You searched for invasive species in Syrian Arab Republic:    

42 invasive species found

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Alien Species

1. Aedes albopictus (insect)    

The Asian tiger mosquito is spread via the international tire trade (due to the rainwater retained in the tires when stored outside). In order to control its spread such trading routes must be highlighted for the introduction of sterilisation or quarantine measures. The tiger mosquito is associated with the transmission of many human diseases, including the viruses: Dengue, West Nile and Japanese Encephalitis.

Common Names: Asian tiger mosquito, forest day mosquito, mosquito tigre, moustique tigre, tiger mosquito, tigermücke, zanzare tigre

Synonyms: Culex albopictus Skuse, 1895, Culex albopictus Skuse,1895

2. Charybdis hellerii (crustacean)

Charybdis hellerii is an Indo-Pacific, portunid crab that has invaded several locations in the Mediterranean Sea, by lessepsian migration through the Suez Canal, and the South Atlantic in the Caribbean and United States via ballast water fouling. C. hellerii is a potential threat to native crab populations and benthic communities and its introduction should be avoided by adhering to ballast water management guidelines.

Common Names: Indo-Pacific swimming crab, Ishigani, Newcaledonia-, Newcaledonia-íshigani, portunid crab, spiny hands

Synonyms: Charybdis (Goniosoma) merguiense (Alcock, 1899; Nobili, 1906, Chopra, 1935; Leene, 1973; Shen, 1937), Charybdis merguiensis (Sakai, 1934; Barnard, 1950; Guinot, 1962), Goniosoma hellerii (A. Milne Edwards, 1867), Goniosoma merguiense (DeMan, 1888), Goniosoma sexdentatum , Goniosoma spiniferum

3. Cyprinus carpio (fish)    

The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) has been introduced as a food and ornamental fish into temperate freshwaters throughout the world. It is considered a pest because of its abundance and its tendency to reduce water clarity and destroy and uproot the aquatic vegetation used as habitat by a variety of species.

Common Names: carp, carpa, carpat, carpe, carpe, carpe commune, carpeau, carpo, cerpyn, ciortan, ciortanica, ciortocrap, ciuciulean, common carp, crap, crapcean, cyprinos, escarpo, Europäischer Karpfen, European carp, German carp, grass carp, grivadi, ikan mas, kapoor-e-maamoli, kapor, kapr obecný, karp, karp, karp, karp, karp, karp dziki a. sazan, karpa, karpar, karpe, Karpe, karpen, karper, karpfen, karpion, karppi, kerpaille, koi, koi carp, korop, krap, krapi, kyprinos, læderkarpe, lauk mas, leather carp, leekoh, lei ue, mas massan, mirror carp, olocari, pa nai, pba ni, pla nai, ponty, punjabe gad, rata pethiya, saran, Saran, sarmão, sazan, sazan baligi, scale carp, sharan, skælkarpe, soneri masha, spejlkarpe, sulari, suloi, tikure, trey carp samahn, trey kap, ulucari, weißfische, wild carp, wildkarpfen

Synonyms: Carpio carpio gibbosus (Kessler, 1856), Carpio flavipinna Valenciennes, 1842, Carpio vulgaris Rapp, 1854, Cyprinus acuminatus Heckel & Kner, 1858, Cyprinus acuminatus Richardson, 1846, Cyprinus angulatus Heckel, 1843, Cyprinus atrovirens Richardson, 1846, Cyprinus bithynicus Richardson, 1857, Cyprinus carpio anatolicus Hanko, 1924, Cyprinus carpio aralensis Spiczakow, 1935, Cyprinus carpio brevicirri Misik, 1958, Cyprinus carpio elongatus Walecki, 1863, Cyprinus carpio fluviatilis Pravdin, 1945, Cyprinus carpio longicirri Misik, 1958, Cyprinus carpio monstrosus Walecki, 1863, Cyprinus carpio oblongus Antipa, 1909, Cyprinus chinensis Basilewsky, 1855, Cyprinus conirostris Temminck & Schlegel, 1846, Cyprinus festetitsii Bonaparte, 1845, Cyprinus flamm Richardson, 1846, Cyprinus fossicola Richardson, 1846, Cyprinus haematopterus Temminck & Schlegel, 1846, Cyprinus melanotus Temminck & Schlegel, 1846, Cyprinus nordmannii Valenciennes, 1842, Cyprinus sculponeatus Richardson, 1846, Cyprinus thermalis Heckel, 1843, Cyprinus tossicole Elera, 1895, Cyprinus vittatus Valenciennes, 1842

4. Eichhornia crassipes (aquatic plant)    

Originally from South America, Eichhornia crassipes is one of the worst aquatic weeds in the world. Its beautiful, large purple and violet flowers make it a popular ornamental plant for ponds. It is now found in more than 50 countries on five continents. Water hyacinth is a very fast growing plant, with populations known to double in as little as 12 days. Infestations of this weed block waterways, limiting boat traffic, swimming and fishing. Water hyacinth also prevents sunlight and oxygen from reaching the water column and submerged plants. Its shading and crowding of native aquatic plants dramatically reduces biological diversity in aquatic ecosystems.

Common Names: aguapé, bekabe kairanga, bung el ralm, bung el ralm, floating water hyacinth, jacinthe d'eau, jacinto de agua, jacinto-aquatico, jal khumbe, jal kumbhi, lechuguilla, lila de agua, lirio acuatico, mbekambekairanga, riri vai, wasserhyazinthe, water hyacinth, water orchid, wota haisin

Synonyms: Eichhornia speciosa Kunth, Heteranthera formosa, Piaropus crassipes (Mart.) Raf., Piaropus mesomelas, Pontederia crassipes Mart. (basionym)

5. Eupatorium cannabinum (herb)

Eupatorium cannabinum is a woody perennial herb that prefers to inhabit and invade moist habitats such as swamps, marshes and stream banks. It forms dense monotypic stands that compete with and eventually crowd out native species. This species also has the ability to alter the nutrient structure of habitats it invades.

Common Names: boneset, common Dutch agrimony, common hemp agrimony , eupatorio , gravel root , hemp agrimony, hindheal , holy rope , khad al bint , Koninginnenkruid , koyunpitragi , linwe di tchet , St John's herb , water agrimony

6. Gambusia affinis (fish)    

Gambusia affinis is a small fish native to the fresh waters of the eastern and southern United States. It has become a pest in many waterways around the world following initial introductions early last century as a biological control of mosquito. In general, it is considered to be no more effective than native predators of mosquitoes. The highly predatory mosquito fish eats the eggs of economically desirable fish and preys on and endangers rare indigenous fish and invertebrate species. Mosquito fish are difficult to eliminate once established, so the best way to reduce their effects is to control their further spread. One of the main avenues of spread is continued, intentional release by mosquito-control agencies. G. affinis is closely related to he eastern mosquitofish (G. holbrooki), which was formerly classed as a sub-species. Their appearance, behaviour and impacts are almost identical, and they can therefore be treated the same when it comes to management techniques. Records of G. affinis in Australia actually refer to G. holbrooki.

Common Names: Barkaleci, Dai to ue, Gambusia, Gambusie, Gambusino, Gambuzia, Gambuzia pospolita, Gambuzija, guayacon mosquito, Isdang canal, Kadayashi, Koboldkärpfling, Kounoupopsaro, Live-bearing tooth-carp, Mosquito fish, Obyknovennaya gambuziya, pez mosquito, San hang ue, Silberkärpfling, tes, Texaskärpfling, Topminnow, western mosquitofish, Western mosquitofish

Synonyms: Fundulus inurus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882), Gambusia affinis affinis (Baird & Girard, 1853), Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard, 1853), Gambusia gracilis Girard, 1859, Gambusia humilis Günther, 1866, Gambusia patruelis (Baird & Girard, 1853), Haplochilus melanops Cope, 1870, Heterandria affinis Baird & Girard, 1853, Heterandria patruelis Baird & Girard, 1853, Zygonectes brachypterus Cope, 1880, Zygonectes gracilis (Girard, 1859), Zygonectes inurus Jordan & Gilbert, 1882, Zygonectes patruelis (Baird & Girard, 1853)

7. Gambusia holbrooki (fish)    

Gambusia holbrooki (eastern gambusia) is a small, aggressive live-bearing fish that originates from the southern United States. It has been spread worldwide as a mosquito-control agent. Gambusia holbrooki has been implicated in damage to native fish, amphibian and invertebrate populations. The usefulness of Gambusia holbrooki as a biological control agent is doubtful, since many species of native fish may be just as effective at controlling mosquitoes while avoiding the negative side-effects on the biota.

Common Names: eastern gambusia, gambusia, mosquitofish, plague minnow, topminnow

Synonyms: Gambusia affinis holbrooki

8. Mnemiopsis leidyi (comb jelly)

The ctenophore, Mnemiopsis ledyi, is a major carnivorous predator of edible zooplankton (including meroplankton), pelagic fish eggs and larvae and is associated with fishery crashes. Commonly called the comb jelly or sea walnut, it is indigenous to temperate, subtropical estuaries along the Atlantic coast of North and South America. In the early 1980s, it was accidentally introduced via the ballast water of ships to the Black Sea, where it had a catastrophic effect on the entire ecosystem. In the last two decades of the twentieth century, it has invaded the Azov, Marmara, Aegean Seas and recently it was introduced into the Caspian Sea via the ballast water of oil tankers.

Common Names: American comb jelly, comb jelly, comb jellyfish, Rippenqualle, sea gooseberry, sea walnut, Venus' girdle, warty comb jelly

Synonyms: Mnemiopsis gardeni L.Agassiz 1860, Mnemiopsis mccradyi, Mayer, 1990

9. Oncorhynchus mykiss (fish)    

Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) are one of the most widely introduced fish species in the world. Native to western North America, from Alaska to the Baja Peninsula, Oncorhynchus mykiss have been introduced to numerous countries for sport and commercial aquaculture. Oncorhynchus mykiss is highly valued as a sportfish, with regular stocking occurring in many locations where wild populations cannot support the pressure from anglers. Concerns have been raised about the effects of introduced trout in some areas, as they may affect native fish and invertebrates through predation and competition.

Common Names: Alabalik, Alabalik türü, Amerikaniki Pestrofa, Aure, Baiser, Baja California rainbow trout, Brown trout, Coast angel trout, Coast rainbow trout, Coast range trout, Dagova pastarva, Forel rajduzhna, Forelle, Hardhead, Kamchatka steelhead, Kamchatka trout, Kamloops, Kamloops trout, Kirjolohi, K'wsech, Lord-fish, Masu, Nijimasu, Orret, Pastrva, Pestropha, pstrag teczowy, Pstrag teczowy , Pstruh duhový, Pstruh dúhový, rainbow trout, Rainbow trout , Redband, redband trout, Regenbogenforelle, Regenbogenforelle , Regenboogforel, Regnbåge, Regnbågslax, Regnbogasilungur, Regnbueørred, Regnbueørret, Salmon trout, Salmones del Pacífico, Silver trout, Stahlkopfforelle, Stålhovedørred, Steelhead, steelhead trout, Steelhead trout , Summer salmon, Sxew'k'em, Trofta ylberi, Trofte ylberi, Trota, Trota iridea, Trucha, trucha arco iris, Trucha arco iris , Trucha arcoiris, truite arc-en-ciel, Truta , Truta-arco-iris, Urriöi

Synonyms: Fario gairdneri (Richardson, 1836), Onchorrhychus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792), Oncorhynchus kamloops (Jordan, 1892), Oncorhynchus mykiss nelsoni (Evermann, 1908), Parasalmo mykiss (Walbaum, 1792), Salmo gairdneri irideus (Gibbons, 1855), Salmo gairdneri shasta (Jordan, 1894), Salmo gairdneri (Richardson, 1836), Salmo gairdnerii gairdnerii (Richardson, 1836), Salmo gairdnerii irideus (Gibbons, 1855), Salmo gairdnerii (Richardson, 1836), Salmo gilberti (Jordan, 1894), Salmo iridea (Gibbons, 1855), Salmo irideus argentatus (Bajkov, 1927), Salmo irideus (Gibbons, 1855), Salmo kamloops whitehousei (Dymond, 1931), Salmo kamloops (Jordan, 1892), Salmo masoni (Suckley, 1860), Salmo mykiss (Walbaum, 1792), Salmo mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) , Salmo nelsoni (Evermann, 1908), Salmo purpuratus (Pallas, 1814), Salmo rivularis kamloops (Jordan, 1892), Salmo rivularis (Ayres, 1855), Salmo stellatus (Girard, 1856), Salmo truncatus (Suckley, 1859)

10. Oreochromis aureus (fish)

Oreochromis aureus (blue tilapia) is native to parts of Africa and the Middle East and is an important food source throughout the world. Oreochromis aureus are easily raised as they are resilient and prolific and have a high grain-to-feed conversion rate. Worldwide introductions for use in aquaculture have provided an essential source of protein to many nations. However, these characteristics have allowed them to dominate many of their introduced ranges by displacing native species and restructuring aquatic communities in areas where they have established by means of escape from confinement or deliberate release.

Common Names: abiad hasani, amnon hayaor, amnun hayarden, amnun yarden , an-boh boh, biering-pill , blue tilapia, bolti azrak, epia, fartere, gargassa, gargaza, Goldtilapia, guldtilapia, holinga, Ifunu, Israeli tilapia, Israelse tilapia, Jordan St. peter's fish, karpassa, karwa, kpeloi, kultatilapia, kurpertilapia, mpupa, musht lubbad, partere, sale, sayray, sohn-pill, tilapia, tilapia azul, tome, tsokungi, ukuobu, waas, wass khoss, wass xos, wass-bor

Synonyms: Chromis aureus (Steindachner, 1864), Sarotherodon aureus (Steindachner, 1864), Tilapia aurea exul (Steindachner, 1864), Tilapia aurea (Steindachner, 1864), Tilapia kacherbi (Wunder, 1960), Tilapia kashabi (Elster, 1958), Tilapia lemassoni (Blache & Milton, 1960), Tilapia monodi (Daget, 1954)

11. Tilapia zillii (fish)

In its native, tropical range, Tilapia zillii is important as a food fish as well as for aquaculture. Tilapia zillii provided 70% of Egypt's fish production, however outside its native range, this freshwater fish has the ability to establish itself even in highly salinated waters, only being held back by a low tolerance to cold water. Often introduced for use in aquatic weed control, Tilapia zilli can alter native benthic communities through the elimination of macrophytes and exhibits aggressive behaviour towards other fish species.

Common Names: akpadi sila, akpasila, amnun matzui, a-sannoh, bere, biare, biering, bugu, bulti, cichlid, didee, disiwulen, Engege, Epia, Erihere, falga, garagaza, gargaza, gba gba ferah, gbatchekede, guring, ifunu, isiswe, karfasa, karwa, ka-yainkain, kido, kokine, kpro ibre, kuda, loroto, mango fish, mojarra, mojarrita, mpupa, ngege, ngipie, ngorkei, njabb, obrouyou, pastenague boulee, perege, punavatsatilapia, redbelly tilapia, sato, sili, silla, sohn, striped tilapia, tegr-pere, tha thompo, tihil, tilapia, tome, tsokungi, ukuobu, waas, waas gnoul, wesafun, Zilles Buntbarsch, zilli's cichlid, zill's tilapia

Synonyms: Acerina zilli (Gervais, 1848), Chromis andreae (Gunther, 1864), Chromis coeruleomaculatus (Rochebrune, 1880), Chromis faidherbii (Rochebrune, 1880), Chromis melanopleura (Dumeril, 1861), Chromis menzalensis (Mitchell, 1895), Chromis tristrami (Gunther, 1860), Chromis zillii (Gervais, 1848), Coptodon zillii (Gervais, 1848), Coptodus zillii (Gervais, 1848), Glyphisidon zillii (Gervais, 1848), Haligenes tristrami (Gunther, 1860), Sarotherodon zillei (Gervais, 1848), Sarotherodon zillii (Gervais, 1848), Tilapia faidherbi (Rochebrune, 1880), Tilapia melanopleura (Dumeril, 1861), Tilapia menzalensis (Mitchell, 1895), Tilapia multiradiata (Holly, 1928), Tilapia shariensis (Fowler, 1949), Tilapia sparrmani multiradiata (Holly, 1928), Tilapia tristrami (Gunther, 1860)

12. Trogoderma granarium (insect)

Trogoderma granarium are considered a pest of considerable impact to stored foodstuffs. It maintains its presence in food storage in very low numbers and is able to survive long periods of time in an inactive state.

Common Names: escarabajo khapra, khapra beetle, khaprakäfer, trogoderma (dermeste) du grain

Synonyms: Trogoderma afrum Priesner, Trogoderma khapra Arrow, Trogoderma quinquefasciata Leesberg

13. Ziziphus mauritiana (tree, shrub)    

Ziziphus mauritiana is widely cultivated in dry areas throughout the tropics. It tolerates extremely dry habitats and is an extremely valuable tree for people that live in such climates. Ziziphus mauritiana has a multitude of uses, including culinary and medicinal. It can form dense stands and become invasive in some areas, including Fiji and Australia. In Australia Ziziphus mauritiana has the capacity to greatly expand its current range in northern and northeastern Australia. The main industry affected is the cattle industry but Ziziphus mauritiana also has environmental impacts in woodland and savanna ecosystems.

Common Names: aprin, baer, baher , bahir, bedara, ber, bor, Chinee apple, Chinese apple , Chinese date , coolie plum, crabapple, dindoulier, dunk, dunks, dunks, gingeolier, Indian cherry, Indian jujube , Indian plum, jujube, jujube, jujube du pays, jujubier, jujubier, jujubier indien, liane croc chien, Malay jujube, mangustine, manzana (apple), manzanas, manzanita, manzanita (little apple), masson, ma-tan, perita haitiana, petit pomme, phutsa, pomme malcadi, pomme surette, ponsigne, prune Saint Paul, putrea, tao, tao nhuc, widara, widara, yuyubi, yuyubo

Synonyms: Rhamnus jujuba L., Rhamnus mauritiana Soyer-Willemet, Ziziphus jujuba (L.) Lam., non P. Mill., Ziziphus aucheri Boiss., Ziziphus jujuba (L.) Gaertn., Ziziphus jujuba (L.) Gaertn. var. fruticosa Haines, Ziziphus jujuba (L.) Gaertn. var. stenocarpa Kuntze, Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. var. deserticola A. Chev., Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. var. orthacantha (DC.) A. Chev., Ziziphus orthacantha DC, Ziziphus poiretii G. Don, Ziziphus rotundata DC.

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Biostatus not specified

1. Ceratitis capitata (insect)    

Ceratitis capitata is considered a major tephritid fruit fly pest of economic importance attacking more than 300 different hosts, primarily temperate and subtropical fruits. The medfly as it is commonly called has invaded many countries and caused major economic losses for fruit farmers. C. capitata has the ability to tolerate cooler climates better than most other species of fruit flies. It lays its eggs under the skin of fruit, usually around already broken skin. Due to this reproduction habit, C. capitata thrives in agricultural areas where fruit is left out and becomes damaged. It spreads to new locations via exports and the local sale of fruit that contains eggs.

Common Names: medfly, Mediterranean fruit fly

Synonyms: Ceratitis citriperda MacLeay , Ceratitis hispanica De Brême, Paradalaspis asparagi Bezzi, Tephritis capitata Wiedemann , Trypeta capitata Wiedemann, 1824

2. Lotus corniculatus (herb)

Lotus corniculatus (bird's foot trefoil) is a low growing perennial legume that has long been valued as an agricultural crop. Lotus corniculatus is native to much of Europe, Asia and parts of Africa, but now has a near global distribution. Over most of its range, Lotus corniculatus is not considered invasive, although in a few areas it has out-competed native vegetation.

Common Names: bacon and eggs, birdfoot deervetch, birdsfoot trefoil, bird's-foot trefoil, bloomfell, buinuzlu Gurdotu, butter and eggs, cat's clover, common lotus, cornette, cornichão, crowtoes, cube, cuernecillo, cuernecillo del campo, Devil's fingers, devil's-claw, Dutchman's clogs, ebert khoshoontzor, ekhdzherarvuit, gafgaz gurdotu, garden birdsfoot trefoil, garden bird's-foot-trefoil, Gemeiner Hornklee, ghizdei marunt, ginestrina, granny's toenails, ground honeysuckle, harilik noiahammas, hen and chickens, hop 'o my thumb, Hornklee, karingtand, keltamaite, komonica zwycrajna, kurdglisprchkhila, kurdlis prukhila, lady's fingers, lady's slippers, lotier corniculé, loto corniculado, lyadvenetz baltiiski , lyadvenetz kavkazski, lyadvenetz komarova, lyadvenetz krymski , lyadvenetz olgi, lyadvenetz polevoi, lyadvenetz rogatyi , lyadvenetz ruprekhta, lyadvenetz somnitelnyi , lyadvenetz zhigulevski, palyavaya akatzyya, paprastasis garzdenis , pied-de-poule, ragaine vanagnadzini , rutvitza ragataya, sheep-foot, tryzaouka, upright trefoil, yellow treefoil, zayachchy bratki

Synonyms: Lotus ambiguus Besser ex Spreng., Lotus ambiguus Spreng, Lotus arvensis Pers., Lotus balticus Miniaev, Lotus carpetanus Lacaita, Lotus caucasicus Kuprian, Lotus caucasicus Kuprian., Lotus ciliatus sensu Schur, Lotus corniculatus L. var. crassifolia Fr., Lotus corniculatus L. var. kochii Chrtkova, Lotus corniculatus L. var. maritimus Rupr., Lotus corniculatus subsp. major (Scop.) Gams, Lotus corniculatus var. arvensis (Pers.) Ser., Lotus corniculatus var. glaber Opiz, Lotus corniculatus var. major (Scop.) Brand, Lotus corniculatus var.arvensis (Schkuhr) Ser. ex DC., Lotus filicaulis Durieu, Lotus frondosus (Freyn) Kuprian, Lotus japonicus (Regel) K.larson, Lotus komarovii Miniaev, Lotus major Scop., Lotus olgae Klokov, Lotus peczoricus Miniaev and Ulle, Lotus ruprechtii Miniaev , Lotus tauricus Juz., Lotus ucrainicus Klokov, Lotus zhegulensis Klokov

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Native Species

1. Anas platyrhynchos (bird)    

The mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the most common and widely distributed dabbling duck, having a widespread global distribution throughout the northern hemisphere. This migratory species is a highly valued game bird and the source of all domestic ducks with the exception of the Muscovy. Introductions and range expansions of A. platyrhynchos for game purposes pose a threat of competition and hybridization to native waterfowl. Also, recent studies hold the mallard as a likely vector for the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) (H5N1).

Common Names: canard colvert, mallard, pato de collar

Synonyms: Anas boschas Linnaeus, 1758, Anas oustaleti Salvadori, 1894

2. Anser anser (bird)

Gene-flow between Anser anser and other Anatidae bird species may threaten the genetic integrity of those species and sub-species.

Common Names: domestic goose, Ganso-comum, Graugans, Grauwe Gans, greylag goose, Husa velká, Merihanhi, Oca selvatica, Sery Gus, white domestic goose

3. Brassica tournefortii (herb)

Brassica tournefortii, commonly known as Sahara mustard, is an annual herb that is especially common in areas with wind-blown sediments and disturbed sites such as roadsides and abandoned fields. It appears to suppress native wildflowers by monopolising available soil moisture as it builds canopy and matures seed long before many native species have begun to flower. B. tournefortii also increases fuel loads and fire hazard in desert scrub and coastal sage scrub. There is very little information regarding the control of this species. It is reported that managing for dense stands of native grasses will assist in eradicating this species from areas, but there are no documented mechanical and biological controls that are successful in managing this species.

Common Names: African mustard, Asian mustard , Aslooz, Mediterranean turnip, Sahara mustard, Tournefort's birdrape , wild turnip

Synonyms: Brassica tournefortii var. sisymbrioides (Fisch.) Grossh.

4. Bromus rubens (grass)

Bromus rubens is a tufted, cool-season annual bunchgrass commonly found growing on shallow dry soil or poor textured, clayey soil. It becomes extremely competitive with other grasses and displaces native species. Red brome can produce large amount of biomass that increase the amount and continuity of fine fuels. The lack of a soil seed bank provides one avenue of control for this species.

Common Names: foxtail brome, foxtail chess, red brome

Synonyms: Anisantha rubens (L.) Nevski, Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens (L.) Husnot

5. Butomus umbellatus (aquatic plant)

Butomus umbellatus commonly known as flowering rush, is a moderately tall, rush like perennial found on shores of lakes, ponds and riverbanks. It can tolerate water as deep or deeper than 2 metres, extending to the deepest range of emergent marsh species. Flowering rush can displace native riparian vegetation, and can be an obstacle to boat traffic. Once established, populations' increase and can persist indefinitely. Control of this species is very difficult, especially with herbicides because they easily wash away from the narrow leaves of this plant. Extensive physical methods of control must be employed to manage this invasive exotic. It can be spread over long distances by garden planting, and once established in a watershed it spreads locally by rhizomes and root pieces that break off. Muskrats use parts of the plant and contribute to its local spread. Boaters can also transport flowering rush on their equipment.

Common Names: butome à ombelle, flowering rush, flûteau, grassy rush, jonc fleuri, water gladiolus

6. Centaurea diffusa (herb)

Centaurea diffusa is a 0.2-1.0m tall, biennial or short-lived perennial species, with a long tap root. The plant is well adapted for survival in disturbed, semiarid environments as typified by degraded rangeland and pasture, fallow land, neglected residential and industrial properties, gravel pits, clearcuts, river and ditch banks, and transportation rights-of-way. It appears to grow best on well-drained, light textured soils. It is not tolerant of flooding or shade. Seeds can be dispersed by manure transportation and when seed-laden plants become attached to the undercarriages of vehicles and equipment. Seeds can also be dispersed by wind, water, humans, and by wildlife foraging activity. Movement of contaminated forage and feed grains by livestock producers has also contributed to the weed’s widespread distribution.

Common Names: chaber drobnoglówkowy, diffuse knapweed, sparrige Flockenblume, white knapweed

Synonyms: Acosta diffusa (Lam.) Sojak

7. Centaurea solstitialis (herb)

Centaurea solstitialis is a winter annual that can form dense impenetrable stands that displace desirable vegetation in natural areas, rangelands, and other places. It is best adapted to open grasslands with deep, well-drained soils and an annual precipitation range of 25 to 150cm per year. It is intolerant of shade. Although populations can occur at elevations as high as 2,400 m, most large infestations are found below 1,500 m. Human activities are the primary mechanisms for the long distance movement of C. solstitialis seed. The short, stiff, pappus bristles are covered with barbs that readily adhere to clothing, hair, and fur. The movement of contaminated hay and uncertified seed are also important long distance transportation mechanisms. Wind disperses seeds over short distances.

Common Names: geeldissel, golden star thistle, sonnwend-Flockenblume, St. Barnaby's thistle, yellow centaury, yellow cockspur, yellow star thistle

Synonyms: Leucantha solstitialis (L.) A.& D. Löve

8. Clematis vitalba (vine, climber)

Clematis vitalba is a perennial vine with climbing, woody stems that can grow 20 to 30 metres long. In the native ranges C. vitalba is associated with chalk and limestone areas, but outside of its native range, this species is found in forestlands and in the margins and openings of forested lands. It is also found in riparian areas established with willows, in waste areas, and in coastal and lowland areas. This species physically smothers and collapses indigenous forest and causes a loss of indigenous plant species. When this loss occurs there is an influx of exotic plants into gaps or grazing damage by livestock. Control using a combination of mechanical and chemical methods can be effective but is very expensive. Much research is being conducted in the hopes of discovering biological means to control this species.

Common Names: evergreen clematis, Gewoehnliche Waldrebe, old man's beard, powojnik pnacy, traveler's-joy

9. Columba livia (bird)    

Columba livia is native to Europe and has been introduced worldwide as a food source, or for game. These pigeons prefer to live near human habitation, such as farmland and buildings. They cause considerable damage to buildings and monuments because of their corrosive droppings. They also pose a health hazard, since they are capable of transmitting a variety of diseases to humans and to domestic poultry and wildlife.

Common Names:  pombo-doméstico, agreste, b? câu, bákteduvvá, balandis, bareski-golumbaika, baresko-golumbo, bjargdúfa, bládúgva, bládúva, bydue, calman-creige, calmane creggey, carrier pigeon, colm aille, colom roquer, colom roquer,, colom wyls, colomba salvaria, colomen ddôf, , colomen y graig, colomp salvadi, columba da chasa, columba selvadia, columbu agreste, columbu aresti, columbu de is arrocas, colu'r aille, common pigeon, didu, div gulab, divlji golub, dobato, domaci golob, domestic dove, domestic pigeon, dubet, , dziwi holb, Felsentaube, feral pigeon, feral rock pigeon, golab miejski¦Golab skalny, golab skalny, golub pecinar, golub pecinar, gradski Golub, güvercin, haitz-uso, Haustaube, Strassentaube, holub domácí, holub skalní, homing pigeon, húsdúfa, kaljutuvi, kalliokyyhky, kawarabato, kawara-bato, kesykyyhky, kieminis, klinšu balodis, klippduva, klippedue, kolombo, kolomm an garrek, naminis karvelis, paloma, paloma bravia, paloma casera, paloma común, paloma de castilla, paloma doméstica, pecinar, pëllumbi i egër i shkëmbit, piccione, piccione domestico, piccione selvatico, piccione selvatico semidomestico, piccione terraiolo, piccione torraiolo, pichon, pigeon, pigeon biset, pigeon biset domestique, pigeon de ville, pigeon domestique, pomba brava, pombo da rocha, pombo o pombo-doméstico, pombo-das-rochas, porumbel de stânca, pustynnik, rock dove , rock dove pigeon, rock pigeon, rotsduif, ruve, sizij golub, sizy Golub, sizyj golub', skalen g"l"b, , šyzy holub, , szirti galamb, tamduva, tidori, tidu, Tkhakapuyt Aghavni, tudun tal-gebel, tzidu, Verwilderte Haustaube, Xixella, yuan ge, ziwy golub

10. Coronilla varia (herb)

Coronilla varia is a perennial herb with creeping stems that may reach 0.6 - 2 metres. It is tolerant of drought, heavy precipitation, and cold temperatures, but it is intolerant of shade. C. varia is adapted to all coarse and medium textured soils, but it does not grow well in fine textured, saline, and alkaline soils. It reproduces prolifically and spreads rapidly via creeping rhizomes. In the United States C. varia has been extensively planted for erosion control along many roads and other disturbed areas. It has also been widely planted for ground cover on steep banks, mine reclamation, and as a cover crop on cropland.

Common Names: arvejilla morada, axseed, bunte Kronwicke, coronilla morada, coronille bigarrée, coronille variée, crown-vetch, ruda inglesa, trailing crown-vetch

Synonyms: Securigera varia (L.) Lassen subsp. orientalis Jahn

11. Cotinus coggygria (tree, shrub)

Native to Asia and southeastern Europe, Cotinus coggygria is a shrub that occurs naturally in areas with rocky soil and poor soils.

Common Names: European smoketree, festete, fustet, Hungarian fustic, smokebush, smoketree, Venetian-sumac, wig tree, young fustic

Synonyms: Rhus cotinus

12. Erodium cicutarium (herb)

Erodium cicutarium is an annual, winter annual or biennial that is a pioneer on disturbed and arid sites. It can cause yield reductions of crops and the seed is very difficult to clean out of small seeded crops. Erodium cicutarium is considered a noxious weed as it crowds out or outcompetes crops and native plant species. Erodium cicutarium provides forage for rodents, desert tortoise, big game animals, livestock and also upland game birds and songbirds. Prevention may be the best method for controlling Erodium cicutarium, however, it may be impossible to actually prevent this species from colonising, or to eradicate it, once present. There are few known chemical control methods for Erodium cicutarium besides, general herbicide controls.

Common Names: alfilaree, alfilaria, alfilerillo, California filaree, cutleaf filaree, filaree, heronsbill, loiquilahuen, pin-grass, pin-weed, redstem, redstem filaree, redstem stork's bill, relojito, stork's bill, tachuela

13. Frangula alnus (shrub)

Frangula alnus, commonly known as glossy buckthorn, is a shrub that can grow to seven metres and is sometimes considered a tree. Frangula alnus typically inhabits wet, shaded and acidic soils. It can grow in soils of any texture. In North America, wetlands are invaded by Frangula alnus. Frangula alnus is also a typical woody pioneer during the succession of drained mires and conveyed wet meadows, being overgrown and substituted by forest vegetation. The invasion of Frangula alnus into forests and riparian areas in the North American region has alarmed foresters and conservationists. Frangula alnus attains high cover in the understorey and tree seedling density and diversity is known to be inversely related to buckthorn basal area. Frangula alnus can also out-compete and exclude native woody species.

Common Names: alder buckthorn , aulne noir, black buckthorn, European alder buckthorn, frangula, glossy buckthorn , nerprun bourdaine

Synonyms: Rhamnus frangula L., Rhamnus frangula subsp. columnaris hort. , Rhamnus frangula var. angustifolia Loud.

14. Hedera helix (vine, climber)

Hedera helix is an evergreen climbing vine of the ginseng family (Araliaceae). It is an aggressive invader that threatens all vegetation levels of forested and open areas, growing along the ground as well as into the forest canopy. It is widely used as a fast-growing, low maintenance, evergreen groundcover and once established at a site, Hedera helix can be expected to move beyond its intended borders by vegetative means or by seed. Seeds are dispersed to new areas primarily by birds.

Common Names: English Ivy

Synonyms: Hedera helix f. arborescens, Hedera helix f. minima, Hedera helix var. conglomerata, Hedera helix var. crenata, Hedera helix var. minima, Hedera helix var. taurica, Hedera poetarum var. taurica, Hedera taurica

15. Hypericum perforatum (herb)

Hypericum perforatum, more commonly known as St. John's wort, is a native flowering perennial plant of Eurasia. It has been widely introduced, mainly by human vectors, to North and South America, parts of Africa, Australia and New Zealand. St. John's wort can survive in a wide range of environments and has the ability to store reserves in its root crown and compensate during harsh times, which makes this plant difficult for management control. In recent years Hypericum perforatum has gained media attention for its use in alternative medicine, mainly for treating depression.

Common Names: äkta johannesört, äkta mannablod, amber, bal?, bassant, binbirdelikotu, Blutkraut, casse-diable, castellas, common St. John's wort, common StJohnswort, corazoncillo, eala bhuidhe, Echtes Johanniskraut, gammock, Gemeines Johanniskraut, goatsbeard, goatweed, Hartheu, herb john, herbe De Saint-Jean, herbe de St. Jean, hierba de San Juan, hipérico, iperico, johannesblöda, Johanneskruid, johannesört, Johanniskraut, klamathweed, läpikuisma, lule gjaku, lulebasan, lulemaji, mäkikuisma, mansblod, millepertuis, millepertuis perfore, penny john, perforate St. John's wort, racecourse weed, randpirk, rosin rose, St. John's grass, St. John's wort, tipton weed, todabuena, touch and heal, Tüpfel-Hartheu, Tüpfel-Johanniskraut, Unserer Frauen Bettstroh, Y fendigedig

Synonyms: Hypericum officinale (Gater), Hypericum perforatum var. perforatum, Hypericum perforatum var. angustifolium, Hypericum perforatum var. microphyllum, Hypericum perforatum var. veronense, Hypericum veronense, Hypericum vulgare (Bauhin)

16. Iris pseudacorus (herb)

Iris pseudacorus is a perennial monocot forb that forms dense stands of robust plants. It thrives in temperate climates and can grow in water up to 25cm deep. It is a fast-growing and fast-spreading invasive plant that can out-compete other wetland plants, forming almost impenetrable thickets. Iris pseudacorus is poisonous to grazing animals and caution should be used if pulling out this plant as it causes skin irritations. It has typically been introduced as an ornamental, but has also been used in erosion control and for making dyes and fibre.

Common Names: fleur-de-lis , iris jaune , pale-yellow iris , water flag , yellow flag , yellow iris , yellow water iris , yellow-flag iris

Synonyms: Iris acoriformis Boreau , Iris acoroides Spach , Iris bastardii Boreau , Iris curtopetala F. Delaroche , Iris flava Tornab. , Iris lutea Lam. , Iris paludosa Pers. , Iris pseudacorus L. var. parviflora Bastard , Iris sativa Mill.

17. Lepidium latifolium (herb)

Lepidium latifolium is an herbaceous perennial that invades wetlands, riparian areas and other water courses. It can tolerate a wide range of soil water potential and survive up to 50 days in submerged soil. Lepidium latifolium is extremely competitive and forms monospecific stands that crowd out desirable native species.

Common Names: Breitblättrige Kresse, broad-leaf peppergrass , broadleaf pepperweed, erva-pimenteira , giant whiteweed, grande passerage , ironweed, lepidio , mastuerzo montesino , peppergrass , peppergrass mustard , perennial peppercress, perennial peppergrass, perennial pepperweed, piperisa, slender perennial peppercress, tall whitetop, Virginia pepperweed

Synonyms: Cardaria latifolia (L.) Spach

18. Panicum repens (grass)

Panicum repens is a perennial grass that frequently forms dense colonies and has long, creeping rhizomes. It grows in moist, often sandy soils and its rhizomes often extend several feet out into the water. Panicum repens frequently forms dense floating mats that impede water flow in ditches and canals and restrict recreational use of shoreline areas of lakes and ponds. Management of Panicum repens involves the repeated application of herbicides. There is very little physical management that can be used to control Panicum repens, as disturbance encourages its growth.

Common Names: canota, couch panicum , creeping panic , kriechende Hirse, millet rampant , panic rampant , torpedo grass , torpedograss , Victoria grass , wainaku grass

Synonyms: Panicum airoides R. Br. , Panicum aquaticum A. Rich. , Panicum arenarium Brotero , Panicum chromatostigma Pilg. , Panicum convolutum P.Beauv. ex Spreng. , Panicum gouinii (Fourn.), Panicum hycrocharis Steud. , Panicum ischaemoides Retz. , Panicum kinshassense Vanderyst , Panicum leiogonum Delile , Panicum littorale C.Mohr ex Vasey , Panicum nyanzense K.Schum. , Panicum roxburghianum Schult. , Panicum sieberi Link , Panicum tuberosum Llanos , Panicum uliginosum Roxb. ex Roem. & Schult.

19. Pennisetum ciliare (grass)

Pennisetum ciliare, commonly known as buffel grass, is a perennial bunchgrass that forms thick mats. It is also known by its basionym Cenchrus ciliaris. Buffel grass has been widely introduced in the dry tropics and subtropics as a pasture grass, for erosion control and revegetation of arid areas. The characteristics of buffel grass which make it suitable for erosion control are rapid germination, high propogation and establishment rates on poor and infertile soils. Pennisetum ciliare's dominance and resistance to fire, drought and heavy grazing on arid soils make it a suitable arid zone pasture grass. In Australia, the south-western United States and Mexico (where it has been introduced as a pasture grass and for erosion control) Pennisetum ciliare often forms extensive dense monocultures excluding native species and promoting intense and frequent fires. It is widely distributed and is resilient to a number of harsh environmental conditions. Pennisetum ciliare changes plant communities by encouraging and carrying wildfires through communities that are not adapted to fire. It burns readily and recovers quickly after fire. Pennisetum ciliare has a robust root system; its swollen stem base accumulates carbohydrate reserves, so the loss of leaf surface area after a fire or drought is not fatal to the plant and allows regrowth in favourable conditions.

Common Names: African foxtail grass, Büffelgras, buffelgrass , cenchrus cilié, dhaman, pasto buffel, zacate buffel

Synonyms: Cenchrus ciliaris L., Cenchrus glaucus C. R. Mudaliar & Sundararaj, Pennisetum cenchroides Rich., Pennisetum incomptum Nees ex Steud.

20. Poa pratensis (grass)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Common Names: capim-do-campo, grama de prados, Kentucky bluegrass, smooth meadow grass, smooth-stalked meadow grass , spreading bluegrass, Wiesenrispengras, zacate poa 

Synonyms: Poa alpigena, Poa angustifolia L.

21. Prosopis spp. (tree, shrub)    

Members of the genus Prosopis spp., which are commonly known as mesquite or algarrobo, include at least 44 defined species and many hybrids. This leads to problems with identification. For this reason, information about different species in the Prosopis genus is presented in this genus-level profile. Native to the Americas, Prosopis species are fast growing, nitrogen fixing and very salt and drought tolerant shrubs or trees. Most are thorny, although thornless types are known. Animals eat the pods and may spread seeds widely. Trees develop a shrubby growth form if cut or grazed. The four main species that have presented problems as weeds world-wide are P. glandulosa and P. velutina in more subtropical regions and P. juliflora and P. pallida in the truly tropical zone.

Common Names: acacia de Catarina, aguijote negro, algaroba, algarobeira, algarobeira, algarroba, algarroba, algarrobo, algarrobo, algarrobo americano, algarrobo del Brasil, algarrobo forragero, anchipia guaiva, angrezi bavaliya , aroma, aroma americana, aromo, arómo, baron, bayahon, bayahon, bayahonda, bayahonda blanca, bayahonde, bayahonde, bayahonde française, bayarone, bayawonn, bayawonn française, belari jari, bohahunda, cambrón, campeche, caóbano gateado, carbón, carobier, cashaw, cashew, catzimec, chachaca, chambron, cojí wawalú, cuida, cují, cují amarillo, cují negro, cují yague, cují yaque, cujicarora , dakkar toubab , espinheiro, espino negro, espino real, espino ruco, eterai, gando baval , gaudi maaka, ghaf, guarango, guatapaná, huarango, indjoe, indju, kiawe, kuigi, lebi , maíz criollo, manca-caballo, mareño, mastuerzos, mathenge, mesquite, mesquite, mesquite, mesquite, mesquit-tree, Mexican thorn, mezquite, mezquite, mugun kawa, nacascol, nacasol, palo de campeche, plumo de oro, qui, screwbeans, shejain kawa , shouk shami, spinho, taco, thacco, tornillos, trupi, trupillo, uweif , vallahonda, velikaruvel, velimullu, vilayati babool, vilayati babul, vilayati babul, vilayati jand, vilayati khejra, vilayati kikar, vilayati kikar , wawahi, yaque, yaque blanco, yaque negro

22. Ranunculus ficaria (herb)

Ranunculus ficaria is a perennial plant and spring ephemeral (lasting for a very short time) that spends much of the year underground as thickened tubers. In the North American region, native ephemeral wildflowers grow and flower early in the spring before leaf-out of the forest canopy. Ranunculus ficaria uses this same strategy, but starts growing earlier in the season and is far more aggressive in its use of space. It out-competes native plants through its extremely early seasonal growth and forms extensive carpets in natural areas, crowding out native plants. Management primarily consists of delicate chemical treatments that must occur before native species emerge. Care must also be taken not to cause harm to flora that is emergent during chemical treatments.

Common Names: ficaire, fig buttercup , lesser celandine, pilewort , renoncule ficaire

23. Ricinus communis (tree, shrub)    

Ricinus communis is a perennial shrub that can assume tree-like status if it establishes in a suitable climate. It is frequently found invading riparian areas where it displaces native vegetation. The seed of this species is toxic to variety of species including humans. Consuming only a few seeds can be fatal.

Common Names: agaliya, agaliya , belenivavalagi, castor, castor bean, castor-oil-plant , gelug, higuerilla, ka'apeha, kamakou, kasterolieboom, koli, la'au 'aila, lama palagi, lama palagi, lama papalagi, lepo , maskerekur, maskerekur, mbele ni vavalagi, pa'aila , pakarana, pakarani, palma-christi, pititu , ricin, rícino, Rizinus, tiairi , tiairi papa'a, tiairi popa'a, tiarili, toto ni vavalagi, toto ni vavalagi, tuitui, tuitui fua ikiiki , tuitui papa'a, uluchula skoki, uluchula skoki , utouto

Synonyms: Ricinus africanus Willd. , Ricinus angulatus Thunb. , Ricinus armatus Haw. , Ricinus badius Rchb. , Ricinus chinensis Thunb. , Ricinus digitatus Noronha , Ricinus europaeus T.Nees , Ricinus glaucus Hoffmanns. , Ricinus hybridus Besser , Ricinus inermis Mill. , Ricinus japonicus Thunb. , Ricinus laevis DC. , Ricinus leucocarpus Bertol. , Ricinus lividus Jacq. , Ricinus macrophyllus Bertol. , Ricinus medicus Forssk. , Ricinus megalospermus Delile , Ricinus minor Mill. , Ricinus nanus Balbis , Ricinus peltatus Noronha , Ricinus purpurascens Bertol. , Ricinus rugosus Mill. , Ricinus sanguineus Groenland , Ricinus scaber Bertol. ex Moris , Ricinus speciosus Burm.f. , Ricinus spectabilis Blume , Ricinus tunisensis Desf. , Ricinus undulatus Besser , Ricinus urens Mill. , Ricinus viridis Willd. , Ricinus vulgaris Mill.

24. Sabella spallanzanii (annelid)

Sabella spallanzanii (the European fan worm) is a filter-feeding tube worm which has the potential to alter native marine ecosystems and compete with native organisms for food and space. It may also inflict economic damage by competing with mussels and oysters in aquaculture farms.

Common Names: European fan worm, giant fan worm, Mediterranean fan worm, sabellid fan worm

Synonyms: Spirographis penicillus , Spirographis spallanzanii

25. Salsola tragus (shrub)

Salsola tragus is an annual weed that begins life as a typical multiple branched bush but then takes on a spherical form. Once the spherical form is achieved the plant breaks at the soil line and becomes a tumbleweed which is blown by the wind, spreading thousands of seeds. It is abundant in semi-desert regions and is a typical plant of salty soils, where rainfall is not abundant. It infests range and semi-arid pasture lands as well as cropland, railroad, and highway rights of way, as well as vacant agricultural, residential and industrial areas. Salsola tragus is a road hazard, as tumbling plants can surprise drivers and cause traffic accidents. It is also responsible for allergic sensitisation in Europe and North America. It should be noted that nitrates and soluble oxalates accumulate in the plants photosynthetic parts at levels poisonous to sheep.

Common Names: ci sha peng, hari-hijikii, Russian tumbleweed, Russian-cactus, Russian-thistle, soude épineuse, soude roulante, spineless saltwort, tumbleweed, Ukraine Salzkraut

Synonyms: Salsola australis R. Br., Salsola iberica auct., Salsola kali auct. w. N. Amer., Salsola kali subsp. iberica (Sennen & Pau) Rilke, Salsola kali subsp. ruthenica (Iljin) Soó, Salsola kali subsp. tragus (L.) Nyman, Salsola kali var. tenuifolia Tausch, Salsola pestifer A. Nelson, Salsola ruthenica Iljin, Salsola tragus subsp. iberica Sennen & Pau

26. Streptopelia decaocto (bird)    

The Eurasian collared-dove (Streptopelia decaocto) is an extremely successful invader capable of phenomenal range expansion despite geographic barriers. In Europe, it spread from Turkey and the Balkans colonizing almost every country in Western Europe in a matter of 30 years, becoming viable breeders within two years of invasion. Believed introduced to the West Indies by accidental release of a pet trader in 1974, Eurasian collared-doves have spread throughout the Caribbean. In the early 1980's they invaded Florida and quickly established localities throughout southeastern United States. Researchers site factors such as genetic mutation, keen adaptation to human-dominated environments, and high reproductive potential as possible explainations for their abundant range expansion. Negative impacts include competition with endemic birds and potential disease transmission.

Common Names: Balkáni gerle, collared dove, Eurasian collared-dove, Indian ring-dove, Kolchataya Gorlitsa, Rola-turca, Sierpówka, Tórtola turca, Tortora dal collare, Tourterelle turque, Turkduva, Türkentaube, Turkinkyyhky, Turkse Tortel, Tyrkerdue

Synonyms: Columba risoria decaocto

27. Typha latifolia (aquatic plant)

Typha latifolia (cattails) are among the most common of all aquatic plants. They are often a nuisance but also perform an important function in keeping a lake healthy by filtering the runoffs. Typha latifolia form dense monocultures when there is a wetland disturbance. They can reach up to 2 or 3 metres and grow prolifically from thick underground rhizomes, forming dense rhizome mats and litter which has an impact on species diversity by alteration of habitat. Dense Typha latifolia growth and litter may reduce the opportunity for other plants to establish or survive.

Common Names: broadleaf cattail , broad-leaf cattail , cattail , cattail (common) , common cattail , Cooper's reed, cumbungi, espadaña común, giant reed-mace, great cattail , piriope, roseau des étangs , soft flag, tabua-larga, totora, tule espidilla