, bakalele, bakare kare, Balisier comestible, balisier rouge, calenda, canna, canna lily, chupa flor, English shot, fa‘i masoa, fagafaga, fagamanu, Fanamanu, gasau ni ga, gwangwa, gwangwaama, Indian shot, luiuenwai, mongos halum-tano, nuaenga, oruuru, pia renga, pia-raroto‘a, poloka, poloke, Queensland arrowroot, riti, te misimisi, tiare papa‘a, toolima, tous-les-mois

Synonyms: Canna edulis Ker-Gawl., Canna achiras Gillies, Canna aurantiaca Roscoe, Canna aureovittata Lodd., Canna barbadica Bouché, Canna bidentata Bertol., Canna bifida Schult., Canna carnea Roscoe, Canna cearensis Huber, Canna chinensis Willd., Canna cinnabarina Bouché, Canna coccinea Link, Canna coccinea Mill., Canna coccinea Mill. var. bicolor Kraenzl, Canna coccinea Mill. var. sylvestris (Roscoe) Regel, Canna commutata Bouché, Canna compacta Bouché, Canna compacta Roscoe, Canna crocea Lag. ex Rchb., Canna crocea Roem. & Schult., Canna densifolia Bouché, Canna discolor Lindl., Canna edulis KerGawl., Canna ehrenbergii Bouché, Canna ellipticifolia Stokes, Canna esculenta Lodd. ex Loudon, Canna exigua Bouché, Canna flavescens Link, Canna floribunda Bouché, Canna formosa Bouché, Canna fulgida Bouche, Canna fulgida Bouché, Canna heliconiifolia Bouché  var. xalapensis (Bouché) Kraenzl, Canna heliconiifolia Bouché, Canna humilis Bouché, Canna indica L. var. speciosa (Roscoe) Hook.f., Canna indica L. var. coccinea (Mill.) Aiton, Canna indica L. var. edwarsii Regel, Canna indica L. var. limbata (Roscoe) Petersen, Canna indica L. var. maculata Hook., Canna indica L. var. nepalensis (Bouché) Hook.f., Canna indica L. var. patens Aiton, Canna indica L. var. rubra Aiton, Canna laeta Bouché, Canna lagunensis Lindl., Canna lambertii Lindl., Canna lanuginosa Roscoe, Canna leptochila Bouché, Canna limbata Roscoe, Canna lutea Mill., Canna lutea Mill. var. aurantiaca (Roscoe) Regel, Canna lutea Mill. var. genuina Kraenzl., Canna lutea Mill. var. pallida (Roscoe) Regel

6. Commelina benghalensis (herb)      

Believed to be native only to tropical Asia and Africa, Commelina benghalensis is a widely distributed herbaceous weed that commonly invades agricultural sites and disturbed areas. Though not commonly reported to invade natural areas, this rapidly reproducing plant is considered one of the most troublesome weeds for 25 crops in 29 different countries.

Common Names: alikbangon, Benghal dayflower, bias-bias, blue commelina, comméline, commeline du Bengale, dayflower, gewor, golondrina, hairy honohono, hairy wandering-Jew, herbe aux cochons, Indian dayflower, kanaibashi, kanasiri, kanchara, kanchura, kaningi, kanini, kankaua, kena, konasimalu, krishnaghas, kuhasi, kulkulasi, mankawa, matalí, mau‘u Toga, mau‘u Tonga, musie matala pulu, myet-cho, sabilau, sabilau, trapoeraba, tropical spiderwort, tsuyukusa, tsuyukusa, wandering-jew, yu-je-tsai

Synonyms: Commelina canescens Vahl, Commelina cucullata L., Commelina delicatula Schltdl., Commelina kilimandscharica K. Schum., Commelina mollis Jacq., Commelina nervosa Burm. f., Commelina procurrens Schltdl., Commelina prostrata Regel, Commelina pyrrhoblepharis Hassk. (1867), Commelina turbinata Vahl

7. Ligustrum lucidum (tree)      

Ligustrum lucidum (tree privet) is a native of Asia and has been introduced to many different locations, mainly for gardens and hedges. Its ability to grow in different habitats has made it an extremely noxious weed in several places, including Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Mozambique and some parts of Continental America.

Common Names: broadleaf privet, glossy privet, large leaf privet, ligustrum privet, privet, tree privet

Synonyms: Esquirolia sinensis H.Lev., Faulia verrucosa Raf., Ligustrum esquirolii H.Lev., Ligustrum hookeri Decne., Ligustrum lucidum Aiton f.  var. esquirolii (H.Lev.) H.Lev., Ligustrum nepalense Wall.  var. glabrum Hook., Ligustrum roxburghii Blume, Olea clavata G.Don, Phillyrea paniculata Roxb., Visiania paniculata (Roxb.)DC.

8. Merremia peltata (vine, climber)        

Merremia peltata is a vine that strangles vegetation and invades forest strands. It may provide rapid ground cover following land disturbance reducing erosion and nutrient loss. There is debate over the extent to which external factors such as cyclones and land clearing drive the invasiveness of the species. It may be a successional component of regenerating forest in its native range.

Common Names: abui, agon, arosumou, big leaf, big lif rop, fitau, fitaw, fue, fue kula, fue lautetele, fue mea, fue vao, fue vao, grobihi, iohl, iol, kebeas, lagun, merremia, Niaouli-Oelbaum, pohue, puhlah, teb el yas, veliyana, viliyawa, wa bula, wa damu, wa mbula, wa ndamu, wachathal, wiliao, wiliviwa

Synonyms: Convolvulus peltatus L., Ipomoea nymphaeifolia Blume, Ipomoea peltata (L.) Choisy, Merremia nymphaeifolia (Dietr.) Hall. fil., Operculina peltata (L.) Hall. fil.

9. Sphagneticola trilobata (herb)        

Although Sphagneticola trilobata is the accepted name for this species, it is widely known as Wedelia trilobata. Sphagneticola trilobata is native to the tropics of Central America and has naturalised in many wet tropical areas of the world. Cultivated as an ornamental, it readily escapes from gardens and forms a dense ground cover, crowding out or preventing regeneration of other species. In plantations, it will compete with crops for nutrients, light and water, and reduce crop yields.

Common Names: ate, atiat, creeping ox-eye, dihpw ongohng, Hasenfuss, ngesil ra ngebard, rosrangrang, Singapore daisy, trailing daisy, tuhke ongohng, ut mõkadkad, ut telia, wedelia

Synonyms: Acmella brasiliensis Spreng., Acmella spilanthoides Cass., Buphthalmum repens Lam., Buphthalmum strigosum Spreng., Complaya trilobata (L.) Strother, Polymnia carnosa Poir., Polymnia carnosa Poir. var. aspera (Rich.) Poir., Polymnia carnosa Poir. var. glabella (Rich.) Poir., Polymnia carnosa Poir. var. triloba (Rich.) Poir., Seruneum paludosum (DC.) Kuntze, Seruneum trilobatum (L.) Kuntze, Silphium trilobatum L., Sphagneticola ulei O.Hoffm., Stemmodontia trilobata (L.) Small, Thelechitonia trilobata (L.) H.Rob. & Cuatrec., Verbesina carnosa M.Gómez, Verbesina carnosa M.Gómez var. aspera (Rich.) M.Gómez, Verbesina carnosa M.Gómez var. triloba (Rich.) M.Gómez, Wedelia brasiliensis S.F.Blake, Wedelia carnea Rich., Wedelia carnosa Rich. ex Spreng., Wedelia carnosa Rich. var. aspera Rich., Wedelia carnosa Rich. var. glabella Rich., Wedelia carnosa Rich. var. triloba Rich., Wedelia crenata Rich., Wedelia paludicola Poepp. & Endl., Wedelia paludosa DC., Wedelia triloba (Rich.) Bello, Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.

10. Tradescantia spathacea (herb)        

Tradescantia spathacea is a beautiful succulent that has been introduced to south Asia and many Pacific Islands from its native range in the tropical Americas. Although it has not yet been declared a pest, in many areas it has become a very invasive weed, especially in Florida where it invades and disrupts native plant communities. Tradescantia spathacea creates a dense groundcover on the forest floor which prevents native plants from germinating. Tradescantia spathacea has diverse reproductive methods and grows in areas other plants cannot. These two characteristics make this plant a potential danger to many areas. Monitoring is recommended wherever this species is present.

Common Names: boat lily, boat plant, faina kula, moses in a boat, Moses-in-a-basket, oyster plant, riri mangio, riri raei, talotalo, laupapaki

Synonyms: Rhoeo discolor Hance ex Walp, Rhoeo spathacea (Sw.) Stear, Rhoeo discolor (L'Hér.) Hance, Rhoeo spathacea (Sw.) Stearn, Rhoeo spathacea (Sw.) Stearn  forma concolor (Baker) Stehle, Rhoeo spathacea (Sw.) Stearn  forma variegata (Hook) Stehle, Tradescantia discolor L'Hér., Tradescantia discolor L'Hér., Tradescantia discolor L'Hér. var. concolor Baker, Tradescantia discolor L'Hér. var. variegata Hook.

11. Urochloa maxima (grass)        

Although Urochloa maxima is the accepted name for this species, it is still widely known as Panicum maximum. Urochloa maxima is a native of tropical Africa where it occurs from sea level to 1,800m. It is used as a forage grass and its ability to tolerate a wide range of habitats make it a very productive species. Urochloa maxima has become prevalent in Samoa and Tonga and it is a problem species in Guam and Hawaii. Although it is a favourable grass in many areas it can also form dense stands and displace native species.

Common Names: buffalograss, capime guiné, fataque, green panic, Guinea grass, herbe de Guinéa, panic élevé, saafa, talapi, tinikarati, vao Kini, vao Kini, yerba de Guinea, zacate Guinea

Synonyms: Panicum gongylodes Jacq., Panicum hirsutissimum Steud., Panicum jumentorum Pers., Panicum laeve Lam., Panicum maximum Jacq., Panicum maximum var. coloratum C.T. White, Panicum maximum var. gongylodes (Jacq.) Döll, Panicum maximum var. maximum, Panicum maximum var. pubiglume K. Schum., Panicum maximum var. trichoglume Robyns, Panicum polygamum var. gongylodes (Jacq.) E. Fourn., Panicum trichocondylum Steud., Urochloa maxima var. trichoglumis (Robyns) R.D. Webster

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Native Species

1. Angiopteris evecta (fern)

Angiopteris evecta is a fern native to Polynesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, Australia, and New Guinea that has established invasive populations in Hawaii, Costa Rica, and Jamaica. It is known to establish dense stands that displace and shade out native plants and reduce biodiversity in ecosystems.

Common Names: bersarm, demarm, dermarm, fa'agase, gase, giant fern, gwaegwae, hulufe vai, kalme, katar, king's fern, la'au fau pale, mong, mongmong, mule's foot, mule's-foot fern, nahe, nase, ne'e, oli oli, oriental vessel fern, paiued, palatao, payuit, ponga, umpai

Synonyms: Polypodium evectum G. Forster

2. Epipremnum pinnatum (vine, climber)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Pothos vine (Epipremnum pinnatum) is a common escaped garden vine. It climbs up tree trunks and into the forest canopy, primarily in disturbed areas and along roadsides, smothering native plants. The plant is poisonous when eaten and can cause minor skin irritation when touched.

Common Names: ara, centipede tongavine, cortina, devil's ivy, enredadera, gefleckte Efeutute, golden pothos, long wei cao, money plant, pothos, selkasohlap, taro vine, Tongavine, variegated-philodendron

Synonyms: Epipremnum mirabile Schott, Philodendron nechodomae Britton, Pothos pinnatus L., Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl., Scindapsus aureus (Lindl. & André) Engl.

3. Lutjanus kasmira (fish)      

Lutjanus kasmira is a commercially important reef-associated tropical fish that has been introduced into Hawaii for fisheries. In introduced areas of Hawaii it has become abundant, forming dense schools. It may outcompete native fish for space, crowding them out of important refuge areas.

Common Names: blouband snapper, blue-banded hussar, bluebanded snapper, blueline snapper, blue-lined sea perch, bluelined snapper, blue-lined snapper fish, bluestripe seaperch, bluestripe snapper, bluestriped snapper, common bluestripe snapper, common blue-stripe snapper, common bluestriped snapper, gorara tikus, hamra, hobara, ikan nonya, irri ranna, janja, kelea, kuning-kuning, kunyit, kunyit-kunyit, madras, mbawaa, merah, naisarah, nga-wet-panni, nisar, pargo de raios azuis, pargo de rayas, pargo de rayas azules, perche à raies bleues, pla ka pong deng thab nam ngern, pla kapong, savane, taape, tanda-tanda, tembo-uzi, vali ranna, verikeechan, vivaneau à raies bleues, yellow and blue seaperch, yosuji-fuedai

4. Merremia peltata (vine, climber)        

Merremia peltata is a vine that strangles vegetation and invades forest strands. It may provide rapid ground cover following land disturbance reducing erosion and nutrient loss. There is debate over the extent to which external factors such as cyclones and land clearing drive the invasiveness of the species. It may be a successional component of regenerating forest in its native range.

Common Names: abui, agon, arosumou, big leaf, big lif rop, fitau, fitaw, fue, fue kula, fue lautetele, fue mea, fue vao, fue vao, grobihi, iohl, iol, kebeas, lagun, merremia, Niaouli-Oelbaum, pohue, puhlah, teb el yas, veliyana, viliyawa, wa bula, wa damu, wa mbula, wa ndamu, wachathal, wiliao, wiliviwa

Synonyms: Convolvulus peltatus L., Ipomoea nymphaeifolia Blume, Ipomoea peltata (L.) Choisy, Merremia nymphaeifolia (Dietr.) Hall. fil., Operculina peltata (L.) Hall. fil.

5. Porphyrio porphyrio (bird)

The ecological similarity of the purple swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio) to the Florida native common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) and purple gallinule (Porphyrula martinica) have prompted efforts to eliminate this member of the rail family from Florida. It is not clear what negative consequences could result from these non-native birds but in other parts of the world they are noted for their aggressive behaviour and their habit of eating other bird's eggs.

Common Names: bláhæna, caimão, calamón común, Modrzyk, pollo sultano, pukeko, purperkoet, purpurhöna, Purpurhuhn, seikei, slípka modrá, sultanhøne, sultanhøne, sultánka modrá, sulttaanikana, talève sultane

6. Solenopsis papuana (insect)

Solenopsis papuana is a native ant of the Pacific region that thrives in the company of other more major invasive ants, but is not a major pest species on its own. It has been introduced to Hawaii and has been able to invade intact forest land.

Common Names: Papuan thief ant

Synonyms: Solenopsis cleptis Mann, Solenopsis cleptis var. vitiensis Mann, Solenopsis dahlii Forel

7. Technomyrmex albipes (insect)

Native to the Indo-Pacific area, Technomyrmex albipes, commonly known as the white-footed ant, has spread to Australia, Africa, North America, Caribbean and Asia. Technomyrmex albipes are often found on cut flowers and other imported plants. It's penchant for invading houses and nesting in wall cavities distresses homeowners. The unusual colony structure of Technomyrmex albipes allows them to reproduce rapidly, especially in warm weather, reaching numbers in the millions in some locations. Management of Technomyrmex albipes is difficult when populations abound, as chemical poisons are not transferred between workers.

Common Names: ashijiro-hirafushi-ari, white-footed ant, white-footed house ant

Synonyms: Formica (Tapinoma) albipes Smith, Formica albipes, Tapinoma albipes (Smith), Tapinoma albitarse Motschoulsky, Tapinoma nigrum Mayr, Technomrmex albipes var. vitiensis Mann., Technomyrmex albipes st. rufescens Santschi, Technomyrmex detorquens Walker