You searched for invasive species in solomon islands:     

86 invasive species found

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Alien Species

1. Acacia farnesiana (tree, shrub)        

Probably a native of tropical America, Acacia farnesiana was introduced to many tropical countries for its bark, gum, seed and wood. It is often planted as an ornamental or to check erosion, and is also used in the perfume industry because of its scented flowers. This thorny, deciduous shrub grows to 4m in height forming impenetrable thickets or sometimes a more open cover and prefers dry habitats between sea level and 1000 m. In Australia it occurs along watercourses on rangeland and farmland limiting access to water. It has also become an invasive species in Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu.

Common Names: acacia jaune, aroma, aromo, ban baburi, carambuco, cashia, cassie, debena, Ellington curse, espino blanco, espino ruco, esponja, esponjeira, huisache, huisache dulce, kandaroma, klu, klu bush, kolu, mimosa, mimosa bush, needle bush, oki, opoponax, popinac, popinac, rayo, Small's acacia, sweet acacia, tekaibakoa, titima, vaivai vakavotona, Westindische akazie

Synonyms: Acacia acicularis Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Acacia densiflora (Alex. ex Small) Cory, Acacia edulis Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.  var. pedunculata (Willd.) Kuntze, Acacia ferox M. Martens & Galeotti, Acacia indica (Pers.) Desv., Acacia lenticellata F.Muell., Acacia minuta (M.Jones) Beauchamp subsp. densiflora (Alex. ex Small) Beauchamp, Acacia pedunculata Willd., Acacia smallii Isely, Farnesia odora Gasp., Mimosa acicularis Poir., Mimosa farnesiana L., Mimosa acicularis (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Poir., Mimosa edulis (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Poir., Mimosa farnesiana L., Mimosa indica Pers., Mimosa pedunculata (Willd.) Poir., Vachellia densiflora Alex. ex Small, Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn., Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn. var. typica Speg., Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn. forma typica Speg.

2. Achatina fulica (mollusc)        

Achatina fulica feeds on a wide variety of crop plants and may present a threat to local flora. Populations of this pest often crash over time (20 to 60 years) and this should not be percieved as effectiveness of the rosy wolfsnail (Euglandina rosea) as a biocontrol agent. Natural chemicals from the fruit of Thevetia peruviana have activity against A. fulica and the cuttings of the alligator apple (Annona glabra) can be used as repellent hedges against A. fulica.

Common Names: achatine, Afrikanische Riesenschnecke, escargot géant d'Afrique, giant African land snail, giant African snail

Synonyms: Lissachatina fulica (Bowdich 1822)

3. Acridotheres tristis (bird)        

The common myna (Acridotheres tristis), also called the Indian myna, is a highly commensal Passerine that lives in close association with humans. It competes with small mammals and bird for nesting hollows and on some islands, such as Hawaii and Fiji, it preys on other birds' eggs and chicks. It presents a threat to indigenous biota, particularly parrots and other birdlife, in Australia and elsewhere.

Common Names: brun majna, Calcutta myna, common myna, German Indischer mynah, Hirtenmaina, hjarðmænir, house myna, Indian myna, Indian mynah, kabairohakka, maina, mainá común, maina comune, mainato, majna brunatna, majna obecná, manu, manu kaomani, manu kavamani, manu rataro, manu teve, Martin triste, merle des Moluques, mynah, pihamaina, piru, talking myna, treurmaina

Synonyms: Acridotheres tristas (Linnaeus, 1766)

4. Adenanthera pavonina (tree)        

A medium-sized tree up to 15m high, Adenanthera pavonina is native to India and Malaysia. It has been planted extensively throughout the tropics as an ornamental and has become naturalised in many countries. It invades intact, undisturbed hardwood forests as well as disturbed sites and can quickly form large colonies.

Common Names: arbre collier, bead tree, bois de condori, bois noir de Bourbon, bois noir rouge, carolina, colales, coral bean tree, culalis, false wili wili, falso-sândalo, kaikes, kolales, kulales, kulalis, la'aulopa, lera, lerendamu, lopa, metekam, metkam, metkem, mwetkwem, olho-de-pavão, paina, peacock flower-fence, peacock tree, pitipitio, pomea, red bead tree, red sandalwood tree, segavé, telengtúngd, telentundalel, vaivai, vaivainivavalangi

Synonyms: Adenanthera gersenii Scheffer, Adenanthera polita Miq

5. Aedes aegypti (insect)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

The yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti is very common in urban and suburban areas in the tropic and subtropic regions. It is adapted to close association with humans and the female feeds almost exclusively on human blood. A. aegypti is the domestic vector of the yellow fever virus, caused epidemics of yellow fever in the Americas (before the 1940's) and recently in West Africa, and is responsible for 'urban yellow fever' - direct transmission of the virus between humans. A. aegypti is also the most important carrier of the dengue virus, although it is not paticularly susceptible to viral infection compared with other mosquito species.

Common Names: stégomyie, yellow fever mosquito

Synonyms: Culex aegypti Linnaeus, 1762, Culex albopalposus Becker, 1908, Culex anguste-alatus Becker, 1908, Culex annulitarsis Macquart, 1844 , Culex argenteus Poiret, 1787 , Culex augens Wiedemann, 1828, Culex calopus Meigen, 1818, Culex elegans Ficalbi, 1889 , Culex exagitans Walker, 1856 , Culex excitans Walker, 1848, Culex fasciatus Fabricius, 1805, Culex frater Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827 , Culex inexorabilis Walker, 1848 , Culex insatiabilis Bigot, 1859 , Culex kououpi Brulle, 1833 , Culex rossii Giles, 1889 , Culex taeniatus Wiedemann, 1828, Culex toxorhynchus Macquart, 1838 , Culex viridifrons Walker, 1848 , Duttonia alboannulis Ludlow, 1911 , Mimeteomyia pulcherrima Taylor, 1919 , Stegomyia atritarsis Edwards, 1920 , Stegomyia canariensis Pittaluga, 1905 , Stegomyia luciensis Theobald, 1901 , Stegomyia nigeria Theobald, 1901 , Stegomyia queenslandensis Theobald, 1901

6. Agave sisalana (succulent)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Agave sisalana is a member of the Agavaceae family and is native to Mexico. It is known primarily for its fibre production, and is grown commercially worldwide for the fibre industry. It is a large and fast-propagating plant, which can cause problems in areas where it is invasive as it can exclude and outcompete native plant species. A. sisalana is invasive in Australia, Madagascar, South Africa, the United States and on multiple islands in the Pacific.

Common Names: agave, century plant, dali, garingboom, hemp-plant, Maguey de Sisal, malina, mescal, natali, ndali, sisal, sisal agave, sisal hemp, te rob', te robu

Synonyms: Agave rigida var. sisalana (Perrine) Engelm.

7. Annona glabra (tree)        

Annona glabra is a highly invasive woody weed that threatens wetland and riparian ecosystems of wet tropics, world heritage areas and beyond. It can establish as a dense understorey that suppresses other growth leading to monocultures.

Common Names: alligator apple, annone des marais, bullock's heart, cherimoyer, corossolier des marais, kaitambo, kaitambu, pond apple, uto ni bulumakau, uto ni mbulumakau

8. Asparagus officinalis (herb)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Garden asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) is described as a persistant weed of cultivated land in its introduced range. It is found growing in waste places and along roadsides. It is classified as invasive in New Zealand and the Galapagos islands.

Common Names: asparagus, asperge, espargo, espárrago, esparraguera, garden asparagus, oranda-kiji-kakushi, Spargel

Synonyms: Asparagus caspius Hohen., Asparagus longifolius Fisch. ex Steud., Asparagus officinalis subsp. officinalis , Asparagus officinalis var. caspius (Hohen.) Asch. & Graebn., Asparagus polyphyllus Steven ex Ledeb.

9. Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) (micro-organism)

Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) the causal agent of Beak and feather disease (BFD) is a small virus (14-16nm in diameter) with spherical symmetry and is referred to as a circovirus. BFD is one of the most commonly recognised viral diseases of wild psittacine birds worldwide and is characterised by chronic, progressive, symmetrical feather dystrophy and occasional beak deformity.

Common Names: beak-and-feather-disease-virus, psittacine beak and feather disease, psittacine circovirus disease

10. Brontispa longissima (insect)

The Hispid palm leaf beetle attacks palm leaf fronds ( as the name suggests) especially those of the coconut tree. It is an introduced pest in many islands in the Pacific Ocean and also some nations of the Pacific Rim including Taiwan. Its impact on tropical and subtropical cropping systems can be severe.

Common Names: coconut hispid beetle, coconut hispine beetle, coconut leaf beetle, coconut leaf hispine beetle, palm leaf beetle

Synonyms: Brontispa castanea, Brontispa froggatti, Brontispa froggatti Sharp, Brontispa longissima var. Javana, Brontispa longissima var. Selebensis, Brontispa palmivora Gres, Brontispa reicherti, Brontispa simmondsi, Brontispa simmondsi Mlk., Oxycephala longipennis, Oxycephala longissima

11. Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (micro-organism)

  See eradication or other absence information

Huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening disease is a destructive disease of citrus caused by gram-negative phloem-restricted bacteria belonging to the genus Candidatus Liberibacter. The genus comprises three known species: Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, occurring in Asian countries and, to a lesser extent, in Brazil and the USA (Florida), Candidatus Liberibacter africanus, recorded from African countries, and Candidatus Liberibacter americanus present in Brazil and Florida. It is thought that each Liberibacter species evolved in the continent after which it is named. HLB is transmitted between trees by the psyllids Trioza erytreae in Africa and Diaphorina citri in Asia and America. HLB affects all commercial citrus varieties, causing mottling of leaves, stunting of growth and formation of small, deformed fruit which fail to colour properly. HLB can destroy citrus groves within 5 to 8 years. Apart from prevention there are no control measures currently available, causing HLB to often be described as the most destructive and serious disease of citrus.

Common Names: blotchy mottle, citrus greening disease, dieback, Enverdecimiento, greening, huanglongbing (HLB), likubin, mottle leaf, vein phloem degeneration, yellow branch, yellow shoot disease

Synonyms: Candidatus Liberobacter asiaticum, Candidatus Liberobacter asiaticus

12. Canis lupus (mammal)      

Canis lupus (the dog) is possibly the first animal to have been domesticated by humans. It has been selectively bred into a wide range of different forms. They are found throughout the world in many different habitats, both closely associated with humans and away from habitation. They are active hunters and have significant negative impacts on a wide range of native fauna.

Common Names: domestic dog, feral dog, guri, Haushund, kuri, kurio, pero, peto, uli

Synonyms: Canis dingo Blumenbach, 1780, Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758

13. Canna indica (herb)        

Canna indica is a native of tropical America and is a very popular ornamental plant throughout the tropical world. This plant has become an invasive in Pitcairn and in New Zealand, where it grows in thickets, crowding out other plants. It is spread by rhizomes making it difficult to remove.

Common Names: achira, African arrowroot, ali‘ipoe, li‘ipoe, apeellap, bakalele, bakare kare, Balisier comestible, balisier rouge, calenda, canna, canna lily, chupa flor, English shot, fa‘i masoa, fagafaga, fagamanu, Fanamanu, gasau ni ga, gwangwa, gwangwaama, Indian shot, luiuenwai, mongos halum-tano, nuaenga, oruuru, pia renga, pia-raroto‘a, poloka, poloke, Queensland arrowroot, riti, te misimisi, tiare papa‘a, toolima, tous-les-mois

Synonyms: Canna edulis Ker-Gawl., Canna achiras Gillies, Canna aurantiaca Roscoe, Canna aureovittata Lodd., Canna barbadica Bouché, Canna bidentata Bertol., Canna bifida Schult., Canna carnea Roscoe, Canna cearensis Huber, Canna chinensis Willd., Canna cinnabarina Bouché, Canna coccinea Link, Canna coccinea Mill., Canna coccinea Mill. var. bicolor Kraenzl, Canna coccinea Mill. var. sylvestris (Roscoe) Regel, Canna commutata Bouché, Canna compacta Bouché, Canna compacta Roscoe, Canna crocea Lag. ex Rchb., Canna crocea Roem. & Schult., Canna densifolia Bouché, Canna discolor Lindl., Canna edulis KerGawl., Canna ehrenbergii Bouché, Canna ellipticifolia Stokes, Canna esculenta Lodd. ex Loudon, Canna exigua Bouché, Canna flavescens Link, Canna floribunda Bouché, Canna formosa Bouché, Canna fulgida Bouche, Canna fulgida Bouché, Canna heliconiifolia Bouché  var. xalapensis (Bouché) Kraenzl, Canna heliconiifolia Bouché, Canna humilis Bouché, Canna indica L. var. speciosa (Roscoe) Hook.f., Canna indica L. var. coccinea (Mill.) Aiton, Canna indica L. var. edwarsii Regel, Canna indica L. var. limbata (Roscoe) Petersen, Canna indica L. var. maculata Hook., Canna indica L. var. nepalensis (Bouché) Hook.f., Canna indica L. var. patens Aiton, Canna indica L. var. rubra Aiton, Canna laeta Bouché, Canna lagunensis Lindl., Canna lambertii Lindl., Canna lanuginosa Roscoe, Canna leptochila Bouché, Canna limbata Roscoe, Canna lutea Mill., Canna lutea Mill. var. aurantiaca (Roscoe) Regel, Canna lutea Mill. var. genuina Kraenzl., Canna lutea Mill. var. pallida (Roscoe) Regel

14. Cenchrus polystachios (grass)        

Cenchrus polystachios (Pennisetum polystachion) is a large grass species originating from Africa and India. It has spread to many Pacific islands and thrives in tropical climates. C. polystachios causes major problems in the Northern Territory of Australia, where it has greatly increased the amount of flammable material in the wooded savanna ecosystem, leading to greater devastation from bushfires.

Common Names: dipw rais, feathery pennisetum, mechen katu, missiongrass, o tamata, pwokso, queue de chat, thin napier grass, West Indian pennisetum

Synonyms: Cenchrus setosus Sw. 1788, Gymnotrix geniculata Schult. 1824, Panicum barbatum Roxb. 1820, Panicum cauda-ratti Schumach. 1827, Panicum cenchroides Rich. 1792, Panicum densispicum Poir. 1816, Panicum erubescens Willd. 1809, Panicum polystachion L. 1759, Panicum subangustum Schumach., Panicum triticoides Poir. 1816, Pennisetum alopecuroides Desv. ex Ham. 1825, Pennisetum atrichum Stapf & C.E.Hubb. 1933, Pennisetum borbonicum Kunth 1830, Pennisetum cauda-ratti (Schumach.) Franch. 1895, Pennisetum elegans Nees ex Steud. 1854, Pennisetum erubescens (Willd.) Link 1827, Pennisetum flavescens J.Presl 1830, Pennisetum gabonense Franch. 1895, Pennisetum gracile Benth. 1849, Pennisetum hamiltonii Steud. 1841, Pennisetum hirsutum Nees 1829, Pennisetum indicum Murray var. purpurascens (Kunth) Kuntze 1891, Pennisetum nicaraguense E.Fourn. 1880, Pennisetum pallidum Nees 1829, Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schult. subsp. setosum (Sw.) Brunken 1979, Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schult. subsp. atrichum (Stapf & C.E.Hubb.) Brunken 1979, Pennisetum purpurascens Kunth 1816 , Pennisetum reversum Hack. ex Buettner var. gymnochaetium Hack. 1901, Pennisetum reversum Hack. ex Buettner 1890, Pennisetum richardii Kunth 1829, Pennisetum setosum (Sw.) L. Rich., Pennisetum setosum (Sw.) Rich. 1805, Pennisetum sieberi Kunth 1829, Pennisetum stenostachyum Peter 1930, Pennisetum subangustum (Schumach.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb. 1933, Pennisetum tenuispiculatum Steud. 1854, Pennisetum uniflorum Kunth 1816 , Setaria cenchroides (Rich.) Roem. & Schult. 1817, Setaria erubescens (Willd.) P.Beauv. 1812

15. Cynodon dactylon (grass)      

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Cynodon dactylon is adapted to survive both extended dry periods and flooding conditions. It is a potential agricultural weed and a commonly used as a lawn grass.

Common Names: arampandrotra, Australian couch, Bahama grass, balama grass, bamyudaa gurasu, Bermuda grass, Bermudagras, chiendent, chiendent, chiendent dactyle, chiendent pied-de-poule, common bermuda grass, couch grass, devil grass, devil's grass, enua, fandrahana, fandropalana, fandrotrarana, fandrotsana, galud-galud, gewonekweek, grama, grama brava, grama dulce, grama rastera, grama-seda, gramigna comune, gramilla, gramilla brava, gramilla Italiana, grand chiendent, gros chiendent, gyougishiba, Handjesgras, herbe de couverture, herbes des Bermudes, hierba Bermuda, hierba fina, Hundszahngras, Indian doab, kabuta, kambuta, kawad-kawaran, kindresy, kulatai, manienie, mosie molulu, motie molulu, motie molulu, nienie, nienie haole, paja de la virgen, palo delgado, pasto Argentina, pasto Bermuda, pasto de gallina, pasto de las Bermudas, pata de perdiz, pelo de conejo, pied de poule, quick grass, scutch grass, star grass, ya phaet, ya phraek, zacate de aguijilla, zacate de Bermuda, zacate de conejo, zacate de gallina, zacate gallina

Synonyms: Capriola dactylon (L.) Kuntze [Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon], Cynodon aristiglumis Caro & Sánchez, Cynodon coursii A. Camus [Cynodon dactylon var. coursii], Cynodon dactylon var. densus Hurcombe, Cynodon incompletus auct. non Nees, Cynodon polevansii Stent [Cynodon dactylon var. polevansii], Digitaria stolonifera Schrad. [Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon], Panicum dactylon L. [Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon]

16. Cyperus rotundus (sedge)      

Cyperus rotundus (purple nutsedge) is a weed in over 90 countries and the world's worst invasive weed based on its distribution and effect on crops. Its complex underground network of tubers, basal bulbs, roots and rhizomes ensure its ability to survive and reproduce during adverse conditions. Further biological features, such as its adaptation to high temperatures, solar radiation and humidity, have turned this weed into a serious problem in subtropical and even arid regions.

Common Names: ‘oniani lau, ‘oniani rau, ‘oniani tita, alho-bravo, almendra de tierra, balisanga, boto-botonis, brown nut sedge, capim-alho, capim-dandá, castanuela, castañuela, cebollín, chaguan humatag, chufa, coco, coco grass, coquillo, coquillo purpura, coquito, cortadera, hamasuge, herbe à oignons, ivako, junça, juncia, juncia real, kili‘o‘opu, kili'o'opu, mala-apulid, malanga, matie ‘oniani, matie'oniani, mau‘u mokae, mau‘u mokae, mauku ‘oniani, mauku'oniani, mot ha, mothe, mumuta, mutha, nut grass, nut sedge, nutgrass, oniani, oniani lau, oniani rau, oniani tita, pakopako, pakopako, pakopako, purple nut sedge, purple nut sedge, purple nutsedge, red nut sedge, Rundes Zypergras, soro ni kabani, soronakambani, souchet à tubercules, souchet d'Asie, souchet en forme d'olive, souchet rond, suo cao, sur-sur, tamanengi, te mumute, tiririca, tiririca-vermelha, tuteoneon, vucesa, vuthesa, xiang fu zi, ya haeo mu, ya khon mu, zigolo infestante

Synonyms: Chlorocyperus rotundus (L.) Palla, Cyperus olivaris Targioni-Tozzetti, Cyperus purpuro-variegatus Boeckeler, Cyperus stoloniferum pallidus Boeckeler, Cyperus tetrastachyos Desf., Cyperus tuberosus Roxb, Pycreus rotundus (L.) Hayek

17. Eichhornia crassipes (aquatic plant)        

Originally from South America, Eichhornia crassipes is one of the worst aquatic weeds in the world. Its beautiful, large purple and violet flowers make it a popular ornamental plant for ponds. It is now found in more than 50 countries on five continents. Water hyacinth is a very fast growing plant, with populations known to double in as little as 12 days. Infestations of this weed block waterways, limiting boat traffic, swimming and fishing. Water hyacinth also prevents sunlight and oxygen from reaching the water column and submerged plants. Its shading and crowding of native aquatic plants dramatically reduces biological diversity in aquatic ecosystems.

Common Names: aguapé, bekabe kairanga, bung el ralm, bung el ralm, floating water hyacinth, jacinthe d'eau, jacinto de agua, jacinto-aquatico, jal khumbe, jal kumbhi, lechuguilla, lila de agua, lirio acuatico, mbekambekairanga, riri vai, wasserhyazinthe, water hyacinth, water orchid, wota haisin

Synonyms: Eichhornia speciosa Kunth, Heteranthera formosa, Piaropus crassipes (Mart.) Raf., Piaropus mesomelas, Pontederia crassipes Mart. (basionym)

18. Elaeis guineensis (palm)        

Elaeis guineensis is native to the west African coast from Liberia to Angola. It has been introduced to many islands in the Pacific and to South America at the time of slavery. It is widely cultivated for the oil products obtained from its fruit and seed. However it is now showing potential of being invasive from cultivation in some dry areas of the Pacific and has become very invasive in remnants of Atlantic Forest in Bahia state, Northeast Brazil.

Common Names: African oil palm, apwiraiasi, dendê, nu tamara, palmeira-dendê, palmier à huile d'Afrique

Synonyms: Elaeis melanococca J. Gaertn.

19. Epipremnum pinnatum (vine, climber)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Pothos vine (Epipremnum pinnatum) is a common escaped garden vine. It climbs up tree trunks and into the forest canopy, primarily in disturbed areas and along roadsides, smothering native plants. The plant is poisonous when eaten and can cause minor skin irritation when touched.

Common Names: ara, centipede tongavine, cortina, devil's ivy, enredadera, gefleckte Efeutute, golden pothos, long wei cao, money plant, pothos, selkasohlap, taro vine, Tongavine, variegated-philodendron

Synonyms: Epipremnum mirabile Schott, Philodendron nechodomae Britton, Pothos pinnatus L., Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl., Scindapsus aureus (Lindl. & André) Engl.

20. Euglandina rosea (mollusc)        

The carnivorous rosy wolfsnail Euglandina rosea was introduced to Indian and Pacific Ocean Islands from the 1950s onwards as a biological control agent for the giant African snail (Achatina fulica). E. rosea is not host specific meaning that native molluscs species are at risk of expatriation or even extinction if this mollusc-eating snail is introduced. Partulid tree snails of the French Polynesian Islands were particularly affected; having evolved separately from each other in isolated valleys, many Partulid tree snails have been lost and today almost all the survivors exist only in zoos.

Common Names: cannibal snail, escargot carnivore de Floride, euglandine, Rosige Wolfsschnecke, rosy wolf snail

21. Felis catus (mammal)        

Felis catus was domesticated in the eastern Mediterranean c. 3000 years ago. Considering the extent to which cats are valued as pets, it is not surprising that they have since been translocated by humans to almost all parts of the world. Notable predators, cats threaten native birdlife and other fauna, especially on islands where native species have evolved in relative isolation from predators.

Common Names: cat, domestic cat, feral cat, Hauskatze, house cat, poti, pusiniveikau

22. Gambusia affinis (fish)        

Gambusia affinis is a small fish native to the fresh waters of the eastern and southern United States. It has become a pest in many waterways around the world following initial introductions early last century as a biological control agent for mosquitoes. In general, it is considered to be no more effective than native predators of mosquitoes. The highly predatory mosquito fish eats the eggs of economically desirable fish and preys on and endangers rare indigenous fish and invertebrate species. Mosquito fish are difficult to eliminate once established, so the best way to reduce their effects is to control their further spread. One of the main avenues of spread is continued, intentional release by mosquito-control agencies. G. affinis is closely related to he eastern mosquito fish (G. holbrooki), which was formerly classed as a sub-species. Their appearance, behaviour and impacts are almost identical, and they can therefore be treated the same when it comes to management techniques. Records of G. affinis in Australia actually refer to G. holbrooki.

Common Names: Barkaleci, Dai to ue, Gambusia, Gambusie, Gambusino, Gambuzia, Gambuzia pospolita, Gambuzija, guayacon mosquito, Isdang canal, Kadayashi, Koboldkärpfling, Kounoupopsaro, live-bearing tooth-carp, Mosquito fish, Obyknovennaya gambuziya, pez mosquito, San hang ue, Silberkärpfling, tes, Texaskärpfling, Topminnow, western mosquitofish, Western mosquitofish

Synonyms: Fundulus inurus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882), Gambusia affinis affinis (Baird & Girard, 1853), Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard, 1853), Gambusia gracilis Girard, 1859, Gambusia humilis Günther, 1866, Gambusia patruelis (Baird & Girard, 1853), Haplochilus melanops Cope, 1870, Heterandria affinis Baird & Girard, 1853, Heterandria patruelis Baird & Girard, 1853, Zygonectes brachypterus Cope, 1880, Zygonectes gracilis (Girard, 1859), Zygonectes inurus Jordan & Gilbert, 1882, Zygonectes patruelis (Baird & Girard, 1853)

23. Imperata cylindrica (grass)        

Native to Asia, cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) is common in the humid tropics and has spread to the warmer temperate zones worldwide. Cogon grass is considered to be one of the top ten worst weeds in the world. Its extensive rhizome system, adaptation to poor soils, drought tolerance, genetic plasticity and fire adaptability make it a formidable invasive grass. Increases in cogon grass concern ecologists and conservationists because of the fact that this species displaces native plant and animal species and alters fire regimes.

Common Names: alang-alang, blady grass, Blutgras, carrizo, cogon grass, gi, impérata cylindrique, japgrass, kunai, lalang, ngi, paille de dys, paillotte, satintail, speargrass

Synonyms: Imperata arundinacea Cirillo, Lagurus cylindricus L.

24. Ipomoea aquatica (vine, climber)        

Ipomea aquatica is rich in iron and is used traditionally to treat gastric and intestinal disorders. However, Ipomea aquatica is highly invasive, forming dense mats over the surface of water bodies, such as lakes, ponds, marshes, canals and ditches. It is also found in very moist soils, such as the muddy banks along streams. Ipomea aquatica spreads rapidly from plant fragments and its floating seeds allow effective colonisation of new areas. Aquatic herbicides, whilst generally effective, are not specific enough to be used in many sensitive areas, making eradication very difficult.

Common Names: akankong, aquatic morning glory, aseri, cancon, Chinese waterspinach, kang kong, kangking, kangkong, kangkun, kangum, kankan, kankum, kongkong, lili vai, liseron d’eau, lorenzo, luve ne tombithi, ndrinikava, ota karisa, seeri, seri, swamp cabbage, swamp morning glory, te kang kong, ung-choi, wa kumala, water bindweed, water spinach

Synonyms: Convolvulus repens Vahl, Ipomoea repens Roth, Ipomoea reptans Poiret, Ipomoea subdentata Miq.

25. Lantana camara (shrub)        

Lantana camara is a significant weed of which there are some 650 varieties in over 60 countries. It is established and expanding in many regions of the world, often as a result of clearing of forest for timber or agriculture. It impacts severely on agriculture as well as on natural ecosystems. The plants can grow individually in clumps or as dense thickets, crowding out more desirable species. In disturbed native forests it can become the dominant understorey species, disrupting succession and decreasing biodiversity. At some sites, infestations have been so persistent that they have completely stalled the regeneration of rainforest for three decades. Its allelopathic qualities can reduce vigour of nearby plant species and reduce productivity in orchards. Lantana camara has been the focus of biological control attempts for a century, yet still poses major problems in many regions.

Common Names: ach man, angel lips, ayam, big sage, blacksage, bunga tayi, cambara de espinto, cuasquito, flowered sage, lantana, lantana wildtype, largeleaf lantana, latora moa, pha-ka-krong, prickly lantana, shrub verbean, supirrosa, Wandelroeschen, white sage, wild sage

Synonyms: Camara vulgaris, Lantana scabrida

26. Lepidium virginicum (herb)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Lepidium virginicum is a weed of agronomic, vegetable, orchard, and nursery crops. It is reported to have naturalised on disturbed sites in Hawaii and the western United States, and spreading rapidly on Grand Cayman.

Common Names: cresón, cresson sauvage, cresson savane, culantrillo, escobilla, lentejilla, lépidie de Virginie, mancuerno, mastruço, mastruz, mastuerzo, mastuerzo silvestre, menstruz, momili, naunau, passerage de Virginie, peppergrass, poorman pepperweed, poorman's pepper, poorman's-pepperwort, Virginia cress, Virginia pepperweed, Virginian peppercress, wild peppercress

27. Leucaena leucocephala (tree)        

The fast-growing, nitrogen-fixing tree/shrub Leucaena leucocephala, is cultivated as a fodder plant, for green manure, as a windbreak, for reforestation, as a biofuel crop etc. Leucaena has been widely introduced due to its beneficial qualities; it has become an aggressive invader in disturbed areas in many tropical and sub-tropical locations and is listed as one of the ‘100 of the World’s Worst Invasive Alien Species’. This thornless tree can form dense monospecific thickets and is difficult to eradicate once established. It renders extensive areas unusable and inaccessible and threatens native plants.

Common Names: acacia palida, aroma blanca, balori, bo chet, cassis, false koa, faux mimosa, faux-acacia, fua pepe, ganitnityuwan tangantan, graines de lin, guaje, guaslim, guaxin, horse/wild tamarind, huaxin, ipil-ipil, jumbie bean, kan thin, kanthum thect, koa-haole, kra thin, kratin, lamtoro, lead tree, leucaena, leucaena, liliak, lino criollo, lopa samoa, lusina, nito, pepe, rohbohtin, schemu, siale mohemohe, subabul, tamarindo silvestre, tangantangan, tangan-tangan, te kaitetua, telentund, tuhngantuhngan, uaxim, vaivai, vaivai dina, vaivai ni vavalangi, wild mimosa, wild tamarind, zarcilla

Synonyms: Acacia leucocephala (Lamark) Link 1822, Leucaena glabrata Rose 1897, Leucaena glauca (L.) Benth. 1842, Mimosa leucocephala Lamark 1783

28. Mikania micrantha (vine, climber)        

Mikania micrantha is a perennial creeping climber known for its vigorous and rampant growth. It grows best where fertility, organic matter, soil moisture and humidity are all high. It damages or kills other plants by cutting out the light and smothering them. A native of Central and South America, M. micrantha was introduced to India after the Second World War to camouflage airfields and is now a major weed. It is also one of the most widespread and problematic weeds in the Pacific region. Its seeds are dispersed by wind and also on clothing or hair.

Common Names: American rope, Chinese creeper, Chinesischer Sommerefeu, fue saina, liane americaine, mile-a-minute weed, ovaova, usuvanua, wa bosucu, wa mbosuthu, wa mbosuvu, wa mbutako, wa ndamele

29. Mimosa diplotricha (vine, climber, shrub)        

Mimosa diplotricha (also referred to in the literature as Mimosa invisa) is a serious weed around the Pacific Rim, where it is the subject of several eradication programmes. Early detection and control is recommended to prevent large infestations from establishing.

Common Names: co gadrogadro, giant false sensitive plant, giant sensitive plant, grande sensitive, la'au fefe palagi, la'au fefe tele, limemeihr laud, mechiuaiuu, nila grass, pikika‘a papa‘a, sensitive gèante, singbiguin sasa, vao fefe palagi, wa ngandrongandro levu, wa ngandrongandro ni wa ngalelevu

Synonyms: Mimosa invisa

30. Mimosa pudica (herb)        

Mimosa pudica is native to South America, but has become a pan-tropical weed. It was introduced to many countries as an ornamental plant and is still widely available for sale. Mimosa pudica has become a pest in forest plantations, cropland, orchards and pasture. Mimosa pudica is used as a medicinal plant in many regions.

Common Names: action plant, Almindelig mimose, attaapatti, betguen sosa, chuimui, co gadrogadro, cogadrogadro, dorme, dormidera, Gemeine Mimose, honteuse, humble plant, khadiraka, Kruidje-roer-me-niet, laajaalu, laajak, laajari, la'au fefe, Lajaalu, lajja, lajjalu, lajjavanthi, lajjavathi, lajouni, lazza bati, limemeihr, live and die, marie-honte, mateloi, mayhont, mechiuaiu, memege, mimosa, morivivi, muttidare muni, namaskaar, ngandrongandro, paope ‘avare, pikika‘a, pikika‘a, pohe ha‘avare, pope ha'avare, pua hilahila, puteri malu, rakau ‘avare, rakau ‘avarevare, rakau pikika‘a, rakau pikika‘a, Raktapaadi, reesamani, samangaa, sensitiva, sensitiva, sensitive, sensitive grass, sensitive plant, shamebush, shamelady, shameplant, shameweed, shamipatra, Sinnpflanze, sleeping grass, tho kandrodandro, tho ngandrongandro, thothae jegri, ti mawi, tiare pikika‘a, tita ‘avarevare, tita ‘avarevare, tita pikika‘a, togop-togop, tottalavaadi, touch-me-not, tuitui, tuitui, tuntokasvi, vao fefe, vao fefe, vao tuitui, vergonzosa

Synonyms: Mimosa pudica L. var. tetranda (Willd.) DC., Mimosa pudica L. var. unijuga (Duch. and Walp.) Griseb, Mimosa tetranda Humb. and Bonpl. ex Willd., Mimosa unijuga Duch. and Walp.

31. Monomorium floricola (insect)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

The primarily arboreal flower ant (Monomorium floricola) is one of the world's most broadly distributed tramp ants. Most occurrence records of M. floricola are in tropical and sub-tropical regions from latitudes above 30 degrees; populations in latitudes above 35 degrees are found in heated buildings or inside greenhouses. M. floricola has been identified as a significant arboreal predator of insect eggs; in Guam it is recognised as one of three most important ant species attacking eggs of native butterflies resulting in their reduced populations.

Common Names: bicoloured trailing ant, Braunrote Blutenameise, brownish-red flower ant, floral ant , flower ant, futairo-hime-ari

Synonyms: Monomorium angusticlava Donisthorpe, 1947, Monomorium cinnabari Roger, 1863, Monomorium floreanum Stitz, 1932, Monomorium impressumSmith, 1876, Monomorium poecilum Roger, 1863, Monomorium specularis Mayr, 1866

32. Mus musculus (mammal)        

The house mouse (Mus musculus) probably has a world distribution more extensive than any mammal, apart from humans. Its geographic spread has been facilitated by its commensal relationship with humans which extends back at least 8,000 years. They cause considerable damage to human activities by destroying crops and consuming and/or contaminating food supplies intended for human consumption. They are prolific breeders, sometimes erupting and reaching plague proportions. They have also been implicated in the extinction of indigenous species in ecosystems they have invaded and colonised. An important factor in the success of M. musculus is its behavioural plasticity brought about by the decoupling of genetics and behaviour. This enables M. musculus to adapt quickly and to survive and prosper in new environments.

Common Names: biganuelo, field mouse, Hausmaus, house mouse, kiore-iti, raton casero, souris commune, wood mouse

33. Opuntia stricta (shrub)        

Opuntia stricta is a cactus that can grow up to 2 metres in height and originates in central America. This spiny shrub favours habitats such as rocky slopes, river banks and urban areas. Opuntia stricta was considered to be Australia's worst ever weed. Opuntia stricta is also invasive in South Africa, where biological options are currently being explored to control the problem.

Common Names: Araluen pear, Australian pest pear, chumbera, common pest pear, common prickly pear, erect prickly pear, Feigenkaktus, gayndah pear, nopal estricto, pest pear of Australia, sour prickly pear, spiny pest pear, suurturksvy

Synonyms: Cactus opuntia L. var. inermis DC., Cactus strictus Haw., Opuntia airampo Phil., Opuntia anahuacensis  Griffiths, Opuntia atrocapensis Small, Opuntia bartramii Raf., Opuntia bentonii Griffiths, Opuntia cyanella Griffiths, Opuntia dillenii  (KerGawl.) Haw., Opuntia gilvoalba Griffiths, Opuntia gomei  Griffiths, Opuntia horrida Salm-Dyck ex DC., Opuntia humilis (Haw.) Haw., Opuntia inermis (DC.) DC., Opuntia keyensis Britton ex Small, Opuntia laxiflora Griffiths, Opuntia longiclada  Griffiths, Opuntia macrarthra Gibbes, Opuntia magnifica Small, Opuntia maritima Raf., Opuntia nitens Small, Opuntia parva A.Berger, Opuntia spinalba Raf., Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. var. dillenii (KerGawl.) L.D.Benson, Opuntia tenuiflora Small, Opuntia tunoides Gibbes, Opuntia zebrina Small

34. Oreochromis mossambicus (fish)        

Oreochromis mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia) has spread worldwide through introductions for aquaculture. Established populations of Oreochromis mossambicus in the wild are as a result of intentional release or escapes from fish farms. Oreochromis mossambicus is omnivorous and feeds on almost anything, from algae to insects.

Common Names: blou kurper, common tilapia, fai chau chak ue, Java tilapia, kawasuzume, kurper bream, malea, mojarra, mosambik-maulbrüter, Mozambikskaya tilapiya, Mozambique cichlid, Mozambique mouth-breeder, Mozambique mouthbrooder, Mozambique tilapia, mphende, mujair, nkobue, tilapia, tilapia del Mozambique, tilapia du Mozambique, tilapia mossambica, tilapia mozámbica, trey tilapia khmao, weißkehlbarsch, wu-kuo yu

Synonyms: Chromis dumerilii Steindachner, 1864, Chromis natalensis Weber, 1897, Chromis vorax Pfeffer, 1893, Sarotherodon mossambicus (Peters, 1852), Tilapia arnoldi Gilchrist & Thompson, 1917, Tilapia mossambica (Peters, 1852)

35. Paratrechina longicornis (insect)    

Paratrechina longicornis (the crazy ant) is a tramp ant, which, by definition, is an ant that is widely dispersed through commerce and other human-assisted avenues. It is extremely easy to identify by observing its rapid and erratic movements. Paratrechina longicornis is highly adaptable to various environments and can be a major pest. It occurs in large numbers in homes or outdoors and is capable of displacing other ants and possibly other invertebrates. Paratrechina longicornis forages over long distances away from its nest, making the nest hard to find and the ants difficult to control.

Common Names: crazy ant , hairy ant , higenaga-ameiro-ari , long-horned ant, slender crazy ant

Synonyms: Formica gracilescens Nylander (1856) , Formica longicornis Latreille (1802) , Formica vagans Jerdon (1851) , Paratrechina currens Motschoulsky (1863) , Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille) (1925), Prenolepis (Nylanderia) longicornis Emery (1910) , Prenolepis longicornis Roger (1863) , Tapinoma gracilescens F. Smith (1858)

36. Passiflora foetida (vine, climber)        

Passiflora foetida is a perennial herbaceous vine that originates from tropical America, but is now a pantropic weed. It is a common weed in many places of the Pacific and Atlantic, where it climbs over low vegetation on roadsides and in other disturbed places. Monitoring and management of this toxic plant is recommended in tropical areas where it is present.

Common Names: bedoca, bombom, dulce, fetid pa, grenadier marron, ka thoc rock, kinahulo' atdao, kudamono, lani wai, loliloli ni kalavo, love-in-a-mist, mossy passionflower, pasio vao, passiflore, passiflore fétide, passiflore poc-poc, passionflower, pohapoha, pompom, pwomwpwomw, qaranidila, running pop, scarlet fruited passionflower, sou, stinking passionflower, tea biku, ti grenadelle, tomates, vaine 'ae kuma, vaine 'initia, vine vao, wild passion fruit, wild water lemon

Synonyms: Dysosmia ciliata (Dryand.) M.Roem., Dysosmia fluminensis M.Roem., Dysosmia foetida (L.) M.Roem., Dysosmia gossypifolia (Desv. ex Ham.) M.Roem., Dysosmia hastata (Bertol.) M.Roem., Dysosmia hibiscifolia (Lam.) M.Roem., Dysosmia nigelliflora (Hook.) M.Roem., Granadilla foetida (L.) Gaertn., Passiflora baraquiniana Lem., Passiflora ciliata Dryand., Passiflora ciliata Dryand. var. polyadena Griseb., Passiflora ciliata Dryand. var. quinqueloba Griseb., Passiflora ciliata Dryand. var. riparia C.Wright ex Griseb., Passiflora foetida L. forma suberecta Chodat & Hassl., Passiflora foetida L. var. lanuginosa Killip, Passiflora foetida L. forma latifolia Kuntze, Passiflora foetida L. forma longifolia Kuntze, Passiflora foetida L. forma quinqueloba (Griseb.) Mast., Passiflora foetida L. var. acapulcensis Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. arizonica Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. balansae Chodat, Passiflora foetida L. var. ciliata (Dryand.) Mast., Passiflora foetida L. var. eliasii Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. fluminensis (M.Roem.) Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. galapagensis Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. gardneri Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. glaziovii Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. gossypifolia (Desv. ex Ham.) Mast., Passiflora foetida L. var. hastata (Bertol.) Mast., Passiflora foetida L. var. hibiscifolia (Lam.) Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. hirsuta Mast., Passiflora foetida L. var. hirsutissima Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. hispida (DC. ex Triana & Planch.) Killip, Passiflora foetida L. var. isthmia Killip

37. Pheidole megacephala (insect)        

Pheidole megacephala is one of the world's worst invasive ant species. Believed to be native to southern Africa, it is now found throughout the temperate and tropical zones of the world. It is a serious threat to biodiversity through the displacement of native invertebrate fauna and is a pest of agriculture as it harvests seeds and harbours phytophagous insects that reduce crop productivity. Pheidole megacephala are also known to chew on irrigation and telephone cabling as well as electrical wires.

Common Names: big-headed ant, brown house-ant, coastal brown-ant, Grosskopfameise, lion ant

Synonyms: Atta testacea Smith 1858, Formica edax Forskal 1775, Formica megacephala Fabricius 1793, Myrmica laevigata F. Smith, Myrmica suspiciosa Smith 1859, Myrmica trinodis Losana 1834, Oecophthora perniciosa Gerstacker 1859, Oecophthora pusilla Heer 1852, Pheidole janus F. Smith, Pheidole laevigata Mayr

38. Piper aduncum (tree, shrub)      

Piper aduncum is a shrub or small tree that is a native of the West Indies and mainland tropical America from Mexico to northern Argentina. It is an invader of disturbed areas, where it is able to form thickets and spreads by sprouts and suckers. Piper aduncum is a problem in some Pacific Islands, where it can interfere with the harvesting of the related kava plant. Piper aduncum has a number of uses, including traditional medicines and agroforestry.

Common Names: aerta ruão, anisillo, bamboo piper, cordoncillo, cow's foot, false kava, false matico, guayayo, higuillo, higuillo de hoja menuda, jaborandi-do-mato, jointwood, man anesi wiwiri, matico, pimenta-de-macaco, Santa María negra, spiked pepper, yanggona ni Onolulu, yaqona ni Onolulu

Synonyms: Artanthe adunca (L.) Miq. 1840, Artanthe celtidifolia (Kunth) Miq. 1844, Piper aduncifolium Trel. 1929, Piper aduncum L. var. laevifolium C.DC. 1920, Piper anguillaespicum Trel. 1929, Piper celtidifolium Kunth 1816, Piper disparispicum Trel. 1929, Piper elongatum Vahl var. laevifolium (C.DC.) Trel. 1927, Piper fatoanum C.DC. 1920, Piper flavescens (C.DC.) Trel. 1929, Piper hebecarpum C.DC. 1902, Piper intersitum Trel. 1940, Piper intersitum Trel. var. porcecitense Trel. 1940, Piper martinicense C.DC. 1898, Piper martinicense C.DC. var. genuinum Stehle 1940, Piper martinicense C.DC. var. montis-pilati C.DC. 1902, Piper multinervium M.Martens & Galeotti var. amplum Trel. 1938, Piper multinervium M.Martens & Galeotti var. kantelolense Trel. 1938, Piper multinervium M.Martens & Galeotti 1843, Piper multinervium M.Martens & Galeotti var. skutchii Trel. 1938, Piper oblanceolatum Trel. var. fragilicaule Trel. 1929, Piper pseudovelutinum C.DC. var. flavescens C.DC. 1891, Piper stehleorum Trel. 1940, Piper submolle Trel. 1929, Piper subrectinerve C.DC. 1902, Steffensia adunca (L.) Kunth 1840, Steffensia celtidifolia (Kunth) Kunth 1840

39. Ramphotyphlops braminus (reptile)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

The flowerpot snake (Ramphotyphlops braminus) has been introduced around the world in nursery materials through the nursery trade. It is found in garden soils.

Common Names: bootlace snake, Brahmanen-Wurmschlange , Brahminy blind snake, Brahminy blindsnake, flowerpot snake, Serpiente-ciega de Braminy

Synonyms: Argyrophis bramicus [sic] Kelaart 1854: 137, Argyrophis truncatus Gray 1845, Eryx braminus Daudin 1803, Glauconia braueri Sternfeld 1910, Onychocephalus capensis Smith 1846, Ophthalmidium tenue Hallowell 1861, Ramphotyphlops braminus Broadley & Wallach 2009  , Ramphotyphlops braminus Conant & Collings 1991: 144, Ramphotyphlops braminus Cox et al. 1998: 12, Ramphotyphlops braminus D' Cruze et al. 2007, Ramphotyphlops braminus Glaw & Vences 1994: 350, Ramphotyphlops braminus Manthey & Grossmann 1997: 432, Ramphotyphlops braminus Mcdiarmid, Campbell & Toure 1999: 59, Ramphotyphlops braminus Nussbaum 1980, Rhamphotyphlops braminus (Daudin, 1803), Tortrix russelii Merrem 1820, Typhlina braminus Mcdowell 1974, Typhlopidae [sic] braminus Roux 1911, Typhlops (Typhlops) euproctus Boettger 1882: 479, Typhlops (Typhlops) inconspicuus Jan 1863: 11, Typhlops accedens Jan 1864, Typhlops braminus Dumeril & Bibron 1844: 309, Typhlops braminus Boulenger 1893: 16, Typhlops braminus Boulenger 1920, Typhlops braminus De Rooij 1917: 5, Typhlops braminus Jan 1864, Typhlops braminus Smith 1943, Typhlops braminus Stejneger 1907: 260, Typhlops limbrickii Annandale 1906, Typhlops pseudosaurus Dryden & Taylor 1969, Typhlops russeli Schlegel 1839

40. Rattus exulans (mammal)      

The Pacific rat is the smallest of the three rats closely associated with humans. The fur is brown and its tail length is only slightly longer or shorter than the combined head and body length. Rattus exulans is recognised as a predator of native insects, lizards and birds, a browser of native flora and an agricultural pest. There appears to be no island groups reached by the Polynesians that did not receive Rattus exulans, although not all islands in a group were necessarily colonised.

Common Names: kiore, Kleine Pazifikratte, Maori rat, Pacific rat, Polynesian rat, rat du Pacifique, rat Polynésien, tikus Polynesia

Synonyms: Mus exulans Peale, 1848, Mus maorium Hutton, 1877, 1879

41. Rattus rattus (mammal)        

A native of the Indian sub-continent, the ship rat (Rattus rattus) has now spread throughout the world. It is widespread in forest and woodlands as well as being able to live in and around buildings. It will feed on and damage almost any edible thing. The ship rat is most frequently identified with catastrophic declines of birds on islands. It is very agile and often frequents tree tops searching for food and nesting there in bunches of leaves and twigs.

Common Names: black rat, blue rat, bush rat, European house rat, Hausratte, roof rat, ship rat

Synonyms: Mus alexandrinus Geoffroy, 1803, Mus novaezelandiae Buller, 1870, Mus rattus Linnaeus, 1758, Musculus frugivorus Rafinesque, 1814

42. Rhinella marina (=Bufo marinus) (amphibian)        

Cane toads were introduced to many countries as biological control agents for various insect pests of sugarcane and other crops. The cane toads have proved to be pests themselves. They will feed on almost any terrestrial animal and compete with native amphibians for food and breeding habitats. Their toxic secretions are known to cause illness and death in domestic animals that come into contact with them, such as dogs and cats, and wildlife, such as snakes and lizards. Human fatalities have been recorded following ingestion of the eggs or adults.

Common Names: Aga-Kröte, bufo toad, bullfrog, cane toad, crapaud, giant American toad, giant toad, kwapp, macao, maco pempen, Maco toro, marine Toad, Suriname toad

Synonyms: Bufo agua Clark 1916, Bufo marinis [sic] Barbour 1916, Bufo marinus marinus Mertens 1972, Bufo marinus Mertens 1969, Bufo marinus Schneider 1799, Bufo strumosus Court 1858, Chaunus marinus Frost et al. 2006

43. Ricinus communis (tree, shrub)        

Ricinus communis is a perennial shrub that can assume tree-like status if it establishes in a suitable climate. It is frequently found invading riparian areas where it displaces native vegetation. The seed of this species is toxic to variety of species including humans. Consuming only a few seeds can be fatal.

Common Names: agaliya, agaliya , belenivavalagi, castor, castor bean, castor-oil-plant , gelug, higuerilla, ka'apeha, kamakou, kasterolieboom, koli, la'au 'aila, lama palagi, lama palagi, lama papalagi, lepo , maskerekur, maskerekur, mbele ni vavalagi, pa'aila , pakarana, pakarani, palma-christi, pititu , ricin, rícino, Rizinus, tiairi , tiairi papa'a, tiairi popa'a, tiarili, toto ni vavalagi, toto ni vavalagi, tuitui, tuitui fua ikiiki , tuitui papa'a, uluchula skoki, uluchula skoki , utouto

Synonyms: Ricinus africanus Willd. , Ricinus angulatus Thunb. , Ricinus armatus Haw. , Ricinus badius Rchb. , Ricinus chinensis Thunb. , Ricinus digitatus Noronha , Ricinus europaeus T.Nees , Ricinus glaucus Hoffmanns. , Ricinus hybridus Besser , Ricinus inermis Mill. , Ricinus japonicus Thunb. , Ricinus laevis DC. , Ricinus leucocarpus Bertol. , Ricinus lividus Jacq. , Ricinus macrophyllus Bertol. , Ricinus medicus Forssk. , Ricinus megalospermus Delile , Ricinus minor Mill. , Ricinus nanus Balbis , Ricinus peltatus Noronha , Ricinus purpurascens Bertol. , Ricinus rugosus Mill. , Ricinus sanguineus Groenland , Ricinus scaber Bertol. ex Moris , Ricinus speciosus Burm.f. , Ricinus spectabilis Blume , Ricinus tunisensis Desf. , Ricinus undulatus Besser , Ricinus urens Mill. , Ricinus viridis Willd. , Ricinus vulgaris Mill.

44. Sansevieria trifasciata (succulent)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Native to tropical Africa Sansevieria trifasciata is now widely cultivated and naturalized. In Hawai‘i, it has spread vegetatively from areas where it has been cultivated.

Common Names: ‘alelo, African bowstring hemp, bowstring hemp, chanvre d'Afrique, kitelel, konje hemp, langue de belle-mère, lengua de suegra, mother-in-law's tongue, ngata, riri, sansevieria, snakeplant, tigre, viper's bowstring hemp

45. Solanum mauritianum (tree, shrub)        

Solanum mauritianum is a widespread invasive weed belonging to the nightshade family. It has the ability to crowd out native plants if growing densely, but, if occurring sparsely, it may act as a nursery crop. All parts of Solanum mauritianum plant are poisonous to humans, especially the berries. This plant is dispersed by birds, with the fruit being especially favoured by some species. Biological control of this species has been undertaken in South Africa.

Common Names: bois de tabac marron, bringellier marron, bugweed, flannel weed, groot bitterappel, igayintombi, isigwayana, kerosene plant, luisboom, morelle de Maurice, pua nana honua, pula, rau 'ava'ava, tabac marron, tobacco weed, tree tobacco, umbanga banga, wild tobacco, woolly nightshade

Synonyms: Solanum auriculatum Aiton 1789, Solanum carterianum Rock 1913, Solanum tabaccifolium Vell. 1829, Solanum verbascifolium L. forma typicum Hassl. 1918, Solanum verbascifolium L. ssp. auriculatum (Aiton) Hassl. 1918, Solanum verbascifolium L. var. auriculatum (Aiton) Kuntze 1891

46. Solenopsis geminata (insect)    

Solenopsis geminata has spread almost world-wide by human commerce. It usually invades open areas but can easily colonise human infrastructure and agricultural systems, such as coffee and sugarcane plantations in hot climates. Its greatest known threats are its painful sting and the economic losses due to crop damage caused by its tending of honeydew-producing insects. Solenopsis geminata is known to reduce populations of native butterfly eggs and larvae. It has the potential to displace native ant populations, but is susceptible to competitive pressures from some other ant species.

Common Names: aka-kami-ari, Feuerameise, fire ant, ginger ant, tropical fire ant

Synonyms: Atta clypeata (Smith), Atta coloradensis (Buckley), Atta lincecumii (Buckley), Atta rufa (Jerdon), Crematogaster laboriosus (Smith), Diplorhoptrum drewseni (Mayr), Myrmica (Monomorium) saxicola (Buckley), Myrmica glaber (Smith), Myrmica laevissima (Smith), Myrmica mellea (Smith), Myrmica paleata (Lund), Myrmica polita (Smith), Solenopsis cephalotes (Smith), Solenopsis edouardi var. bahiaensis (Santschi), Solenopsis edouardi var. perversa (Santschi), Solenopsis eduardi (Forel), Solenopsis geminata subsp. Medusa (Mann), Solenopsis geminata var. galapageia (Wheeler), Solenopsis geminata var. innota (Santschi), Solenopsis geminata var. nigra (Forel), Solenopsis germinata var. diabola (Wheeler), Solenopsis mandibularis (Westwood)

47. Sus scrofa (mammal)        

  See eradication or other absence information

Sus scrofa (feral pigs) are escaped or released domestic animals which have been introduced to many parts of the world. They damage crops, stock and property, and transmit many diseases such as Leptospirosis and Foot and Mouth disease. Rooting pigs dig up large areas of native vegetation and spread weeds, disrupting ecological processes such as succession and species composition. Sus scrofa are omnivorous and their diet can include juvenile land tortoises, sea turtles, sea birds, endemic reptiles and macro-invertebrates. Management of Sus scrofa is complicated by the fact that complete eradication is often not acceptable to communities that value feral pigs for hunting and food.

Common Names: kuhukuhu, kune-kune, petapeta, pig, poretere, razorback, te poaka, Wildschwein

48. Syngonium podophyllum (vine, climber)

Syngonium podophyllum is an ornamental vine native to Central and parts of South America that has established invasive populations in the United States, South Africa, Singapore, the Carribbean, and on several Pacific islands. It may establish dense populations that displace native plants and grow over native trees.

Common Names: African evergreen, American evergreen, arrowhead vine, goose-foot plant, nephthytis, selkesingketieu

Synonyms: Syngonium angustatum, Syngonium podophyllum var. albolineatum

49. Tapinoma melanocephalum (insect)    

Tapinoma melanocephalum is known as a tramp ant as its spread around the globe has been assisted by human activities. It is highly flexible in the habitats it occupies, providing there is some form of disturbance allowing it to establish ahead of more dominant ant species, and it nests readily outdoors or indoors. Tapinoma melanocephalum is a household pest, as well as disturbing greenhouse environments and can transport pathogenic microbes in hospitals.

Common Names: albaricoque , awate-konuka-ari , black-headed ant, ghost ant, hormiga bottegaria , house infesting ant , tiny yellow house ant, tramp ant

Synonyms: Formica familiaris Smith, F. 1860, Formica melanocephalum Fabricius, 1793, Formica nana Jerdon, Myrmica pellucida Smith, F. 1857, Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius): Mayr, 1862, Tapinoma melanocephalum var. australe Santschi 1928, Tapinoma melanocephalum var. australis Santschi 1928

50. Thevetia peruviana (tree)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Yellow oleander, Thevetia peruviana is a bushy shrub native to tropical America. Seedlings can be found on cultivated ground and ex-pasture land. It is cultivated in gardens as an ornamental where it competes with garden plants. It is an opportunistic plant and is found growing on disturbed habitats. Its fruit, seeds, foliage or sap are poisonous to man and animals. It is a significant weed in Timor-Leste and is listed as a Category 1 weed in South Africa (prohibited and to be controlled).

Common Names: adelfa amarilla, be still tree, cabalonga, chirca, foreigner's tree, geel-oleander, irelepsech , jacapa, kanneeta, koneta, loandro-amarelo, luckynut, nohomalie, oléandre jaune, piti, poupou, pua, Thevetie, venevene, yellow oleander

Synonyms: Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippoid, Cerbera thevetia L., Thevetia neriifolia Juss. ex Steud.

51. Urochloa maxima (grass)        

Although Urochloa maxima is the accepted name for this species, it is still widely known as Panicum maximum. Urochloa maxima is a native of tropical Africa where it occurs from sea level to 1,800m. It is used as a forage grass and its ability to tolerate a wide range of habitats make it a very productive species. Urochloa maxima has become prevalent in Samoa and Tonga and it is a problem species in Guam and Hawaii. Although it is a favourable grass in many areas it can also form dense stands and displace native species.

Common Names: buffalograss, capime guiné, fataque, green panic, Guinea grass, herbe de Guinéa, panic élevé, saafa, talapi, tinikarati, vao Kini, vao Kini, yerba de Guinea, zacate Guinea

Synonyms: Panicum gongylodes Jacq., Panicum hirsutissimum Steud., Panicum jumentorum Pers., Panicum laeve Lam., Panicum maximum Jacq., Panicum maximum var. coloratum C.T. White, Panicum maximum var. gongylodes (Jacq.) Döll, Panicum maximum var. maximum, Panicum maximum var. pubiglume K. Schum., Panicum maximum var. trichoglume Robyns, Panicum polygamum var. gongylodes (Jacq.) E. Fourn., Panicum trichocondylum Steud., Urochloa maxima var. trichoglumis (Robyns) R.D. Webster

52. Varanus indicus (reptile)

Varanus indicus (mangrove monitor) is a terrestrial-arboreal monitor lizard that has been introduced to several locations for its meat, skin or as a biological control agent. It has created a nuisance on many islands preying on domesticated chickens and scavenging the eggs of endangered sea turtles. Bufo marinus (cane toad) was introduced to control mangrove monitor populations in several locations, but this has led to devastating consequences. In many places both of these species are now serious pests, with little potential for successful control.

Common Names: ambon lizard, erebachi, flower lizard, George's island monitor, Indian monitor, Indian monitor lizard, kalabeck monitor, mangrove monitor, Pacific monitor, Pazifikwaran, regu, sosi, stillahavsvaran, varan des indes, varan des mangroves, varano de manglar

Synonyms: Monitor chlorostigma, Monitor doreanus, Monitor douarrha, Monitor indicus, Monitor kalabeck, Tupinambis indicus, Varanus chlorostigma, Varanus guttatus, Varanus indicus indicus, Varanus indicus kalabecki, Varanus indicus spinulosis, Varanus leucostigma, Varanus tsukamotoi

53. Wasmannia auropunctata (insect)        

Wasmannia auropunctata (the little fire ant) is blamed for reducing species diversity, reducing overall abundance of flying and tree-dwelling insects, and eliminating arachnid populations. It is also known for its painful stings. On the Galapagos, it eats the hatchlings of tortoises and attacks the eyes and cloacae of the adult tortoises. It is considered to be perhaps the greatest ant species threat in the Pacific region.

Common Names: albayalde, cocoa tree-ant, formi électrique, formiga pixixica, fourmi électrique, fourmi rouge, hormiga colorada, hormiga roja, hormiguilla, little fire ant, little introduced fire ant, little red fire ant, pequena hormiga de fuego, petit fourmi de feu, Rote Feuerameise, sangunagenta, satanica, small fire ant, tsangonawenda, West Indian stinging ant

Synonyms: Hercynia panamana (Enzmann 1947), Ochetomyrmex auropunctata, Ochetomyrmex auropunctatum (Forel 1886), Ochetomyrmex auropunctatus, Tetramorium auropunctatum (Roger 1863), Wasmannia glabra (Santschi 1931), Xiphomyrmex atomum (Santschi 1914)

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Biostatus not specified

1. Acanthophora spicifera (alga)    

Acanthophora spicifera is a red algae which is found in most tropical or subtropical seas of the world. Its plastic morphology allows it to adapt to a variety of environmental conditions, and hence it can invade a diverse range of habitats. It is an alien invasive species in Hawaii. It is amongst the most successful alien algal species in this region, where it may modify native communities and compete with native algae.

Common Names: bulung tombong bideng, culot, red alga, spiny alga, spiny seaweed

Synonyms: Acanthophora antillarum Montagne ex Kützing 1865, Acanthophora intermedia Crouan, Acanthophora orientalis J. Agardh 1863, Acanthophora orientalis var. wightii (J. Agardh) Sonder 1879, Acanthophora spicifera f. orientalis (J.Agardh) Weber-van Bosse 1923, Acanthophora spicifera f. wightii (J. Agardh) Weber-van Bosse 1923, Acanthophora spicifera var. orientalis (J. Agardh) Zaneveld 1956, Acanthophora thierryi f. gracilis P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan 1878, Acanthophora thierryi J.V. Lamouroux 1813, Acanthophora wightii J. Agardh 1863, Chondria acanthophorara C. Agardh 1822, Fucus acanthophorus J.V. Lamouroux 1805, Fucus spicifer M. Vahl 1802

2. Adenanthera pavonina (tree)        

A medium-sized tree up to 15m high, Adenanthera pavonina is native to India and Malaysia. It has been planted extensively throughout the tropics as an ornamental and has become naturalised in many countries. It invades intact, undisturbed hardwood forests as well as disturbed sites and can quickly form large colonies.

Common Names: arbre collier, bead tree, bois de condori, bois noir de Bourbon, bois noir rouge, carolina, colales, coral bean tree, culalis, false wili wili, falso-sândalo, kaikes, kolales, kulales, kulalis, la'aulopa, lera, lerendamu, lopa, metekam, metkam, metkem, mwetkwem, olho-de-pavão, paina, peacock flower-fence, peacock tree, pitipitio, pomea, red bead tree, red sandalwood tree, segavé, telengtúngd, telentundalel, vaivai, vaivainivavalangi

Synonyms: Adenanthera gersenii Scheffer, Adenanthera polita Miq

3. Anoplolepis gracilipes (insect)        

Anoplolepis gracilipes (so called because of their frenetic movements) have invaded native ecosystems and caused environmental damage from Hawaii to the Seychelles and Zanzibar. On Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean, they have formed multi-queen supercolonies. They are also decimating the red land crab (Gecarcoidea natalis) populations. Crazy ants also prey on, or interfere in, the reproduction of a variety of arthropods, reptiles, birds and mammals on the forest floor and canopy. Their ability to farm and protect sap-sucking scale insects, which damage the forest canopy on Christmas Island, is one of their more surprising attributes. Although less than 5% of the rainforest on Christmas Island has been invaded so far, scientists are concerned that endangered birds such as the Abbott’s booby (Sula abbotti), which nests nowhere else in the world, could eventually be driven to extinction through habitat alteration and direct attack by the ants.

Common Names: ashinaga-ki-ari, crazy ant, Gelbe Spinnerameise, gramang ant, long-legged ant, Maldive ant, yellow crazy ant

Synonyms: Anoplolepis longipes Emery 1925, Formica longipes Jerdon 1851, Plagiolepis longipes Emery 1887

4. Cenchrus echinatus (grass)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Cenchrus echinatus is an annual grass that is a native of tropical America, but has now widely colonised tropical and temperate zones worldwide. Though it is typically associated with dry, sandy habitats it can also grow in moist areas, where it may be long-lived and reach a much larger size. It is recognisable by the burrs it produces, which readily attach themselves to animals and clothing, making C. echinatus easily dispersed. It is fairly easily managed by physical and chemical means, though the soil seed reservoir means followup treatments are necessary.

Common Names: ‘ume‘alu, abrojo, bur grass, burgrass, burr grass, cabeza de negro, cachorro, cadillo, cadillo tigre, capim-amoroso, capim-carrapicho, capim-roseta, capim-timbete, caretón morado, cauit-cauitan, cenchrus épineux, common sandbur, eakung, espolón, field sandbur, golden grass, guizazo, hedgehog grass, hefa, herbe e cateaeux, iakung, kãlõklõk, karumwij, konpeito-gusa, legalek, lek e lek, lellik, mau‘u kuku, mosie vihilango, Mossman river grass, motie vihilago, mouku talatala, mozote, parango, pega-pega, piripiri, piri-piri, pua pipii, puu ta‘a ta‘a, quaramiyumut, roseta, sand bur, sand burr, sandburr, se bulabula, se mbulabula, se mbulambula, southern sandbur, southern sandbur grass, spiny sandbur, te anti, te kateketeke, te uteute ae kateketeke, vao papalagi, vao tui tui, vao tuitui, zacate banderilla

Synonyms: Cenchrus echinatus var. hillebrandianus (A.S. Hitchc.) F. Br.

5. Commelina benghalensis (herb)      

Believed to be native only to tropical Asia and Africa, Commelina benghalensis is a widely distributed herbaceous weed that commonly invades agricultural sites and disturbed areas. Though not commonly reported to invade natural areas, this rapidly reproducing plant is considered one of the most troublesome weeds for 25 crops in 29 different countries.

Common Names: alikbangon, Benghal dayflower, bias-bias, blue commelina, comméline, commeline du Bengale, dayflower, gewor, golondrina, hairy honohono, hairy wandering-Jew, herbe aux cochons, Indian dayflower, kanaibashi, kanasiri, kanchara, kanchura, kaningi, kanini, kankaua, kena, konasimalu, krishnaghas, kuhasi, kulkulasi, mankawa, matalí, mau‘u Toga, mau‘u Tonga, musie matala pulu, myet-cho, sabilau, sabilau, trapoeraba, tropical spiderwort, tsuyukusa, tsuyukusa, wandering-jew, yu-je-tsai

Synonyms: Commelina canescens Vahl, Commelina cucullata L., Commelina delicatula Schltdl., Commelina kilimandscharica K. Schum., Commelina mollis Jacq., Commelina nervosa Burm. f., Commelina procurrens Schltdl., Commelina prostrata Regel, Commelina pyrrhoblepharis Hassk. (1867), Commelina turbinata Vahl

6. Gracilaria salicornia (alga)        

The introduction of alien algae in the marine environment is a potential threat to the health and stability of near-shore ecosystems. Gracilaria salicornia threatens coral reefs and native benthic communities in Hawaii and elsewhere. It may reduce marine species diversity and alter marine community structure.

Common Names: canot-canot, red alga

Synonyms: Corallopsis cacalia Agardh, Corallopsis concrescens Reinbold, Corallopsis dichotoma Ruprecht, Corallopsis opuntia Agardh, Corallopsis salicornia Greville, Corallopsis salicornia var. minor Sonder, Gracilaria cacalia Dawson, Sphaerococcus salicornia Agardh

7. Hemidactylus frenatus (reptile)

The common house gecko is now established in at least 87 locations around the world outside of its natural range in Asia and the Indo-Pacific. Many of these new locations have been small remote islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Where the common house gecko has been introduced to islands of the Pacific Ocean, researchers have shown that this lizard has been responsible for the competitive displacement of other similar sized or smaller gecko species in urban and suburban environments. It was shown that habitat simplification and clumped food resources around artificial light sources as a result of urbanisation have enabled the common house gecko to gain an indirect competitive advantage over other nocturnal gecko species. The ability of the house gecko to persist outside of its natural range poses a threat to the survival of ecologically similar endemic geckos.

Common Names: Asian house gecko, Asiatischer Hausgecko, bridled house gecko, Chichak, common house gecko, geco-casero bocón, Gewöhnlicher Halbfingergecko

Synonyms: Gecko caracal Tytler 1865, Gecko chaus Tytler 1865, Hemidactylus auritus Poeppig (in Obst) 1977, Hemidactylus bowringii Stejneger 1907: 172, Hemidactylus fraenatus Bleeker 1857, Hemidactylus fragilis Lnaza 1990, Hemidactylus fragilis Calabresi 1915, Hemidactylus frenatus Cogger 2000: 246, Hemidactylus frenatus Cox et al. 1998: 84, Hemidactylus frenatus Glaw & Vences 1994: 277, Hemidactylus frenatus Lanza 1990, Hemidactylus frenatus Liner 1994, Hemidactylus frenatus Boulenger 1885: 120, Hemidactylus frenatus De Rooij 1915: 28, Hemidactylus frenatus Manthey & Grossmann 1997: 235, Hemidactylus frenatus Schlegel in Dumeril & Bibron 1836: 366, Hemidactylus hexaspis Cope 1869: 320, Hemidactylus inornatus Hallowell 1861, Hemidactylus javanicus Fitzinger 1826 (nomen nudum), Hemidactylus longiceps Cope 1869: 320, Hemidactylus mabouia Barbour & Loveridge 1929 (partim), Hemidactylus nigriventris De Rooij 1915: 31, Hemidactylus nigriventris Lidth De Jeude 1905, Hemidactylus okinawensis Okada 1936, Hemidactylus papuensis [Macleay] 1877, Hemidactylus pumilus Hallowell 1861: 502, Hemidactylus punctatus Jerdon 1853, Hemidactylus tristis Sauvage 1879, Hemidactylus vandermeermohri Wermuth 1965, Hemidactylus vandermeer-mohri Brongersma 1928, Hemidactylus vittatus Gray 1845, Hemidactylus (Pnoepus) Bojeri Fitzinger 1843, Hemidactylys cf. frenatus Andreone et al. 2003, Pnoepus bojeri Wells & Wellington 1985, Pnoepus caracal Wells & Wellington 1985, Pnoepus fragilis Wells & Wellington 1985, Pnoepus frenatus Wells & Wellington 1985, Pnoepus frenatus Wells 2002, Pnoepus inornatus Wells & Wellington 1985, Pnoepus papuensis Wells & Wellington 1985, Pnoepus pumilus Wells & Wellington 1985, Pnoepus punctatus Wells & Wellington 1985, Pnoepus vittatus Wells & Wellington 1985

8. Pistia stratiotes (aquatic plant)        

Pistia stratiotes is a freshwater invasive weed that is found throughout the tropics and subtropics. It is a free-floating plant that is capable of forming dense mats on the surfaces of lakes, ponds, rivers and other bodies of water. Pistia stratiotes is a popular garden pond plant and is often spread by the dumping of aquarium or ornamental pond plants. Fragments, or whole plants, can be spread via boats or fishing equipment from an infested area to a clean body of water.

Common Names: laitue d'eau, Lechuguilla de agua, lechuguita de agua, pistie, repollo de agua, salade d’eau, tropical duckweed, water lettuce

9. Technomyrmex albipes (insect)

Native to the Indo-Pacific area, Technomyrmex albipes, commonly known as the white-footed ant, has spread to Australia, Africa, North America, Caribbean and Asia. Technomyrmex albipes are often found on cut flowers and other imported plants. It's penchant for invading houses and nesting in wall cavities distresses homeowners. The unusual colony structure of Technomyrmex albipes allows them to reproduce rapidly, especially in warm weather, reaching numbers in the millions in some locations. Management of Technomyrmex albipes is difficult when populations abound, as chemical poisons are not transferred between workers.

Common Names: ashijiro-hirafushi-ari, white-footed ant, white-footed house ant

Synonyms: Formica (Tapinoma) albipes Smith, Formica albipes, Tapinoma albipes (Smith), Tapinoma albitarse Motschoulsky, Tapinoma nigrum Mayr, Technomrmex albipes var. vitiensis Mann., Technomyrmex albipes st. rufescens Santschi, Technomyrmex detorquens Walker

10. Varanus indicus (reptile)

Varanus indicus (mangrove monitor) is a terrestrial-arboreal monitor lizard that has been introduced to several locations for its meat, skin or as a biological control agent. It has created a nuisance on many islands preying on domesticated chickens and scavenging the eggs of endangered sea turtles. Bufo marinus (cane toad) was introduced to control mangrove monitor populations in several locations, but this has led to devastating consequences. In many places both of these species are now serious pests, with little potential for successful control.

Common Names: ambon lizard, erebachi, flower lizard, George's island monitor, Indian monitor, Indian monitor lizard, kalabeck monitor, mangrove monitor, Pacific monitor, Pazifikwaran, regu, sosi, stillahavsvaran, varan des indes, varan des mangroves, varano de manglar

Synonyms: Monitor chlorostigma, Monitor doreanus, Monitor douarrha, Monitor indicus, Monitor kalabeck, Tupinambis indicus, Varanus chlorostigma, Varanus guttatus, Varanus indicus indicus, Varanus indicus kalabecki, Varanus indicus spinulosis, Varanus leucostigma, Varanus tsukamotoi

11. Xylosandrus compactus (insect)    

Originally from Asia, Xylosandrus compactus has spread to many coffee growing areas throughout the world where it causes damage not only to agricultural crops, but also to native forest trees. Beetles (Coleoptera) in the family Scolytidae, to which Xylosandrus compactus belongs, are among the most damaging insects worldwide. Because most scolytids breed under bark or inside wood, it has long been recognised that scolytids can easily be moved through international trade.

Common Names: ambrosia beetle, black twig borer, Dunkler-Holzbohrer

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Native Species

1. Ageratum conyzoides (herb)      

Ageratum conyzoides is a weed distributed in many tropical and subtropical countries and is often difficult to control. It is an established weed in the Himalayas where several invasion research studies have been conducted in the Shiwalik Ranges. It has been found that Ageratum significantly reduces total biomass and species number, that is, biodiversity. It also changes vegetation community structure and modifies the soil regieme.

Common Names: a‘amia, agerato, agerato, ageratum, ageratum, asipukpuk, asipukpuk, azier françois, bahu-bahu, bahug-bahug, bandotan, barba de chivo, baume, baume blanc, baume mauve, belohanua, berokan, billy goat weed, blue Ageratum, blue flowered groundsel, blue top, boko-boko-wiwiri, botebotekoro, botekoro, bouton, bouton blan, bouton ble, budbuda, budbuda, bulak-manok, bulak-manok, camará apeba, camará iapó, camará japê, camará-opela, catinga de barrão, catinga de bode, catinga de bode, celestina, chuva, co cut-heo, efoe momoe, erva de santa maria, erva de santa-lúcia, erva de são joão, erva de são josé, goat weed, gobu, gundhaubon, herbe a femme, herbe a pisser, herbe a sorcier, herbe de bouc, hierba del perro, hierba del zorro, hierbe de chivo, huarmi, huarmi, hwo-hsiang-ji, imiesu, jambo-serila, kakalding, kakalding, kakkoazami, kamabuag, kamabuag, kolokong-kabanyo, kolokong-kabayo, kulong-kogong-babae, lau taioti, Leberbalsam, macela de são joão, macela francesa, mahakaua, maile hohono, maile honohono, maile kula, maire vaihi, maria preta, mata mothemothe, matruço, mbotembotekoro, mentrasto, mother brinkly, mumutung, Neela Phulnu, ngmak, olloowaisiip, oochunt, pain doux, petit pain doux, Phulkuri, pica roxo, picão roxo, ruput tahi-ayam, sekose sea, sogovanua, songovanua, tae‘oti, tamasondji bata, te‘ehosi, tekote tea, tropic ageratum, tropical whiteweed, white weed, winter weed, ya-sap-raeng, ya-tabsua, zerisson blanc

Synonyms: Ageratum album Willd. Ex Steud. 1821, Ageratum caeruleum Hort. ex. Poir., Ageratum coeruleum Desf., Ageratum conyzoides var hirtum (Lam.) DC. 1836, Ageratum cordifolium Roxb. 1832, Ageratum hirsutum Lam. 1810, Ageratum hirtum Lam. 1783, Ageratum humile Salisb. 1796, Ageratum latifolium Car., Ageratum maritimum H.B.K., Ageratum mexicanum Sims., Ageratum nanum Hort. Ex Sch. Bip. 1858, Ageratum obtusifolium Lam., Ageratum odoratum Vilm. 1866, Ageratum suffruiticosum Regal 1854, Cacalia mentrasto Vell.

2. Alternanthera sessilis (herb)      

Alternanthera sessilis is a weed that inhabits many areas of the world. It occupies moist areas and can be found from sea level to over 2000m. Alternanthera sessilis is a pest of sugarcane, a weed of rice in tropical areas, and an agricultural weed that invades disturbed wet areas in tropical and subtropical regions. It has been used widely around the world for its medicinal uses, as well as for food. The plant has been readily used for food partly due to its abundance.

Common Names: bhirangijhar, brède chevrette, brede embellage, common roadside weed, dwarf copperleaf, fisi'i'ano, galuti, horng-tyan-wu, joyweed, lianzi cao, magloire, mata kura, mukunuwanna, okula beluulechad, palewawae, periquito-sessil, phak pet thai, sessile joyweed, ti, vao sosolo

Synonyms: Achyranthes linearifolia Sw. ex Wikstr., Achyranthes sessilis (L.) Desf. Ex. Steud, Achyranthes triandra Roxb., Achyranthes villosa Blanco, Achyranthes polygonoides (L.) Lam., Allaganthera forskalii Mart., Alternanthera achyranthes Forssk., Alternanthera angustifolia R. Br., Alternanthera decipiens Benth., Alternanthera denticulata R. Br., Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) P. Beauv., Alternanthera glabra Moq., Alternanthera major (Benth.) Domin, Alternanthera micrantha (Benth.) Domin , Alternanthera nana R. Br., Alternanthera nodiflora R. Br., Alternanthera polygonoides (L.) R. Br., Alternanthera prostrata D. Don., Alternanthera repens J.F.Gmel., Alternanthera sennii Mattei, Alternanthera sibirica (de Vest ex Schult.) Steud., Alternanthera tenella Moq., Alternanthera tenuissima Suess., Alternanthera trianda Lam., Alternanthera uliginosa (Domin) Dinter, Bucholzia polygonoides (L.) Mart., Gomphrena polygonoides (L.), Gomphrena sessilis L., Illecebrum angustifolium (R.Br.) Spreng., Illecebrum denticulatum(R.Br.) Spreng., Illecebrum nanum (R.Br.) Spreng, Illecebrum polygonoides (L.) L., Illecebrum sessile (L.) L., Illecebrum sibiricum de Vest ex Schult., Illecebrum triandrum Llanos, Paronychia sessilis (L.) Desf., Paronychia tetragona Moench, Steiremis repens Raf., Telanthera polygonoides (L.) Moq.

3. Angiopteris evecta (fern)

Angiopteris evecta is a fern native to Polynesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, Australia, and New Guinea that has established invasive populations in Hawaii, Costa Rica, and Jamaica. It is known to establish dense stands that displace and shade out native plants and reduce biodiversity in ecosystems.

Common Names: bersarm, demarm, dermarm, fa'agase, gase, giant fern, gwaegwae, hulufe vai, kalme, katar, king's fern, la'au fau pale, mong, mongmong, mule's foot, mule's-foot fern, nahe, nase, ne'e, oli oli, oriental vessel fern, paiued, palatao, payuit, ponga, umpai

Synonyms: Polypodium evectum G. Forster

4. Bambusa vulgaris (grass, tree)      

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Bambusa vulgaris is the most widespread member of its genus, and has long been cultivated across the tropics and subtropics. It prefers lowland humid habitats, but tolerates a wide range of climatic conditions and soil types. It commonly naturalises, forming monospecific stands along river banks, roadsides and open ground.

Common Names: agarabà, aur beting, aur gading, bacáu, bakal, balé, bambou, bambu, bambu ampel, bambu blenduk, bambú común, bambu kuning, bambu kuning, bambú patamba, bambúa, bambu-verde, bambu-vulgar, bannada bidiru, baran, basini bans, basinibans, bolinao, bolinau, boo, buloh aur, buloh gading, buloh kuning, buloh minyak, buloh minyak has, buloh pau, buluh aur, buluh minyak, buluh pau, burirau, butong, caña brava, caña India, cañambú, cañaza, chan kham, common bamboo, cupamu, dai-san-chiku, davike, domar, feathery bamboo, gemeiner bambus, golden bamboo, grand bambou, haladi bidiru, haur, i ngol, igbon ikirai, itikna, kabaloan, kaho palangi, kaho papalangi, kalaka, kanale, kasul, kauayan, kauayan-china, kauayan-kiling, kawayan, kawayan-china, kawayang-kiting, kawayang-tsina, kawayan-kiling, ken, kenye, kewe, kiling, kinshi-chiku, ko-tatami, labong, lefyog, limas, linetso, lulasi, lunas, mai-luang, mambu kakar, mambu yang, maribal, marobal, mfele, mlasi, musyombe, ngmalu, nsungwi, otate, patong, patung, phai cheen, phai chin, phai lueang, phai-bongkham, phai-luang, phai-ngachang, pilanda, pito, ponmungil, rai yai, ree sai, ri sai, russèi kaèw, s'a:ng kh'am', saang kham, sacaú, sang kham, seemamula, semi, sen, seni, senye, sii, simine, sinambang, soft bamboo, striped bamboo, sunderkania bansa, taiu-anak, tamalang, tamalang silau, tambalang, tamelang, taring, tatami, tatami-na, teuanak, tewanak, tiling, vyo, wanet, wok, wusle, yellow bamboo

Synonyms: Arundarbor arundinacea (Retz.) Kuntze, Arundarbor bambos Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2, 1891, Arundarbor blancoi (Steudel) Kuntze 1891, Arundarbor fera (Miquel) Kuntze 1891, Arundarbor fera Rumphius 1743, Arundarbor monogyna (Blanco) Kuntze 1891, Arundo bamboa Miller 1768, Arundo bambos L., Arundo fera Oken 1841, Bambos arundinacea Retz., Bambusa arundinacea var. picta Moon 1824, Bambusa auriculata Kurz ex Cat. Hort. Bot. Calc., 1864, Bambusa balcooa Roxburgh 1832, Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss, Bambusa blancoi Steudel 1854, Bambusa capensis Rupr., Bambusa fera Miquel 1857, Bambusa humilis Reichenbach ex. Ruprecht 1839, Bambusa madagascariensis hort. ex A. & C. Rivière 1878, Bambusa mitis Blanco 1837, Bambusa monogyna Blanco 1837, Bambusa sieberi Grisebach 1864, Bambusa striata Lodd., Bambusa surinamensis Ruprecht 1839, Bambusa thouarsii Kunth 1822, Bambusa tuldoides Munro, Bambusa vasaria Herbier Hamilton, Dendrocalamus balcooa (Roxburgh) Voigt 1845, Leleba vulgaris (Schrader ex Wendland) Nakai 1933, Nastus thouarsii (Kunth) Raspail 1825, Nastus viviparus Raspail 1825, Phyllostachys striata (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Nakai

5. Bidens pilosa (herb)      

Bidens pilosa is a cosmopolitan, annual herb which originates from tropical and Central America. Its hardiness, explosive reproductive potential, and ability to thrive in almost any environment have enabled it to establish throughout the world. Generally introduced unintentionally through agriculture or sometimes intentionally for ornamental purposes, B. pilosa is a major crop weed, threat to native fauna, and a physical nuisance.

Common Names: abissawa, acetillo, adzrskpi, agberi-oku, akesan, alonga, alongoï, amonoablanfè, amor seco, anansee mpaane, anasipagné, arponcito, aseduro, asta de cabra, batimadramadramatakaro, beggar's tick , bident hérissé, bident poilu, bidente pilosa, black fellows, black jack, broom stick, broom stuff, cacha de cabra, cadillo, carrapicho-deagulha, cobbler's peg, dada, dadayem, devil's needles, diaani, diandu, dinenkui, dwirantwi, dzani pipi, eyinata, fisi'uli, gonoretti, gyinantwi, hairy beggar ticks, herbe d'aiguille, herbe villebague, hierba amarilla, iréné, iuna, kamik tuarongo, kandane, kete kete, ki, ki nehe, ki pipili, kichoma mguu, kichoma nguo, kiradale, klakuo, kofetoga, kofetonga, kokosa, ko-sendagusa, kukwe kwo, kurofidie, lebason, légué, manamendigo, masquia, matua kamate, mazote, mbatikalawau, mbatimandramandra, nana, nangua, nanguadian, nehe, nguad, niani, nidul-lif, niroa, papunga chipaca, passoklo, pega-prga, perca, pétéoré, picão-preto, pilipili, piquants noirs, piripiri, piripiri, piripiri kerekere, piripiri niroa, pisau-pisau, puriket, rosilla, sanyi, sanyina, sirvulaca, sornet, sosolé, Spanish needle, tabason, tagiaani, tebasson, tombo-maga, zagaï zagagbé, zagoi ini, zebeyuzébogue, zegbei zegbagwè, zikilli wissi, Zweizhan

Synonyms: Bidens leucantha (L.) Willd., Bidens leucantha Willd. var. sundaica (Blume) Hassk., Bidens odorata, Bidens sundaica (Blume), Coreopsis leucantha L.

6. Boiga irregularis (reptile)      

Native island species are predisposed and vulnerable to local extinction by invaders. When the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) was accidentally introduced to Guam it caused the local extinction of most of the island’s native bird and lizard species. It also caused "cascading" ecological effects by removing native pollinators, causing the subsequent decline of native plant species. The ecosystem fragility of other Pacific islands to which cargo flows from Guam has made the potential spread of the brown tree snake from Guam a major concern.

Common Names: Braune Nachtbaumnatter, brown catsnake, brown tree snake, culepla, kulebla

Synonyms: Boiga flavescens, Coluber irregularis Merrem in Bechstein 1802, Dendrophis (Ahetula) fusca Gray 1842, Dipsadomorphus irregularis Werner 1899, Dipsas boydii Macleay 1884, Dipsas irregularis Fischer 1884, Dipsas ornata Macleay 1888, Hurria pseudoboiga Daudin 1803, Pappophis flavigastra Macleay 1877, Pappophis laticeps Macleay 1877, Triglyphodon flavescens Duméril, Bibron & Duméril 1854, Triglyphodon irregulare Duméril, Bibron & Duméril 1854

7. Caulerpa webbiana (alga)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

8. Cenchrus echinatus (grass)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Cenchrus echinatus is an annual grass that is a native of tropical America, but has now widely colonised tropical and temperate zones worldwide. Though it is typically associated with dry, sandy habitats it can also grow in moist areas, where it may be long-lived and reach a much larger size. It is recognisable by the burrs it produces, which readily attach themselves to animals and clothing, making C. echinatus easily dispersed. It is fairly easily managed by physical and chemical means, though the soil seed reservoir means followup treatments are necessary.

Common Names: ‘ume‘alu, abrojo, bur grass, burgrass, burr grass, cabeza de negro, cachorro, cadillo, cadillo tigre, capim-amoroso, capim-carrapicho, capim-roseta, capim-timbete, caretón morado, cauit-cauitan, cenchrus épineux, common sandbur, eakung, espolón, field sandbur, golden grass, guizazo, hedgehog grass, hefa, herbe e cateaeux, iakung, kãlõklõk, karumwij, konpeito-gusa, legalek, lek e lek, lellik, mau‘u kuku, mosie vihilango, Mossman river grass, motie vihilago, mouku talatala, mozote, parango, pega-pega, piripiri, piri-piri, pua pipii, puu ta‘a ta‘a, quaramiyumut, roseta, sand bur, sand burr, sandburr, se bulabula, se mbulabula, se mbulambula, southern sandbur, southern sandbur grass, spiny sandbur, te anti, te kateketeke, te uteute ae kateketeke, vao papalagi, vao tui tui, vao tuitui, zacate banderilla

Synonyms: Cenchrus echinatus var. hillebrandianus (A.S. Hitchc.) F. Br.

9. Colubrina asiatica (shrub)      

In its non-native locations, especially in coastal habitats, Colubrina asiatica aggressively outcompetes native vegetation. It is found, most often at the interface of uplands and submerged lands or between beach dune and maritime hammock. C. asiatica is also frequently found along elevated road shoulders in coastal areas, from where it can spread into adjacent natural areas. Plants grow rapidly in full sun. Its seeds are constantly dispersed at a rapid rate by ocean currents, and seed-eating birds may also ingest them as crop stones, producing a wider dispersal range. C. asiatica exhibits tremendous vegetative regeneration, including adventitious rooting from branches coming in contact with the soil and vigorous resprouting from cut or injured stems.

Common Names: Asian snakewood, hoop with, Indian snakewood, latherleaf, wild coffee

Synonyms: Ceanothus asiaticus L.

10. Dioscorea bulbifera (herb, vine, climber)      

Dioscorea bulbifera is a highly invasive plant and presents a management problem in many parts of the world. Despite some medicinal and agricultural uses, D. bulbifera is widely characterized as an organism that outcompetes and smothers native vegetation.

Common Names: ‘oi, aerial yam, air yam, air-potato, ápwereka, belloi, bitter yam, Brotwurzel, cheeky yam, dau fasia, dau kwasi, ellal, hoei-oepas, hoi, hoi, hoi, hoi, igname bulbifère, inhame, kaile, kaile manu, kaile ndranu, magnaheugo, mata, ñame de gunda, palai, papa voladora, pi‘oi, potato yam, pousse en l'air, pureka, puruka, pwer, pwereka, pwerh, rook, sarau, soi, wild yam, yam, Yamswurzel, yoi

Synonyms: Dioscorea hoffa Cordem., Dioscorea tamnifolia Salisb., Dioscorea bulbifera L.  var. vera Prain & Burkill, Dioscorea crispata Roxb., Dioscorea dicranandra Donn.Sm., Dioscorea heterophylla Roxb., Dioscorea pulchella Roxb., Dioscorea tenuiflora Schltdl., Helmia bulbifera (L.) Kunth, Smilax decipiens Spreng.

11. Epipremnum pinnatum (vine, climber)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Pothos vine (Epipremnum pinnatum) is a common escaped garden vine. It climbs up tree trunks and into the forest canopy, primarily in disturbed areas and along roadsides, smothering native plants. The plant is poisonous when eaten and can cause minor skin irritation when touched.

Common Names: ara, centipede tongavine, cortina, devil's ivy, enredadera, gefleckte Efeutute, golden pothos, long wei cao, money plant, pothos, selkasohlap, taro vine, Tongavine, variegated-philodendron

Synonyms: Epipremnum mirabile Schott, Philodendron nechodomae Britton, Pothos pinnatus L., Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl., Scindapsus aureus (Lindl. & André) Engl.

12. Falcataria moluccana (tree)        

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Falcataria moluccana is an invasive, nitrogen-fixing tree species. It is has been introduced to the Seychelles, Mauritius, Reunion and many Pacific islands; including, most notably, Hawaii where it has become a problematic invader. Its rapid growth habit allows it to outcompete slow-growing native trees, and its abundant, high-quality litter alters nutrient dynamics in the soil. This affects decomposition rates and microorganism and invertebrate community composition. Ecosystem processes may be altered in both terrestrial and aquatic environments where F. moluccana invades riparian areas.

Common Names: ‘arapitia, albízia, albizzia , batai, bataiwood, falcata, malacana, mara, Molucca albizia, Moluccan sau, parasiante, peacock plume, sau, tamaligi paepae , tamaligi palagi, tamaligi uliuli , tamaligi, tamalini, tuhke kerosene, tuhke kerosin, tuhkehn karisihn, ukall ra ngebard

Synonyms: Adenanthera falcataria L., Albizia falcata auct. pl., Albizia falcataria (L.) Fosb., Albizia moluccana F.A. Miquel, Albizia moluccana Miq., Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) I. Nielsen, Paraserianthes falcataria subsp. falcataria

13. Ficus microcarpus (tree)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Ficus microcarpa is a woody plant species that is native to the Asia-Pacific region. Commonly known as Chinese banyan and the laurel fig, it is a popular ornamental tree that grows in tropical and temperate regions of the world. F. microcarpa has small, tiny seeds that are easily spread by birds, bats and rodents, and which are capable of germinating almost anywhere they land - even in cracks in concrete. F. microcarpa is considered to be a major invasive species in Hawaii, the Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands, Florida, Bermuda and Central down to South America.

Common Names: Chinese banyan, curtain fig, figueira-lacerdinha, laurel fig, laurel-da-Índia, Malay banyan, rong shu, Vorhang-Feige

Synonyms: Ficus microcarpa var. latifolia (Miq.) Corner, Ficus nitida auct., Ficus retusa auct., Urostigma accedens var. latifolia Miq.

14. Lutjanus kasmira (fish)      

Lutjanus kasmira is a commercially important reef-associated tropical fish that has been introduced into Hawaii for fisheries. In introduced areas of Hawaii it has become abundant, forming dense schools. It may outcompete native fish for space, crowding them out of important refuge areas.

Common Names: blouband snapper, blue-banded hussar, bluebanded snapper, blueline snapper, blue-lined sea perch, bluelined snapper, blue-lined snapper fish, bluestripe seaperch, bluestripe snapper, bluestriped snapper, common bluestripe snapper, common blue-stripe snapper, common bluestriped snapper, gorara tikus, hamra, hobara, ikan nonya, irri ranna, janja, kelea, kuning-kuning, kunyit, kunyit-kunyit, madras, mbawaa, merah, naisarah, nga-wet-panni, nisar, pargo de raios azuis, pargo de rayas, pargo de rayas azules, perche à raies bleues, pla ka pong deng thab nam ngern, pla kapong, savane, taape, tanda-tanda, tembo-uzi, vali ranna, verikeechan, vivaneau à raies bleues, yellow and blue seaperch, yosuji-fuedai

15. Melia azedarach (tree, shrub)        

Melia azedarach is a tree of the mahogany family that is native to Australasia and often planted as an ornamental shade tree. It invades along roadways, fencerows and other disturbed areas. Melia azedarach has also been found in upland grasslands, woodlands, pastures and riparian areas. Melia azedarach requires open sun, but adapts to a wide range of soil moisture conditions. It grows between sea level and 700 metres in open dry habitats and is highly resistant to insects and other pathogens. It produces much fruit, which is consumed by birds that disperse the seeds. Melia azedarach also reproduces vegetatively by forming root suckers, which allows it to spread and form dense, thickets.

Common Names: ‘ilinia, ‘inia, alelaila, amargoseira-do-Himalaio, arbre à chapelets, bakain, chinaberry , chuan liang zi, dake, Indian lilac, indischer Zedrachbaum, jazmin, lelah, lilas, lilas de l'Inde, lilas de Perse, lilas des Indes, margosa tree, margosier, melia, para‘isu, paraíso, Persian lilac, persischer Flieder, petit lilas, prais, pride-of-India, sendan, Sichuan pagoda-tree, sili, sita, syringa berrytree, tili, tira, umbrella tree, white cedar

Synonyms: Antelaea javanica Gaertn. , Azedarach amena Raf. , Azedarach deleteria Medik. , Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze , Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze forma arguta (DC.) Kuntze, Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze forma longifoliola Kuntze , Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze forma sambucina (Blume) Kuntze, Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze forma squamulosa (C.DC.) Kuntze, Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze forma subdentata Kuntze , Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze forma typica Kuntze , Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze var. australasica (Juss.) Kuntze, Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze var. dubia (Cav. ex M.Roem.) Kuntze, Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze var. glabrior Kuntze , Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze forma incisodentata Kuntze , Azedarach speciosa Raf. , Azedarach vulgaris M.Gómez , Melia angustifolia Schumach. , Melia arguta DC. , Melia australasica Juss. , Melia australis Sweet, Melia azedarach L. forma albiflora Makino , Melia azedarach L. forma umbraculifera (G.Knox) Rehder, Melia azedarach L. subvar. intermedia Makino , Melia azedarach L. subvar. semperflorens (Makino) Makino, Melia azedarach L. var. acuminatissima Miq. , Melia azedarach L. var. australasica (Juss.) C.DC., Melia azedarach L. var. biglandulosa Pierre ex Pellegr. , Melia azedarach L. var. cochinchinensis (Pierre) Pellegr., Melia azedarach L. var. floribunda (Carrière) Morren, Melia azedarach L. var. glabrior C.DC. , Melia azedarach L. var. glandulosa Pierre , Melia azedarach L. var. incisa Miq. , Melia azedarach L. var. intermedia (Makino) Makino, Melia azedarach L. var. japonica (G.Don) Makino, Melia azedarach L. var. javanica Koord. & Valeton , Melia azedarach L. var. sambucina (Blume) Miq., Melia azedarach L. var. sempervirens L. , Melia azedarach L. var. squamulosa C.DC. , Melia azedarach L. var. subtripinnata Miq. , Melia azedarach L. var. umbraculifera G.Knox , Melia azedarach L. var. umbraculiformis Berckmans & L.H.Bailey , Melia azedarach L. var. umbraculifera Knox , Melia azedarach var. japonica (G. Don) Makino , Melia birmanica Kurz , Melia bogoriensis Koord. & Valeton , Melia candollei Juss. , Melia cochinchinensis M.Roem. , Melia commelinii Medik. , Melia composita Willd. , Melia composita Willd. var. cochinchinensis Pierre , Melia dubia Cav. ex M.Roem. , Melia floribunda Carrière , Melia florida Salisb. , Melia guineensis G.Don , Melia hasskarlii K.Koch , Melia japonica G.Don , Melia japonica G.Don var. semperflorens Makino , Melia japonica G.Don var. squamulosa C.DC. , Melia japonica Hassk. , Melia japonica var. semperflorens Makino, Melia javanica M.Roem. , Melia orientalisM.Roem. , Melia robusta Roxb. ex G.Don , Melia sambucina Blume , Melia sempervirens Sw., Melia superba Roxb. , Melia toosendan Siebold & Zucc.

16. Merremia peltata (vine, climber)        

Merremia peltata is a vine that strangles vegetation and invades forest strands. It may provide rapid ground cover following land disturbance reducing erosion and nutrient loss. There is debate over the extent to which external factors such as cyclones and land clearing drive the invasiveness of the species. It may be a successional component of regenerating forest in its native range.

Common Names: abui, agon, arosumou, big leaf, big lif rop, fitau, fitaw, fue, fue kula, fue lautetele, fue mea, fue vao, fue vao, grobihi, iohl, iol, kebeas, lagun, merremia, Niaouli-Oelbaum, pohue, puhlah, teb el yas, veliyana, viliyawa, wa bula, wa damu, wa mbula, wa ndamu, wachathal, wiliao, wiliviwa

Synonyms: Convolvulus peltatus L., Ipomoea nymphaeifolia Blume, Ipomoea peltata (L.) Choisy, Merremia nymphaeifolia (Dietr.) Hall. fil., Operculina peltata (L.) Hall. fil.

17. Nypa fruticans (palm)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Nypa fruticans (nypa palm) inhabits estuarine habitats from Sri Lanka to the Ganges delta to the west Pacific. It grows up to 10 m tall and produces large buoyant propagules that are dispersed with ocean currents. It was intentionally introduced to Nigeria, and has since spread to Cameroon. In the Niger Delta it invades deforested and exposed mudflats and forms dense monospecific stands which outcompete native mangrove species. The lack of stilt roots, absence of leaf litter and dense structure reduce estuarine habitat and may negatively affect native biodiversity.

Common Names: golpata, mangrove palm, nipa, nipa palm, nipah palm, nypa palm

18. Oxalis corniculata (herb)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Oxalis corniculata is a cosmopolitan herb that is found worldwide. Spread of this species is due to high production of fertile seeds and its presence on all continents and many islands indicates that seeds are probably carried by birds. O. corniculata is thought to be invasive in many areas: Australasia-Pacific (such as Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Hawaii, French Polynesia, Palau, U.S. Minor Outlying Islands), Asia (such as Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea), Central America (Cayman Islands) and North America (Canada).

Common Names: pied de pigeon, ‘i‘i, ‘ihi ‘ai, ‘ihi ‘awa, ‘ihi maka ‘ula, ‘ihi makole, ‘ii, a‘aa‘a, acedera, acederilla, agrito, agsom, apsom, azedinha, chulco, clover sorrel, creeping lady's sorrel, creeping oxalis, creeping wood sorrel, creeping woods, creeping yellow oxalis, daraisig, gougus, hierba de la perdiz, kanapa, katabami, kavakava, kihikihi, kihikihi, koki‘i, koki‘i kura, malabalug-dagis, marasiksik, matakonikoni, omis, oseille filante, oxalis, patoa ‘ava‘ava, petit trèfle, pikhik, procumbent yellow sorrel, rongomi, salamagi, sheep sorrel, sour grass, taingang-daga, totowiwi, trébol, trèfle jaune, três-corações, trevo-azedo , vinagrillo, wood sorrel, yellow oxalis, yellow wood sorrel

Synonyms: Acetosella corniculata (L.) Kuntze, Oxalis corniculata var. atropurpurea Planch., Oxalis corniculata var. langloisii (Small) Wieg., Oxalis corniculata var. lupulina (R. Knuth) Zucc., Oxalis corniculata var. macrophylla Arsene ex R. Knuth, Oxalis corniculata var. minor Laing, Oxalis corniculata var. reptans Laing, Oxalis corniculata var. villosa (Bieb.) Hohen., Oxalis corniculata var. viscidula Wieg., Oxalis langloisii (Small) Fedde, Oxalis pusilla Salisb., Oxalis repens Thunb., Oxalis villosa Bieb., Xanthoxalis corniculata (L.) Small, Xanthoxalis corniculata var. atropurpurea (Planch.) Moldenke, Xanthoxalis langloisii Small, Xanthoxalis repens (Thunb.) Moldenke

19. Phalanger orientalis (mammal)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Common Names: Common Phalanger, Couscous De La Sonde, Couscous Gris, Cuscús Gris, Cuscús Oriental, Grey Cuscus, Northern Common Cuscus

20. Porphyrio porphyrio (bird)

The ecological similarity of the purple swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio) to the Florida native common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) and purple gallinule (Porphyrula martinica) have prompted efforts to eliminate this member of the rail family from Florida. It is not clear what negative consequences could result from these non-native birds but in other parts of the world they are noted for their aggressive behaviour and their habit of eating other bird's eggs.

Common Names: bláhæna, caimão, calamón común, Modrzyk, pollo sultano, pukeko, purperkoet, purpurhöna, Purpurhuhn, seikei, slípka modrá, sultanhøne, sultanhøne, sultánka modrá, sulttaanikana, talève sultane

21. Pueraria montana var. lobata (vine, climber)        

Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) roots can eventually comprise over 50% of the plant’s biomass, serving as an organ for carbohydrate storage for recovery after disturbance and making it difficult to control with herbicides. Only in the eastern United States is kudzu considered a serious pest, although it is also established in Oregon in the northwestern USA, in Italy and Switzerland, and one infestation on the northern shore of Lake Erie in Canada. Kudzu is considered naturalized in the Ukraine, Caucasus, central Asia, southern Africa, Hawai, Hispaniola, and Panama. Impacts of kudzu in the southeastern USA include loss of productivity of forestry plantations (estimated at about 120 USD per hectare per year), smothering and killing of native plants and denying access to lands for hunting, hiking, and bird watching.

Common Names: acha, aka, aka, aka, aka fala, akataha, fen ge, fen ke, foot-a-night vine, gan ge, gan ge teng, Japanese arrowroot, Ko-hemp, Kopoubohne, kudzu, kudzu común, kudzu vine, Kudzu-Kletterwein, kuzu, nepalem, shan ge teng, vigne japonaise, vine-that-ate-the-South, wa yaka, wa yaka

Synonyms: Dolichos hirsutus Thunberg, Dolichos lobatus Willd., Pachyrrhizus thunbergianus Siebold & Zuccarini, Pueraria hirsuta (Thunb.) C. Schneider, Pueraria lobata var. thomsonii (Benth.) Maesen, Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. var. lobata (Willd.), Pueraria thunbergiana (Sieb. & Zucc.) Benth.

22. Rottboellia cochinchinensis (grass)        

Rottboellia cochinchinensis is an erect annual grass that reaches heights of 4 metres. It is a weed of warm-season crops around the world, preferring tropical and subtropical climates. It grows along roadsides and in other open, well-drained sites. R. cochinchinensis is an aggressive weed, considered to be one of the 12 worst weeds that infest sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) in the world. It is also a very competitive weed with maize crops. R. cochinchinensis has irritating hairs on its stem which makes it difficult to control it manually in small-scale farms. It is tolerant to most herbicides that are applied in cotton and maize fields. Management and removal of R. cochinchinensis requires the use of many man hours and the application of several techniques to ensure control.

Common Names: anguigay, annarai, bandjangan, barsali, bukal, bura, caminadora, capim-camalote, cebada fina, corn grass, dholu, doekoet kikisian, fataque duvet, gaho, girum nagei, graminea corredora, guinea-fowl grass , herbe à poils, herbe de riz, herbe fataque-duvet, herbe queue-de-rat, itch grass, itchgrass , jointed grass, Kelly grass , kokoma grass , konda panookoo, lisofya, paja peluda, prickle grass, Raoul grass, rice grass, sagisi, sancarana, shamva grass, sugarcane weed, swooate, tsunoaiashi

Synonyms: Aegilops exaltata L., Manisuris exaltata (L. f.) Kuntze , Ophiurus appendiculatus Steud., Rottboellia arundinacea Hochst. ex A. Rich , Rottboellia denudata Steud., Rottboellia exaltata L. f., nom. illeg, Rottboellia setosa J.S. Presl ex C.B. Presl , Stegosia cochinchinensis Lour, Stegosia exaltata Nash

23. Rubus moluccanus (vine, climber, shrub)        

Rubus moluccanus is a member of the raspberry and blackberry family and has a wide distribution throughout South-East Asia and the Pacific. Its berries, fruit and leaves are able to be used for a variety of culinary purposes and medicinal purposes. It can spread via runners that sprout when they touch the ground and its seeds are dispersed by birds. This scrambling shrub or climber reaches 2 to 3m high and threatens native plants through overcrowding and competition and its prickly stems may pose a hazard to humans and livestock.

Synonyms: Rubus capricorni, Rubus hillii, Rubus moluccanus var. dendrocharis

24. Rubus rosifolius (tree, shrub)        

Rubus rosifolius is a prickly shrub that produces edible red berries. It is valued for a number of culinary and medicinal purposes. This species has become invasive in Hawai‘i and French Polynesia, where it is capable of intruding into the understory of rainforests. Prickly stems and an ability to form dense thickets make R. rosifolius undesirable in many areas.

Common Names: akala, akalakala, forest bramble, framboisier, frambueso de Africa, Mauritius raspberry, native bramble, native raspberry, ola'a, roseleaf raspberry, thimbleberry

Synonyms: Rubus commersonnii Poir., Rubus coronarius, Rubus eustephanos var. coronarius, Rubus rosaefolius Smith, Rubus rosifolius Smith var. coronarius Sims, Rubus rosifolius var. commersonii, Rubus rosifolius var. rosifolius

25. Solenopsis papuana (insect)

Solenopsis papuana is a native ant of the Pacific region that thrives in the company of other more major invasive ants, but is not a major pest species on its own. It has been introduced to Hawaii and has been able to invade intact forest land.

Common Names: Papuan thief ant

Synonyms: Solenopsis cleptis Mann, Solenopsis cleptis var. vitiensis Mann, Solenopsis dahlii Forel

26. Terminalia catappa (tree)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Terminalia catappa is a native plant of Asia that has escaped from cultivation. Due to its ability to cope with sandy, well draining soil, and salt spray it is often found on coastal regions. It is considered invasive in Florida, United States, and several Carribean Islands, including Montserrat, Puerto Rico and the Cayman Islands. Its seeds are highly bouyant which allows it disperse vast distances however they are highly edible so are eaten by bats, crabs and humans. However despite its potential as being an invasive species it is being considered for multiple applications. Due to its extensive and deep-rooting structure it is considered a possible species to use as a dune retention species against proposed climate change and sea-level rise, and in Brazil it is also being considered a potential cultivar to use in bio-fuel creation.

Common Names: alconorque, alite, almendra, almendrillo, almendro, almendro de la india, almendro del pais, almendron, alumpit, amandelboom, amandier de Cayenne, amandier des indies, amandier des tropiques, amendoeira, amendoeira, amendoeira-da-india, badam, badam, badamier, badamier, barbados almond, bastard almond, beach almond, bengal almond, castafiola, castanhola, castania, chapeu-de-sol, country almond, demarara almond, false kamani, fijian almond, guarda-sol, india almond, Indischer Mandelbaum, kamani ‘ula, kamani-haole, Katappenbaum, kauariki, kaukauariki, ketapang, koa‘i‘i, kotamba, koua‘i‘i, ma‘i‘i, malabar-almond, malay almond, natapoa, parasol, saori, sea-almond, singapore almond, story tree, ta‘ie, talie, talisai, talise, taraire, tavola, tavola nut, telie, tipapop, tipop, tivi, tropical almond, west indian almond, white bombway, wilde amandel, zanmande

Synonyms: Badamia comersoni Gaertn., Buceras catappa Hitchc., Juglans catappa Lour., Phytolacca javanica Osbeck, Terminalia badamia Tul., Terminalia dichotoma Miq., Terminalia latifolia Blanco, Terminalia mauritana Blanco, Terminalia moluccana Lam., Terminalia ovatifolia Nor.