100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species

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Welcome to "One Hundred of the Worldís Worst Invasive Alien Species", funded by La Fondation TOTAL, and part of the Global Invasive Species Database. Invasive species have been recognised globally as a major threat to biodiversity (the collected wealth of the worldís species of plants, animals and other organisms) as well as to agriculture and other human interests. It is very difficult to identify 100 invasive species from around the world that really are "worse" than any others. Species and their interactions with ecosystems are very complex. Some species may have invaded only a restricted region, but have a high probability of expanding and causing further great damage (e.g. see Boiga irregularis: the brown tree snake). Other species may already be globally widespread, and causing cumulative but less visible damage. Many biological families or genera contain large numbers of invasive species, often with similar impacts. Species were selected for the list according to two criteria: their serious impact on biological diversity and/or human activities, and their illustration of important issues surrounding biological invasion. To ensure the inclusion of a wide variety of examples, only one species from each genus was selected. Absence from the list does not imply that a species poses a lesser threat. For any queries to do with this database, please contact: issg@auckland.ac.nz

100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species

1. Acacia mearnsii (shrub)     

Acacia mearnsii is a fast growing leguminous (nitrogen fixing) tree. Native to Australia, it is often used as a commercial source of tannin or a source of fire wood for local communities. It threatens native habitats by competing with indigenous vegetation, replacing grass communities, reducing native biodiversity and increasing water loss from riparian zones.

Common Names: acácia-negra, Australian acacia, Australische akazie, black wattle, swartwattel, uwatela

2. Achatina fulica (mollusc)     

Achatina fulica is a threat to the sustainability of crop systems and native ecosystems, having a variety of negative impacts on native fauna, from competition for resources to the spread of diseases to direct herbivory of native plants. Native snails in fragile island ecosystems such as Hawaii and the French Polynesian islands are particularly susceptible to the negative effects of Achatina fulica and other introduced snails.

Common Names: achatine, Afrikanische Riesenschnecke, escargot géant d'Afrique, giant African land snail, giant African snail

3. Acridotheres tristis (bird)     

Acridotheres tristis is native to India and the Middle East. Acridotheres can be translated as “grasshopper hunter” which reflects the birds insectivorous diet; a trait that lead to its introduction into many Pacific islands to control insect pest populations of commercially important crops. The unfortunate and unseen result was that the birds preferred to feed on the agricultural crops themselves. In Australia it has been noted to compete with native birds and small mammals for nesting sites and consume their eggs and chicks.

Common Names: brun majna, common myna, hirtenmaina, hjarðmænir, Indian myna, Indian mynah, kabairohakka, maina, mainá común, maina comune, mainato, majna brunatna, majna obecná, Martin triste, merle des Moluques, mynah, pihamaina, treurmaina

4. Aedes albopictus (insect)     

The Asian tiger mosquito is spread via the international tire trade (due to the rainwater retained in the tires when stored outside). In order to control its spread such trading routes must be highlighted for the introduction of sterilisation or quarantine measures. The tiger mosquito is associated with the transmission of many human diseases, including the viruses: Dengue, West Nile and Japanese Encephalitis.

Common Names: Asian tiger mosquito, forest day mosquito, mosquito tigre, moustique tigre, tiger mosquito, tigermücke, zanzare tigre

5. Anopheles quadrimaculatus (insect)   

Anopheles quadrimaculatus is the chief vector of malaria in North America. This species prefers habitats with well-developed beds of submergent, floating leaf or emergent aquatic vegetation. Larvae are typically found in sites with abundant rooted aquatic vegetation, such as rice fields and adjacent irrigation ditches, freshwater marshes and the vegetated margins of lakes, ponds and reservoirs.

Common Names: common malaria mosquito, common malaria mosquito, Gabelmücke

6. Anoplolepis gracilipes (insect)     

Anoplolepis gracilipes (so called because of their frenetic movements) have invaded native ecosystems and caused environmental damage from Hawaii to the Seychelles and Zanzibar. On Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean, they have formed multi-queen supercolonies. They are also decimating the red land crab (Gecarcoidea natalis) populations. Crazy ants also prey on, or interfere in, the reproduction of a variety of arthropods, reptiles, birds and mammals on the forest floor and canopy. Their ability to farm and protect sap-sucking scale insects, which damage the forest canopy on Christmas Island, is one of their more surprising attributes. Although less than 5% of the rainforest on Christmas Island has been invaded so far, scientists are concerned that endangered birds such as the Abbott’s booby (Sula abbotti), which nests nowhere else in the world, could eventually be driven to extinction through habitat alteration and direct attack by the ants.

Common Names: ashinaga-ki-ari, crazy ant, Gelbe Spinnerameise, gramang ant, long-legged ant, Maldive ant, yellow crazy ant

7. Anoplophora glabripennis (insect)   

Native to China and Korea, Anoplophora glabripennis has been intercepted in solid wood packaging material in the USA (14 states) and Britain. Known infestations were discovered in New York (1996) and Chicago (1998) about 10 years after the beetle first entered the U.S. An infestation was also discovered in Austria in 2001.

Common Names: Asian longhorn beetle, Asian longhorned beetle, Asiatischer Laubholzkäfer, longicorne Asiatique, starry sky beetle

8. Aphanomyces astaci (fungus)   

Aphanomyces astaci is commonly referred to as crayfish plague. It is a specialised parasitic fungus that infects only crayfish species. This fungus is endemic of North America and it is carried by North American species, i.e. signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, Procambarus clarkii and Orconectes limosus. The parasitic fungus A. astaci was introduced into Europe by imports of North American species of crayfish. Native European crayfish populations are not resistant to the fungus. It has since devastated native crayfish stocks throughout the continent.

Common Names: crayfish plague, Wasserschimmel

9. Ardisia elliptica (tree)     

Ardisia elliptica is a shade tolerant evergreen tree whose fast growth and attractive fruit made it a popular ornamental plant in the past. It has escaped from private and public gardens to invade natural areas. Due to high reproductive output and high shade-tolerance, carpets of seedlings can form underneath adult trees. High seed viability (99%) and seed consumption by both avian and mammalian frugivores can lead to rapid spread across a landscape.

Common Names: ardisie elliptique, ati popa'a, shoebutton ardisia

10. Arundo donax (grass)     

Giant reed (Arundo donax) is a perennial grass which has been widely introduced into primarily riparian zones and wetlands in subtropical and temperate areas of the world. Once established, it forms dense, homogenous stands at the expense of native plant species, altering the habitat of the local wildlife. It is also both a fire and flood hazard.

Common Names: arundo grass, bamboo reed, cana, cane, canne de Provence, carrizo grande, cow cane, donax cane, giant cane, giant reed, la canne de Provence, narkhat, ngasau ni vavalangi, Pfahlrohr, reedgrass, river cane, Spanisches Rohr, Spanish cane, Spanish reed

11. Asterias amurensis (sea star)   

Originally found in far north Pacific waters and areas surrounding Japan, Russia, North China, and Korea, the northern Pacific seastar (Asterias amurensis) has successfully invaded the southern coasts of Australia and has the potential to move as far north as Sydney. The seastar will eat a wide range of prey and has the potential for ecological and economic harm in its introduced range. Because the seastar is well established and abundantly widespread, eradication is almost impossible. However, prevention and control measures are being implemented to stop the species from establishing in new waters.

Common Names: Flatbottom seastar, Japanese Seastar, Japanese starfish, Nordpazifischer Seestern, North Pacific seastar, northern Pacific seastar, purple-orange seastar

12. Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) (micro-organism)     

Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) is a deadly pathogen which affects many areas of the world-wide banana industry. Infected banana plants produce increasingly smaller leaves on shorter petioles giving the plants a bunched appearance. Fruits may be distorted and plants become sterile before the whole mat (rhizome) eventually dies. The international spread of BBTV is primarily through infected planting materials.

Common Names: abaca bunchy top virus, banana bunchy top disease (BBTD), BBTV, bunchy top, bunchy top virus, laufeti’iti’i

13. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (fungus)   

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is a non-hyphal parasitic chytrid fungus that has been associated with population declines in endemic amphibian species in upland montane rain forests in Australia and Panama. It causes cutaneous mycosis (fungal infection of the skin), or more specifically chytridiomycosis, in wild and captive amphibians. First described in 1998, the fungus is the only chytrid known to parasitise vertebrates. B. dendrobatidis can remain viable in the environment (especially aquatic environments) for weeks on its own, and may persist in latent infections.

Common Names: chytrid frog fungi, chytridiomycosis, chytridiomycosis, Chytrid-Pilz, frog chytrid fungus

14. Bemisia tabaci (insect)   

Bemisia tabaci has been reported from all continents except Antarctica. Over 900 host plants have been recorded for B. tabaci and it reportedly transmits 111 virus species. It is believed that B. tabaci has been spread throughout the world through the transport of plant products that were infested with whiteflies. Once established, B. tabaci quickly spreads and through its feeding habits and the transmission of diseases, it causes destruction to crops around the world. B. tabaci is believed to be a species complex, with a number of recognised biotypes and two described extant cryptic species.

Common Names: cotton whitefly, mosca blanca, sweet potato whitefly, sweetpotato whitefly, Weisse Fliege

15. Boiga irregularis (reptile)   

The night-loving and tree-loving, brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) is secretive by nature. It is often found concealed on container ships and in aircraft cargo. It probably arrived on Guam after World War II in a cargo ship. Now the wetlands, coastlands and forests of Guam are bereft of nine out of twelve native bird species (and two out of eleven native lizards) due to the snakes voracious appetite. The brown tree snake is not a fussy feeder, stimulating the very real fear that it might drive yet more species to extinction.

Common Names: Braune Nachtbaumnatter, brown tree snake, brown treesnake, culepla, kulebla

16. Bufo marinus (amphibian)     

Cane toads (Bufo marinus) were introduced to many countries as biological control agents for various insect pests of sugarcane and other crops. The cane toads have proved to be pests themselves. They will feed on almost any terrestrial animal and compete with native amphibians for food and breeding habitats. Their toxic secretions are known to cause illness and death in domestic animals that come into contact with them, such as dogs and cats, and wildlife, such as snakes and lizards. When threatened, they are able to squirt the toxic secretion over a metre, causing extreme pain if rubbed into the eyes. Human fatalities have been recorded following ingestion of the eggs or adults.

Common Names: Aga-Kröte, bufo toad, bullfrog, cane toad, crapaud, giant American toad, giant toad, kwapp, macao, maco pempen, Maco toro, marine Toad, Suriname toad

17. Capra hircus (mammal)     

The goat (Capra hircus) was domesticated 10,000 years ago in the highlands of western Iran. These herbivores have a highly varied diet and are able to ultilise a larger number of plant species than other livestock. Goats alter plant communities and forest structure and threaten vulnerable plant species. The reduction of vegetation reduces shelter options for native animals and overgrazing in native communitties leads to ecosystem degradation. Feral goats spread disease to native animals. Native fauna on islands are particularly susceptible.

Common Names: goat, Hausziege

18. Carcinus maenas (crustacean)   

Carcinus maenas is native to Europe and northern Africa and has been introduced to the USA, Australia and South Africa. It is a voracious food generalist and in some locations of its introduced range it has caused the decline of other crab and bivalve species.

Common Names: European shore crab, green crab, strandkrabbe

19. Caulerpa taxifolia (algae)   

Caulerpa taxifolia is an invasive marine alga that is widely used as a decorative plant in aquaria. A cold-tolerant strain was inadvertently introduced into the Mediterranean Sea in wastewater from the Oceanographic Museum at Monaco, where it has now spread over more than 13,000 hectares of seabed. Caulerpa taxifolia forms dense monocultures that prevent the establishment of native seaweeds and excludes almost all marine life, affecting the livelihoods of local fishermen.

Common Names: caulerpa, killer alga, lukay-lukay, Schlauchalge, sea weed

20. Cecropia peltata (tree)     

Cecropia peltata is a fast-growing, short-lived tree that grows in neotropical regions. It is light-demanding and rapidly invades disturbed areas, such as forest canopy gaps. It naturally occurs in tropical Central and South America, as well as some Caribbean islands and has been introduced to Malaysia, Africa and Hawaii. It may be replacing, or competing with, other native pioneer species in some locations.

Common Names: Ameisenbaum, faux-ricin, parasolier, pisse-roux, pumpwood, trumpet tree, yagrumo hembra

21. Cercopagis pengoi (crustacean)   

Cercopagis pengoi is a water flea native to the Ponto-Aralo-Caspian basin in South Eastern Europe, at the meeting point of the Middle East, Europe and Asia. It has spread from its native range and become invasive in some waterways of Eastern Europe and in the Baltic Sea. It has been introduced to the Great Lakes of North America, quickly becoming established and is now increasing its range and abundance. Cercopagis pengoi is a voracious predator and may compete with other planktivorous invertebrates and vertebrates. Through this competition, Cercopagis pengoi has the potential to affect the abundance and condition of zooplanktivorous fish and fish larvae. It also interferes with fisheries by clogging nets and fishing gear.

Common Names: fishhook waterflea, Kaspischer Wasserfloh

22. Cervus elaphus (mammal)   

Red deer (Cervus elaphus) were introduced to several countries, including North and South America, New Zealand and Australia. In Argentina they have invaded several National parks, influencing native flora and fauna and possibly disrupting ecological processes. Of particular concern is possible competition with an endangered deer endemic to the southern parts of Chile and Argentina. They also compete with livestock.

Common Names: cerf elaphe, Ciervo colorado, deer, Edelhirsch, elk, European red deer, red deer, Rothirsch, Rotwild, Rothirsch, wapiti

23. Chromolaena odorata (herb)     

Chromolaena odorata is a fast-growing perennial shrub, native to South America and Central America. It has been introduced into the tropical regions of Asia, Africa and the Pacific, where it is an invasive weed. Also known as Siam weed, it forms dense stands that prevent the establishment of other plant species. It is an aggressive competitor and may have allelopathic effects. It is also a nuisance weed in agricultural land and commercial plantations.

Common Names: agonoi, bitter bush, chromolaena, hagonoy, herbe du Laos, huluhagonoi, jack in the bush, kesengesil, mahsrihsrihk, masigsig, ngesngesil , otuot, rumput belalang, rumput golkar, rumput putih, Siam weed, Siam-Kraut, triffid weed, wisolmatenrehwei

24. Cinara cupressi (insect)   

Cinara cupressi is a brownish soft-bodied insect classified as an aphid. It has been discovered around the world feeding on various trees from the following genus': Cupressus, Juniperus, Thuja, Callitris, Widdringtonia, Chamaecyparis, Austrocedrus, and the hybrid Cupressocyparis. C. cupressi sucks the sap from twigs causing yellowing to browning of the foliage on the affected twig. The overall effect on the tree ranges from partial damage to eventual death of the entire tree. This aphid has seriously damaged commercial and ornamental plantings of trees around the globe.

Common Names: cypress aphid, cypress aphid, Zypressen Blattlaus

25. Cinchona pubescens (tree)     

Cinchona pubescens is a widely cultivated tropical forest tree which invades a variety of forest and non-forest habitats. It spreads by wind-dispersed seeds and vegetatively via multiple suckers up to several metres away from original tree once it is established. C. pubescens replaces and outshades native vegetation.

Common Names: arbre à quinine, cascarilla, chinarindenbaum, hoja ahumada, hoja de zambo, quinine, quinoa, quinquina, red cinchona, roja, rosada, Roter Chinarindenbaum

26. Clarias batrachus (fish)   

Clarias batrachus a voracious predator native to southeastern Asia has been introduced into many places for fish farming. Walking catfish, as it is commonly known (named for their ability to move over land), is an opportunistic feeder and can go for months without food. During a drought large numbers of walking catfish may congregate in isolated pools and consume other species. They are known to have invaded aquaculture farms, entering ponds where they prey on fish stocks. C. batrachus has been described as a benthic, nocturnal, tactile omnivore that consumes detritus and opportunistically forages on large aquatic insects, tadpoles, and fish.

Common Names: alimudan, cá trê tráng, cá trèn trang, clarias catfish, climbing perch, freshwater catfish, Froschwels, hito, htong batukan, ikan keling, ikan lele, Ito, kawatsi, keli, klarievyi som, koi, konnamonni, kug-ga, leleh, magur, mah-gur, mangri, marpoo, masarai, mungri, nga-khoo, pa douk, paltat, pantat, pla duk, pla duk dam, pla duk dan, pla duk nam jued, pla duk nam juend, Thai hito, Thailand catfish, trey andaing roueng, trey andeng, walking catfish, wanderwels, Yerivahlay

27. Clidemia hirta (shrub)     

The invasive shrub Clidemia hirta is a problem in tropical forest understories in its introduced range, where it invades gaps in the forest, preventing native plant species from regenerating. The spread of Clidemia hirta has been linked to soil disturbances, particularly that caused by the wild pig, another invasive species. It has proven to negatively effect native ecosystems and is difficult to control in the Hawaiian archipelago. It is feared it will have a similar effect in other regions where it has been introduced such as in various Indian Ocean Islands (Seychelles), the Malaysian Peninsula and parts of Micronesia (Palau).

Common Names: clidemia, clidémie hérissée, faux vatouk, Hirten-Schwarzmundgewaechs, kaurasiga, kaurasinga, kauresinga, Koster's curse, kui, kúi, mbona na mbulamakau, ndraunisinga, roinisinga, soap bush, soapbush, tabac-bœuf, vuti

28. Coptotermes formosanus (insect)   

Coptotermes formosanus is a subterranean termite with an affinity for damp places. Wherever there is wood (cellulose) and moisture there is the possibility that this species can inhabit that location.

Common Names: Formosa termite, Formosan subterranean termite

29. Cryphonectria parasitica (fungus)   

Cryphonectria parasitica is a fungus that attacks primarily Castanea spp. but also has been known to cause damage to various Quercus spp. along with other species of hardwood trees. American chestnut, C. dentata, was a dominant overstorey species in United States forests, but now they have been completely replaced within the ecosystem. C. dentata still exists in the forests but only within the understorey as sprout shoots from the root system of chestnuts killed by the blight years ago. A virus that attacks this fungus appears to be the best hope for the future of Castanea spp., and current research is focused primarily on this virus and variants of it for biological control. Chestnut blight only infects the above-ground parts of trees, causing cankers that enlarge, girdle and kill branches and trunks.

Common Names: chestnut blight, Edelkastanienkrebs

30. Cyprinus carpio (fish)     

The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) has been introduced as a food and ornamental fish into temperate freshwaters throughout the world. It is considered a pest because of its abundance and its tendency to reduce water clarity and destroy and uproot the aquatic vegetation used as habitat by a variety of species.

Common Names: carp, carpa, carpat, carpe, carpe, carpe commune, carpeau, carpo, cerpyn, ciortan, ciortanica, ciortocrap, ciuciulean, common carp, crap, crapcean, cyprinos, escarpo, Europäischer Karpfen, European carp, German carp, grass carp, grivadi, ikan mas, kapoor-e-maamoli, kapor, kapr obecný, karp, karp, karp, karp, karp, karp dziki a. sazan, karpa, karpar, karpe, Karpe, karpen, karper, karpfen, karpion, karppi, kerpaille, koi, koi carp, korop, krap, krapi, kyprinos, læderkarpe, lauk mas, leather carp, leekoh, lei ue, mas massan, mirror carp, olocari, pa nai, pba ni, pla nai, ponty, punjabe gad, rata pethiya, saran, Saran, sarmão, sazan, sazan baligi, scale carp, sharan, skælkarpe, soneri masha, spejlkarpe, sulari, suloi, tikure, trey carp samahn, trey kap, ulucari, weißfische, wild carp, wildkarpfen

31. Dreissena polymorpha (mollusc)   

Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) are native to the Caspian and Black Seas. They are now established in the UK, Western Europe, Canada and the USA. They compete with zooplankton for food, thus affecting natural food webs. They also interfere with the ecological functions of native molluscs and cause great economic damage.

Common Names: moule zebra, racicznica zmienna, zebra mussel, Zebra-Muschel

32. Eichhornia crassipes (aquatic plant)     

Originally from South America, Eichhornia crassipes is one of the worst aquatic weeds in the world. Its beautiful, large purple and violet flowers make it a popular ornamental plant for ponds. It is now found in more than 50 countries on five continents. Water hyacinth is a very fast growing plant, with populations known to double in as little as 12 days. Infestations of this weed block waterways, limiting boat traffic, swimming and fishing. Water hyacinth also prevents sunlight and oxygen from reaching the water column and submerged plants. Its shading and crowding of native aquatic plants dramatically reduces biological diversity in aquatic ecosystems.

Common Names: aguapé, bekabe kairanga, bung el ralm, bung el ralm, floating water hyacinth, jacinthe d'eau, jacinto de agua, jacinto-aquatico, jal khumbe, jal kumbhi, lechuguilla, lila de agua, lirio acuatico, mbekambekairanga, riri vai, wasserhyazinthe, water hyacinth, water orchid, wota haisin

33. Eleutherodactylus coqui (amphibian)   

Eleutherodactylus coqui is a relatively small tree frog native to Puerto Rico. The frogs are quite adaptable to different ecological zones and elevations. Their loud call is the main reason they are considered a pest. E. coqui's mating call is its namesake, a high-pitched, two-note "co-qui" (ko-kee') which attains nearly 100 decibels at 0.5 metres. E. coqui have a voracious appetite and there is concern in Hawai‘i, where it has been introduced, that E. coqui may put Hawai‘i’s endemic insect and spider species at risk and compete with endemic birds and other native fauna which rely on insects for food.

Common Names: Caribbean tree frog, common coqui, Coqui, Puerto Rican treefrog

34. Eriocheir sinensis (crustacean)   

The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is a migrating crab which has invaded Europe and, more recently, North America. It contributes to the local extinction of native invertebrates and modifies habitats. As well as causing erosion by its intensive burrowing activity, the crab may cost fisheries and aquaculture industries several of hundreds of thousands of dollars per year by stealing bait and feeding on trapped fish. The female carries 250,000 to 1 million eggs and control strategies such as electrical screens have failed to prevent crab migration.

Common Names: Chinese freshwater edible crab, Chinese mitten crab, chinesische wolhandkrab, chinesische wollhandkrabbe, crabe chinois, kinesisk ullhandskrabba, kinesiske uldhandskrabbe, kinijos krabas, kitajskij mokhnatorukij krab, krab welnistoreki, kraba welnistoreki, villasaksirapu

35. Euglandina rosea (mollusc)     

Native to the southeastern United States, the predatory snail Euglandina rosea was introduced to islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans from the1950s onwards as a biological control agent for another alien species, the giant African snail (Achatina fulica). However, it is neither host specific nor an effective control for Achatina fulica. In French Polynesia, the fast moving Euglandina roseal rapidly eliminated local endemic species. One group threatened by Euglandina rosea is the Partulid tree snails, which evolved separately from each other in isolated valleys and exhibit a variety of unique characteristics. Many Partulid tree snails have been lost already and today the survivors exist in zoos and in the world’s first wildlife reserves for snails. This invasion by a biological control agent has caused a significant loss of biodiversity.

Common Names: cannibal snail, escargot carnivore de Floride, euglandine, Rosige Wolfsschnecke, rosy wolf snail

36. Euphorbia esula (herb)   

Native to Europe and temperate Asia, Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge) is found throughout the world, with the exception of Australia. This aggressive invader displaces native vegetation by shading and using up available water and nutrients, and by plant toxins that prevent the growth of other plants beneath it.

Common Names: Esels-Wolfsmilch, leafy spurge, spurge, wolf's milk

37. Fallopia japonica (shrub)     

Fallopia japonica is an herbaceous perennial native to Japan. It has been introduced to Europe and North America as an ornamental and is also used to stabilise soil, especially in coastal areas. Fallopia japonica requires full sun and is found primarily in moist habitats but also grows in waste places, along roadways and other disturbed areas. Once established, Fallopia japonica forms dense stands that shade and crowd out all other vegetation, displacing native flora and fauna, and the overwintering canes and leaves are slow to decompose.

Common Names: crimson beauty, donkey rhubarb, German sausage, huzhang , itadori , Japanese bamboo, Japanese fleece flower, Japanese knotweed, Japanese polygonum, kontiki bamboo, Mexican-bamboo , peashooter plant, renouée du Japon, reynoutria fleece flower, sally rhubarb

38. Felis catus (mammal)     

Felis catus was domesticated in the eastern Mediterranean c. 3000 years ago. Considering the extent to which cats are valued as pets, it is not surprising that they have since been translocated by humans to almost all parts of the world. Notable predators, cats threaten native birdlife and other fauna, especially on islands where native species have evolved in relative isolation from predators.

Common Names: cat, domestic cat, feral cat, Hauskatze, house cat, poti, pusiniveikau

39. Gambusia affinis (fish)     

Gambusia affinis is a small fish native to the fresh waters of the eastern and southern United States. It has become a pest in many waterways around the world following initial introductions early last century as a biological control of mosquito. In general, it is considered to be no more effective than native predators of mosquitoes. The highly predatory mosquito fish eats the eggs of economically desirable fish and preys on and endangers rare indigenous fish and invertebrate species. Mosquito fish are difficult to eliminate once established, so the best way to reduce their effects is to control their further spread. One of the main avenues of spread is continued, intentional release by mosquito-control agencies. G. affinis is closely related to he eastern mosquitofish (G. holbrooki), which was formerly classed as a sub-species. Their appearance, behaviour and impacts are almost identical, and they can therefore be treated the same when it comes to management techniques. Records of G. affinis in Australia actually refer to G. holbrooki.

Common Names: Barkaleci, Dai to ue, Gambusia, Gambusie, Gambusino, Gambuzia, Gambuzia pospolita, Gambuzija, guayacon mosquito, Isdang canal, Kadayashi, Koboldkärpfling, Kounoupopsaro, Live-bearing tooth-carp, Mosquito fish, Obyknovennaya gambuziya, pez mosquito, San hang ue, Silberkärpfling, tes, Texaskärpfling, Topminnow, western mosquitofish, Western mosquitofish

40. Hedychium gardnerianum (herb)     

Hedychium gardnerianum is a showy ornamental which grows over a metre tall in wet climates and grows from sea level to an altitude of 1700 metres. It displaces native plants, forms vast, dense colonies and chokes the understorey vegetation. It can also block stream edges, altering water flow. It is dispersed by birds over short distances and by man over long distances (in garden waste or via the horticultural industry). Even small root fragments will re-sprout, making it difficult to control.

Common Names: awapuhi kahili, cevuga dromodromo, conteira, Girlandenblume, Jin jiang hua, kahila garland-lily, kahili, kahili ginger, kopi, longose, sinter weitahta, sunkevara, wild ginger

41. Herpestes javanicus (mammal)     

Herpestes javanicus (Indian mongoose) is a small, slim-bodied predator native to areas from Iran, through India to Myanmar (Burma) and the Malay Peninsula. It has been introduced to islands such as Mauritius, Fiji, the West Indies and Hawaii to control rats, particularly in sugar cane fields. Unfortunately, native mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates proved to be easier prey and the mongoose has been responsible for at least three total species' extinctions and many other local extinctions. It is also a vector for rabies.

Common Names: beji, Kleiner Mungo, mangouste, mangus, mweyba, newla, small Indian mongoose

42. Hiptage benghalensis (shrub)     

Hiptage benghalensis is a native of India, Southeast Asia and the Philippines. The genus name, Hiptage, is derived from the Greek "hiptamai" which means "to fly" and refers to its unique three-winged fruit known as "samara". Due to the beautiful unique form of its flowers, it is often cultivated as a tropical ornamental in gardens. It has been recorded as being a weed in Australian rainforests and is extremely invasive on Mauritius and Réunion, where it thrives in dry lowland forests, forming impenetrable thickets and smothering native vegetation.

Common Names: adimurtte, adirganti, atimukta, benghalen-Liane, chandravalli, haldavel, hiptage, kampti, kamuka, liana papillon, liane cythère, liane de cerf, liane du Bengale, liane fleur d'orange, madhalata, madhavi, Madhavi, Madhavi, madhumalati, madmalati, ragotpiti, vasantduti

43. Imperata cylindrica (grass)     

Imperata cylindrica is considered one of the 10 worst weeds in the world and has been reported by 73 countries as a pest in a total of 35 crops. It is one of the most noxious colonisers of degraded humid tropical forest soils and often invades abandoned shifting-cultivation areas. In Southeast Asian, Imperata cylindrica grasslands are largely considered unproductive wastelands and its total coverage throughout the tropics (natural grasslands included) is estimated at 2,000,000 km².

Common Names: alang-alang, blady grass, Blutgras, carrizo, cogon grass, gi, impérata cylindrique, japgrass, kunai, lalang, ngi, paille de dys, paillotte, satintail, speargrass

44. Lantana camara (shrub)     

Lantana camara is a significant weed of which there are some 650 varieties in over 60 countries or island groups. It is established and expanding in many regions of the world, often as a result of clearing of forest for timber or agriculture. It impacts severely on agriculture as well as on natural ecosystems. The plants can grow individually in clumps or as dense thickets, crowding out more desirable species. In disturbed native forests it can become the dominant understorey species, disrupting succession and decreasing biodiversity. At some sites, infestations have been so persistent that they have completely stalled the regeneration of rainforest for three decades. Its allelopathic qualities can reduce vigour of nearby plant species and reduce productivity in orchards. Lantana camara has been the focus of biological control attempts for a century, yet still poses major problems in many regions.

Common Names: ach man, angel lips, ayam, big sage, blacksage, bunga tayi, cambara de espinto, cuasquito, flowered sage, lantana, lantana wildtype, largeleaf lantana, latora moa, pha-ka-krong, prickly lantana, shrub verbean, supirrosa, Wandelroeschen, white sage, wild sage

45. Lates niloticus (fish)   

The Nile perch (Lates niloticus) is a large freshwater fish. Also known as capitaine, mputa or sangara, it can grow up to 200kg and two metres in length. It was introduced to Lake Victoria in 1954 where it has contributed to the extinction of more than 200 endemic fish species through predation and competition for food.

Common Names: chengu, mbuta, nijlbaars, nilabborre, Nilbarsch, nile perch, perca di nilo, perche du nil, persico del nilo, sangara, Victoria perch, victoriabaars, victoriabarsch

46. Leucaena leucocephala (tree)     

Leucaena leucocephala is a 'conflict tree' being widely promoted for tropical forage production and reforestation, whilst at the same time it is spreading naturally and is widely reported as a weed. This thornless tree can form dense monospecific thickets and is difficult to eradicate once established. It renders extensive areas unusable and inaccessible and threatens native plants.

Common Names: acacia palida, aroma blanca, balori, bo chet, cassis, false koa, faux mimosa, faux-acacia, fua pepe, ganitnityuwan tangantan, graines de lin, guaje, guaslim, guaxin, huaxin, horse/wild tamarind, huaxin, ipil-ipil, jumbie bean, kan thin, kanthum thect, koa haole, koa-haole, kra thin, kratin, lamtoro, lead tree, leucaena, Leucaena, liliak, lino criollo, lopa samoa, lusina, nito, pepe, rohbohtin, schemu, siale mohemohe, subabul, tamarindo silvestre, tangantangan, tangan-tangan, te kaitetua, telentund, tuhngantuhngan, uaxim, vaivai, vaivai dina, vaivai ni vavalangi, wild mimosa, wild tamarind, zarcilla

47. Ligustrum robustum (shrub)     

Ligustrum robustum subsp.walkeri is a highly invasive weed in the Mascarene Achipelago in the Indian Ocean. It was introduced to Mauritius over a century ago and to La Réunion Island in the 1960s. On the oceanic islands that it has invaded, it disrupts primary forest regeneration and threatens native floral biodiversity. Its high fruit production, due to a lack of natural enemies in regions where it has invaded, has been cited as one reason for its high invasiveness.

Common Names: bora-bora, Ceylon Privét, Sri Lankan privet, tree privet, troene

48. Linepithema humile (insect)   

Linepithema humile (the Argentine ant) invades sub-tropical and temperate regions and is established on six continents. Introduced populations exhibit a different genetic and social makeup that confers a higher level of invasiveness (due to an increase in co-operation between workers in the colony). This allows the formation of fast growing, high density colonies, which place huge pressures on native ecosystems. For example, Linepithema humile is the greatest threat to the survival of various endemic Hawaiian arthropods and displaces native ant species around the world (some of which may be important seed-dispersers or plant-pollinators) resulting in a decrease in ant biodiversity and the disruption of native ecosystems.

Common Names: Argentine ant, Argentinische Ameise, formiga-argentina

49. Lymantria dispar (insect)   

Lymantria dispar commonly known as the Asian gypsy moth (AGM), is one of the most destructive pests of shade, fruit and ornamental trees throughout the northern hemisphere. It is also a major pest of hardwood forests. AGM caterpillars cause extensive defoliation, leading to reduced growth or even mortality of the host tree. Their presence can destroy the aesthetic beauty of an area by defoliating and killing the trees and covering the area with their waste products and silk. Scenic areas that were once beautiful have become spotted with dead standing trees where AGM has invaded. Also, urticacious hairs on larvae and egg masses cause allergies in some people.

Common Names: Asian gypsy moth, erdei gyapjaslepke, gubar, gypsy moth, lagarta peluda, limantria, løVstraesnonne, maimai-ga, mniska vel’kohlava, Schwammspinner, spongieuse

50. Lythrum salicaria (herb)     

Lythrum salicaria is an erect perennial herb with a woody stem and whirled leaves. It has the ability to reproduce prolifically by both seed dispersal and vegetative propagation. Any sunny or partly shaded wetland is vulnerable to L. salicaria invasion, but disturbed areas with exposed soil accelerate the process by providing ideal conditions for seed germination.

Common Names: Blutweiderich, purple loosestrife, rainbow weed, salicaire, spiked loosestrife

51. Macaca fascicularis (mammal)   

Macaca fascicularis (crab-eating macaque) are native to south-east Asia and have been introduced into Mauritius, Palau (Angaur Island), Hong Kong and parts of Indonesia (Tinjil Island and Papua). They are considered to be invasive, or potentially invasive, throughout their introduced range and management may be needed to prevent them from becoming invasive in areas such as Papua and Tinjil. They are opportunistic mammals and reach higher densities in degraded forest areas, including habitats disturbed by humans. They have few natural predators in their introduced ranges. Macaca fascicularis impact native biodiversity by consuming native plants and competing with birds for fruit and seed resources. In addition, they facilitate the dispersal of seeds of exotic plants. Macaca fascicularis may also impact on the commercial sector through their consuming of agriculturally important plant species and damaging of crops.

Common Names: crab-eating macaque, long-tailed macaque

52. Melaleuca quinquenervia (tree)     

Melaleuca quinquenervia is a tall tree native to Eastern Australia, New Guinea and New Caledonia. It can reach 20-25 metres in height and its bark is whitish or pale brown, spongy, peeling and in many layers. Large numbers of seeds are stored in fruiting capsules and are released when fire or other disturbance occurs. Seeds are dispersed by wind and water and seedlings may grow into almost impenetrable monocultures. In the Florida Everglades and surrounding areas, where it was widely planted for landscaping and for "swamp drying", the trees grow into immense forests, virtually eliminating all other vegetation. In Hawaii it is naturalised in disturbed mesic forest and invades open swampy areas and other wet habitats between 100-1,000 m.

Common Names: cajeput, Mao-Holzrose, melaleuca, niaouli, paper bark tree, punk tree

53. Miconia calvescens (tree)     

A highly ornamental tree from South America, Miconia calvescens was introduced to a botanical garden on the island of Tahiti in 1937. Its huge red and purple leaves made Miconia calvescens highly desirable for gardeners and was spread into the wild by fruit-eating birds. Today, more than half of Tahiti is heavily invaded by this plant. Miconia calvescens has a superficial and tentacular rooting system that contributes to landslides. It has also become the dominant canopy tree over large areas of Tahiti, shading out the entire forest understorey. Scientists estimate that several of the island’s endemic species are threatened with extinction as a result of habitat loss due to Miconia calvescens. It has been introduced to other Pacific islands, including Hawaii where it was introduced as an ornamental in the 1960s. The plant has since been found in many locations on the Hawaiian Islands. It is still sold as an ornamental plant in the tropics.

Common Names: bush currant, cancer vert, miconia, purple plague, velvet tree

54. Micropterus salmoides (fish)     

Micropterus salmoides (bass) has been widely introduced throughout the world due to its appeal as a sport fish and for its tasty flesh. In some places introduced Micropterus salmoides have affected populations of small native fish through predation, sometimes resulting in the their decline or extinction. Its diet includes fish, crayfish, amphibians and insects.

Common Names: achigã, achigan, achigan à grande bouche, American black bass, bas dehanbozorg, bas wielkogeby, bass, bass wielkgebowy, biban cu gura mare, black bass, bolsherotnyi amerikanskii tscherny okun, bol'sherotyi chernyi okun', buraku basu, fekete sügér, forelbaars, forellenbarsch, green bass, green trout, großmäuliger Schwarzbarsch, huro, isobassi, khorshid Mahi Baleh Kuchak, lakseabbor, largemouth bass, largemouth black bass, lobina negra, lobina-truche, northern largemouth bass, okounek pstruhový, okuchibasu, Öringsaborre, Ørredaborre, ostracka, ostracka lososovitá, perca americana, perche d'Amérique, perche noire, perche truite, persico trota, stormundet black bass, stormundet ørredaborre, tam suy lo ue, zwarte baars

55. Mikania micrantha (vine, climber)     

Mikania micrantha is a perennial creeping climber known for its vigorous and rampant growth. It grows best where fertility, organic matter, soil moisture and humidity are all high. It damages or kills other plants by cutting out the light and smothering them. A native of Central and South America, Mikania micrantha was introduced into India after the Second World War to camouflage airfields and is one of the most widespread and problematic weeds in the Pacific region. Its seeds are dispersed by wind and also on clothing or hair.

Common Names: American rope, Chinese creeper, Chinesischer Sommerefeu, fue saina, liane americaine, mile-a-minute weed, ovaova, usuvanua, wa bosucu, wa mbosuthu, wa mbosuvu, wa mbutako, wa ndamele

56. Mimosa pigra (shrub)     

Mimosa pigra is invasive, especially in parts of South East Asia and Australia. It reproduces via buoyant seed pods that can be spread long distances in flood waters. Mimosa pigra has the potential to spread through natural grassland floodplain ecosystems and pastures, converting them into unproductive scrubland which are only able to sustain lower levels of biodiversity. In Thailand Mimosa pigra blocks irrigation systems that supply rice fields, reducing crop yield and harming farming livelihoods. In Vietnam it has invaded unique ecosystems in protected areas, threatening the biodiversity of seasonally inundated grasslands.

Common Names: bashful plant, catclaw, catclaw mimosa, chi yop, columbi-da-lagoa, eomrmidera, espino, giant sensitive plant, giant sensitive tree, giant trembling plant, juquiri, juquiri grand, kembang gajah, mai yah raap yak, maiyarap ton, malicia-de-boi, mimosa, mimosa, mimose, putri malu , semalu gajah, sensitiva, trinh nu nhon , una de gato, xao ho

57. Mnemiopsis leidyi (comb jelly)   

The ctenophore, Mnemiopsis ledyi, is a major carnivorous predator of edible zooplankton (including meroplankton), pelagic fish eggs and larvae and is associated with fishery crashes. Commonly called the comb jelly or sea walnut, it is indigenous to temperate, subtropical estuaries along the Atlantic coast of North and South America. In the early 1980s, it was accidentally introduced via the ballast water of ships to the Black Sea, where it had a catastrophic effect on the entire ecosystem. In the last two decades of the twentieth century, it has invaded the Azov, Marmara, Aegean Seas and recently it was introduced into the Caspian Sea via the ballast water of oil tankers.

Common Names: American comb jelly, comb jelly, comb jellyfish, Rippenqualle, sea gooseberry, sea walnut, Venus' girdle, warty comb jelly

58. Mus musculus (mammal)     

Mus musculus (the house mouse) probably has a world distribution more extensive than any mammal, apart from humans. Its geographic spread has been facilitated by its commensal relationship with humans which extends back at least 8,000 years. They do considerable damage by destroying crops and consuming and/or contaminating food supplies intended for human consumption. They are prolific breeders, sometimes erupting and reaching plague proportions. They have also been implicated in the extinction of indigenous species in ecosytems they have invaded and colonised. An important factor in the success of Mus musculus is its behavioural plasticity brought about by the decoupling of genetics and behaviour. This enables M. musculus to adapt quickly and to survive and prosper in new environments.

Common Names: biganuelo, field mouse, Hausmaus, house mouse, kiore-iti, raton casero, souris commune, wood mouse

59. Mustela erminea (mammal)   

Mustela erminea (the stoat) is an intelligent, versatile predator specialising in small mammals and birds. It is fearless in attacking animals larger than itself and adapted to surviving periodic shortages by storage of surplus kills. In New Zealand it is responsible for a significant amount of damage to populations of native species.

Common Names: ermine, ermine, Grosswiesel, Hermelin, hermine, short-tailed weasel, short-tailed weasel, stoat

60. Myocastor coypus (mammal)   

Myocastor coypus (coypu) is a large semi-aquatic rodent which originated from South America. However, due to escapes and releases from fur farms there are now large feral populations in North America, Europe and Asia. Their burrows penetrate and damage river banks, dykes and irrigation facilities. Myocastor coypus' feeding methods lead to the destruction of large areas of reed swamp. Habitat loss caused by coypus impacts plant, insect, bird and fish species.

Common Names: Biberratte, coipù, coypu, nutria, ragondin, ratão-do-banhado, Sumpfbiber

61. Morella faya (shrub)   

Morella faya, commonly called the fire tree, is a native to the Azores, Madeira Islands and the Canary Islands. It has been introduced to several places including Hawaii, New Zealand and Australia. This fast growing tree, whose dispersal is facilitated by introduced frugivorous birds, is capable of rapidly forming dense stands and has a negative effect on the recruitment and persistence of native plant species.

Common Names: candleberry myrtle, fayatree, Feuerbaum, fire tree, firebush

62. Mytilus galloprovincialis (mollusc)   

Mytilus galloprovincialis (blue mussel or the Mediterranean mussel) is native to the Mediterranean coast and the Black and Adriatic Seas. It has succeeded in establishing itself at widely distributed points around the globe, with nearly all introductions occurring in temperate regions and at localities where there are large shipping ports (Branch and Stephanni 2004). Ship hull fouling and transport of ballast water have been implicated in its spread and its impact on native communities and native mussels has been suggested by a number of studies and observations (Carlton 1992; Robinson and Griffiths 2002; Geller 1999).

Common Names: bay mussel, blue mussel, Mediterranean mussel, Mittelmeer-Miesmuschel

63. Oncorhynchus mykiss (fish)     

Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) are one of the most widely introduced fish species in the world. Native to western North America, from Alaska to the Baja Peninsula, Oncorhynchus mykiss have been introduced to numerous countries for sport and commercial aquaculture. Oncorhynchus mykiss is highly valued as a sportfish, with regular stocking occurring in many locations where wild populations cannot support the pressure from anglers. Concerns have been raised about the effects of introduced trout in some areas, as they may affect native fish and invertebrates through predation and competition.

Common Names: Alabalik, Alabalik türü, Amerikaniki Pestrofa, Aure, Baiser, Baja California rainbow trout, Brown trout, Coast angel trout, Coast rainbow trout, Coast range trout, Dagova pastarva, Forel rajduzhna, Forelle, Hardhead, Kamchatka steelhead, Kamchatka trout, Kamloops, Kamloops trout, Kirjolohi, K'wsech, Lord-fish, Masu, Nijimasu, Orret, Pastrva, Pestropha, pstrag teczowy, Pstrag teczowy , Pstruh duhový, Pstruh dúhový, rainbow trout, Rainbow trout , Redband, redband trout, Regenbogenforelle, Regenbogenforelle , Regenboogforel, Regnbåge, Regnbågslax, Regnbogasilungur, Regnbueørred, Regnbueørret, Salmon trout, Salmones del Pacífico, Silver trout, Stahlkopfforelle, Stålhovedørred, Steelhead, steelhead trout, Steelhead trout , Summer salmon, Sxew'k'em, Trofta ylberi, Trofte ylberi, Trota, Trota iridea, Trucha, trucha arco iris, Trucha arco iris , Trucha arcoiris, truite arc-en-ciel, Truta , Truta-arco-iris, Urriöi

64. Ophiostoma ulmi sensu lato (fungus)   

Dutch Elm disease (DED) is a wilt disease caused by a pathogenic fungus disseminated by specialised bark beetles (Brasier, 2000). There have been two destructive pandemics of the disease in Europe and North America during the last century, caused by the successive introduction of two fungal pathogens: Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, the latter much more aggressive. The vector is represented by bark beetles, various different species of scolyts living on elm trees. These beetles breed under the bark of dying elm trees. The young adults fly from the DED infected pupal chambers to feed on healthy elm trees. As a consequence, spores of the fungus carried on the bodies of these beetles are deposited in healthy plant tissue. Ophiostoma ulmi sensu lato can also spread via root grafts.

Common Names: dutch elm disease, Schlauchpilz

65. Opuntia stricta (shrub)     

Opuntia stricta is a cactus that can grow up to 2 metres in height and originates in central America. This spiny shrub favours habitats such as rocky slopes, river banks and urban areas. Opuntia stricta was considered to be Australia's worst ever weed. Opuntia stricta is also invasive in South Africa, where biological options are currently being explored to control the problem.

Common Names: Araluen pear, Australian pest pear, chumbera, common pest pear, common prickly pear, erect prickly pear, Feigenkaktus, gayndah pear, nopal estricto, pest pear of Australia, sour prickly pear, spiny pest pear, suurturksvy

66. Oreochromis mossambicus (fish)     

Oreochromis mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia) has spread worldwide through introductions for aquaculture. Established populations of Oreochromis mossambicus in the wild are as a result of intentional release or escapes from fish farms. Oreochromis mossambicus is omnivorous and feeds on almost anything, from algae to insects.

Common Names: blou kurper, common tilapia, fai chau chak ue, Java tilapia, kawasuzume, kurper bream, malea, mojarra, mosambik-maulbrüter, Mozambikskaya tilapiya, Mozambique cichlid, Mozambique mouth-breeder, Mozambique mouthbrooder, Mozambique tilapia, mphende, mujair, nkobue, tilapia, tilapia del Mozambique, tilapia du Mozambique, tilapia mossambica, tilapia mozámbica, trey tilapia khmao, weißkehlbarsch, wu-kuo yu

67. Oryctolagus cuniculus (mammal)     

Native to southern Europe and North Africa, the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) has been introduced to all continents, except Antarctica and Asia. In many countries, rabbits cause serious erosion of soils by overgrazing and burrowing, impacting on native species that depend on undamaged ecosystems.

Common Names: Europäisches Wildkaninchen, kaninchen, lapin, rabbit

68. Pheidole megacephala (insect)     

Pheidole megacephala is one of the world's worst invasive ant species. Believed to be native to southern Africa, it is now found throughout the temperate and tropical zones of the world. It is a serious threat to biodiversity through the displacement of native invertebrate fauna and is a pest of agriculture as it harvests seeds and harbours phytophagous insects that reduce crop productivity. Pheidole megacephala are also known to chew on irrigation and telephone cabling as well as electrical wires.

Common Names: big-headed ant, brown house-ant, coastal brown-ant, Grosskopfameise, lion ant

69. Phytophthora cinnamomi (fungus)   

Phytophthora cinnamomi is a widespread soil-borne pathogen that infects woody plants causing root rot and cankering. It needs moist soil conditions and warm temperatures to thrive, but is particularly damaging to susceptible plants (e.g. drought stressed plants in the summer). Phytophthora cinnamomi poses a threat to forestry, ornamental and fruit industries, and infects over 900 woody perennial species. Diagnostic techniques are expensive and require expert identification. Prevention and chemical use are typically used to lessen the impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi.

Common Names: cinnamon fungus, green fruit rot, heart rot, jarrah dieback, phytophthora crown and root rot, Phytophthora Faeule der Scheinzypresse, phytophthora root rot, seedling blight, stem canker, wildflower dieback

70. Pinus pinaster (tree)     

Pinus pinaster, originally from the Mediterranean Basin, has been planted in temperate regions within and outside its natural range for a wide range of reasons. It regenerates readily almost everywhere it is planted and in many places it invades natural shrubland, forest and grassland. Pinus pinaster forms dense thickets which supress native plants, changes fire regimes and hydrological properties and alters habitats for many animals.

Common Names: cluster pine, maritime pine

71. Plasmodium relictum (micro-organism)   

The protozoa, Plasmodium relictum, is one of the causative parasites of avian malaria and may be lethal to species which have not evolved resistance to the disease (e.g. penguins). It may be devastating to highly susceptible avifauna that has evolved in the absence of this organism, such as native Hawaiian birds. The parasite cannot be transmitted directly from one bird to another, but requires a mosquito to move from one bird to another. In Hawaii, the mosquito that transmits Plasmodium relictum is the common house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus. Passerine birds are the most common victims of avian malaria.

Common Names: avian malaria, paludisme des oiseaux, Vogelmalaria

72. Platydemus manokwari (flatworm)   

Platydemus manokwari is a predatory flatworm that threatens endemic gastropods such as rare Pacific Island snails. Invertebrates are highly under-represented in conservation research and there exists a lack of basic biological knowledge about most invertebrate fauna. To avoid an extinction crisis these issues need to be addressed and more education is needed about the importance of invertebrates (such as non-marine molluscs) and their role as a major component of global genetic biodiversity.

Common Names: Flachwurm, flatworm

73. Pomacea canaliculata (mollusc)   

Pomacea canaliculata is a freshwater snail with a voracious appetite for water plants including lotus, water chestnut, taro and rice. Introduced widely from its native South America by the aquarium trade and as a source of human food, it is a major crop pest in south east Asia (primarily in rice) and Hawaii (taro) and poses a serious threat to many wetlands around the world through potential habitat modification and competition with native species.

Common Names: apple snail, channeled apple snail, Gelbe Apfelschnecke, golden apple snail, golden kuhol, miracle snail

74. Corbula amurensis (mollusc)   

The suspension-feeding clam Corbula amurensis is native to Japan, China and Korea in tropical to cold temperate waters. Known as the Asian or Chinese clam, it has been designated as a major bilogical disturbance with significant ecological consequences in the San Francisco Bay area of California where large populations have become established.

Common Names: Amur river clam, Amur river corbula, Asian bivalve, Asian clam, brackish-water corbula, Chinese clam, marine clam, Nordpazifik-Venusmuschel, Numakodaki

75. Prosopis glandulosa (tree)

Prosopis glandulosa (mesquite) is a perennial, woody, deciduous shrub or small tree. It forms impenetrable thickets that compete strongly with native species for available soil water, suppress grass growth and may reduce understory species diversity.

Common Names: honey mesquite, mesquite, Mesquite-Busch, Texas mesquite

76. Psidium cattleianum (shrub)     

Psidium cattleianum is native to Brazil, but has been naturalised in Florida, Hawaii, tropical Polynesia, Norfolk Island and Mauritius for its edible fruit. It forms thickets and shades out native vegetation in tropical forests and woodlands. It has had a devastating effect on native habitats in Mauritius and is considered the worst plant pest in Hawi, where it has invaded a variety of natural areas. It benefits from feral pigs (Sus scrofa) which, by feeding on its fruit, serve as a dispersal agent for its seeds. In turn, the guava provides favourable conditions for feral pigs, facilitating further habitat degradation.

Common Names: cattley guava, cherry guava, Chinese guava, Erdbeer-Guave, gargoulette, gouyavier, goyave de Chine, kuahpa, ngguava, purple strawberry guava, strawberry guava, tuava tinito, waiawi

77. Pueraria montana var. lobata (vine, climber)   

Pueraria montana var. lobata is a rope-like semi-woody leguminous vine with a twining and trailing growth habit that can form dense infestations covering the ground and trees. It is reported to infest about 2 to 3 million hectacres in the Eastern U.S. and results in estimated loses of US$500 million per year in land productivity and control costs. It inhabits temperate zones, or higher altitudes in the tropics and can be found growing in almost all eco-types from the driest flatwoods to the margins of permanent bodies of water, but not in periodically flooded soils.

Common Names: kudzu, kudzu vine, Kudzu-Kletterwein

78. Pycnonotus cafer (bird)     

Pycnonotus cafer (red-vented bulbul) is a noisy, gregarious bird distinguished by a conspicuous crimson patch below the root of the tail. It is aggressive and chases off other bird species and may also help to spread the seeds of other invasive species. It is an agricultural pest, destroying fruit, flowers, beans, tomatoes and peas. It occurs naturally from Pakistan to southwest China and has been introduced to many Pacific Islands, where it has caused serious problems by eating fruit and vegetable crops, as well as nectar, seeds and buds.

Common Names: bulbul à ventre rouge, bulbul cafre, red-vented bulbul, Rußbülbül

79. Rana catesbeiana (amphibian)   

Rana catesbeiana (the North American bullfrog), has been widely distributed via aquaculture and the aquarium trade. It is one of the most frequently cultivated edible frogs world-wide. Primary concerns are competition with, and predation upon, native herpetofauna.

Common Names: bullfrog, grenouille taureau, North American bullfrog, Ochsenfrosch, rana toro

80. Rattus rattus (mammal)     

A native of the Indian sub-continent, the ship rat (Rattus rattus) has now spread throughout the world. It is widespread in forest and woodlands as well as being able to live in and around buildings. It will feed on and damage almost any edible thing. The ship rat is most frequently identified with catastrophic declines of birds on islands. It is very agile and often frequents tree tops searching for food and nesting there in bunches of leaves and twigs.

Common Names: black rat, blue rat, bush rat, European house rat, Hausratte, roof rat, ship rat

81. Rinderpest virus (micro-organism)     

Rinderpest virus is a species of morbillivirus causing cattle plague, a highly fatal viral disease of domestic cattle, buffaloes and yaks. It also affects sheep, goats, some breeds of pigs and a large variety of wildlife species. Although humans are not susceptible to Rinderpest, famine devastates human populations dependant on cattle and buffalo for their food and livelihood. Mass vaccinations over the last century have greatly reduced outbreaks of Rinderpest. The Global Rinderpest Eradication Program (GREP), which was established in 1987 by the United Nation's FAO to develop strategies of control in high risk countries, will lead to the total eradication of the Rinderpest virus by 2010.

Common Names: cattle plague

82. Rubus ellipticus (shrub)   

Rubus ellipticus is a thorny shrub that originates from southern Asia. It has been introduced to several places, including Hawaii, Southern USA and the UK, and is grown in cultivation for its edible fruits. This plant has become a major pest in Hawaii, threatening its own native species of raspberry (Rubus hawaiiensis), and the ability of this plant to thrive in diverse habitat types makes it a particularly threatening invasive plant.

Common Names: Asian wild raspberry, broadleafed bramble, Ceylon blackberry, eelkek, golden evergreen raspberry, Himalaya-Wildhimbeere, kohkihl, Molucca berry, Molucca bramble, Molucca raspberry, piquant lou-lou, robust blackberry, soni, wa ngandrongandro, wa sori, wa votovotoa, wild blackberry, wild raspberry, yellow Himalayan raspberry, yellow Himalayan raspberry

83. Salmo trutta (fish)     

Salmo trutta has been introduced around the world for aquaculture and stocked for sport fisheries. It is blamed for reducing native fish populations, especially other salmonids, through predation, displacement and food competition. It is a popular angling fish.

Common Names: an breac geal, aure, bachforelle, blacktail, breac geal, brook trout, brown trout, denizalabaligi, denizalasi, Europäische Forelle, finnock, forelle, galway sea trout, gillaroo, gwyniedyn, havørred, havsöring, herling, hirling, kumzha, k'wsech, lachförch, lachsforelle, lassföhren, losos taimen, losos' taimen, mahiazad-e-daryaye khazar, meerforelle, meritaimen, morska postrv, morskaya forel', orange fin, öring, orkney sea trout, ørred, ørret, pastrav de mare, peal, pstruh morsky, pstruh obecný, pstruh obecný severomorský, pstruh obycajný, salmo trota, salmon trout, sea trout, sewin, siwin, sjøaure, sjøørret, sjourrioi, taimen, thalasopestrofa, troc, troc wedrowna, trota fario, trout, trucha, trucha común, trucha marina, truita, truite brune, truite brune de mer, truite de mer, truite d'europe, truta marisca, truta-de-lago, truta-fário, truta-marisca, urriði, whiting, whitling, zeeforel

84. Schinus terebinthifolius (tree)     

Native to Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil, Schinus terebinthifolius is a pioneer of disturbed sites, but is also successful in undisturbed natural environments. It is an aggressive evergreen shrub or small tree, 3-7 metres in height that grows in a variety of soil types and prefers partial sun. Schinus terebinthifolius produces shady habitats that repel other plant species and discourage colonisation by native fauna and alter the natural fire regime. Its fruit has a 'paralysing effect' on birds and even grazing animals when ingested. Schinus terebinthifolius seeds are dispersed by birds and mammals and it readily escapes from garden environments. It is planted as both an ornamental and shade tree and has many uses.

Common Names: Brazilian holly, Brazilian pepper, Brazilian pepper tree, Christmas berry, faux poivrier, Florida holly, Mexican pepper, pimienta de Brasil, poivre rose, Rosapfeffer, warui

85. Sciurus carolinensis (mammal)   

The grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) is native to deciduous forests in the USA and has been introduced to the UK, Ireland, Italy and South Africa. In the introduced range grey squirrels damage trees by eating the bark and in Europe they cause the local extinction of red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) populations through competition and disease.

Common Names: Grauhoernchen, gray squirrel, grey squirrel, scoiattolo grigio

86. Solenopsis invicta (insect)   

Solenopsis invicta is an aggressive generalist forager ant that occurs in high densities and can thus dominate most potential food sources. They breed and spread rapidly and, if disturbed, can relocate quickly so as to ensure survival of the colony. Their stinging ability allows them to subdue prey and repel even larger vertebrate competitors from resources.

Common Names: fourmi de feu, red imported fire ant (RIFA), rote importierte Feuerameise

87. Spartina anglica (grass)   

Spartina anglica is a perennial salt marsh grass which has been planted widely to stablize tidal mud flats. Its invasion and spread leads to the exclusion of native plant species and the reduction of suitable feeding habitat for wildfowl and waders.

Common Names: common cord grass, Englisches Schlickgras, rice grass, townsends grass

88. Spathodea campanulata (tree)     

Spathodea campanulata is an evergreen tree from West Africa that is widely planted throughout the tropics and has naturalised in many parts of the Pacific. It favours moist habitats and will grow best in sheltered tropical areas. It is invasive in Hawaii, Fiji, Guam, Vanuatu, the Cook Islands and Samoa, and is a potential invader in several other tropical locations.

Common Names: African tulip tree, Afrikanischer Tulpenbaum, amapola, apär, baton du sorcier, fa‘apasi, fireball, flame of the forest, fountain tree, Indian Cedar, ko‘i‘i, mata ko‘i‘I, mimi, orsachel kui, patiti vai, pisse-pisse, pititi vai, rarningobchey, Santo Domingo Mahogany, taga mimi, tiulipe, tuhke dulip, tulipan africano, tulipier du Gabon

89. Sphagneticola trilobata (herb)     

Although Sphagneticola trilobata is the accepted name for this species, it is widely known as Wedelia trilobata. Sphagneticola trilobata is native to the tropics of Central America and has naturalised in many wet tropical areas of the world. Cultivated as an ornamental, it readily escapes from gardens and forms a dense ground cover, crowding out or preventing regeneration of other species. In plantations, it will compete with crops for nutrients, light and water, and reduce crop yields.

Common Names: ate, atiat, creeping ox-eye, dihpw ongohng, Hasenfuss, ngesil ra ngebard, rosrangrang, Singapore daisy, trailing daisy, tuhke ongohng, ut mõkadkad, ut telia, wedelia

90. Sturnus vulgaris (bird)   

Native to Europe, Asia and North Africa, Sturnus vulgaris (the European starling) has been introduced globally, save in neotropic regions. The starling prefers lowland habitats and is an aggressive omnivore. Sturnus vulgaris cost hundreds of millions of dollars in agricultural damage each year and contribute to the decline of local native bird species through competition for resources and nesting spaces.

Common Names: blackbird, common starling, English starling, estornino pinto, etourneau sansonnet, étourneau sansonnet, Europäischer Star, European starling

91. Sus scrofa (mammal)     

Sus scrofa (feral pigs) are escaped or released domestic animals which have been introduced to many parts of the world. They damage crops, stock and property, and transmit many diseases such as Leptospirosis and Foot and Mouth disease. Rooting pigs dig up large areas of native vegetation and spread weeds, disrupting ecological processes such as succession and species composition. Sus scrofa are omnivorous and their diet can include juvenile land tortoises, sea turtles, sea birds and endemic reptiles. Management of Sus scrofa is complicated by the fact that complete eradication is often not acceptable to communities that value feral pigs for hunting and food.

Common Names: kuhukuhu, kune-kune, petapeta, pig, poretere, razorback, te poaka, Wildschwein

92. Tamarix ramosissima (shrub)   

Tamarix ramosissima is a deciduous shrub and can appear as a small tree that can grow in many different substrates. It can be found where its roots reach the water table, such as floodplains, along irrigation ditches and on lake shores and it can tolerate a wide range of saline or alkaline soils. This species can replace or displace native woody species. It is a poor quality food resource for aquatic consumers and the stems change the landscape properties of gravel and cobble islands and bars. T. ramosissima supports few native insects and thus is a poor habitat for birds. It is able to dominate floodplain communities in the deserts of the Southwest United States due to its ability to tolerate water stress for extended periods of time. An integrated management approach that incorporates multiple control techniques is required to manage this species.

Common Names: salt cedar, Sommertamariske, tamarisk, tamarix

93. Trachemys scripta elegans (reptile)     

The red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) is a popular pet and, as a result of its release into the wild, it has become established in many parts of the world. It is found both in fresh and brackish waters, including coastal marsh ponds and is thought to compete with native aquatic turtles. It is omnivorous and will eat insects, crayfish, shrimp, worms, snails, amphibians and small fish, as well as aquatic plants.

Common Names: red-eared slider, red-eared slider terrapin, Rotwangen-Schmuckschildkroete, tortue à tempe rouge, tortue de Floride

94. Trichosurus vulpecula (mammal)   

The brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) is a solitary, nocturnal, arboreal marsupial introduced from Australia. It damages native forests in New Zealand by selective feeding on foliage and fruits and also preys on bird nests and is a vector for bovine tuberculosis.

Common Names: brushtail possum, Fuchskusu

95. Trogoderma granarium (insect)   

Trogoderma granarium are considered a pest of considerable impact to stored foodstuffs. It maintains its presence in food storage in very low numbers and is able to survive long periods of time in an inactive state.

Common Names: escarabajo khapra, khapra beetle, khaprakäfer, trogoderma (dermeste) du grain

96. Ulex europaeus (shrub)     

Ulex europaeus is a spiny, perennial, evergreen shrub that grows in dense and impenetrable thickets which exclude grazing animals. It is common in disturbed areas, grasslands, shrublands, forest margins, coastal habitats and waste places. Ulex europaeus is a very successful and tenacious plant once it becomes established and is extremely competitive, displacing cultivated and native plants, and altering soil conditions by fixing nitrogen and acidifying the soil. It creates an extreme fire hazard due to abundant dead material and its oily, highly flammable foliage and seeds. Soil is often bare between individual plants, which increases erosion on steep slopes where Ulex europaeus has replaced grasses or forbs. Spiny and mostly unpalatable when mature, Ulex europaeus reduces pasture quality where it invades rangeland. Ulex europaeus understorey in cultivated forests interferes with operations; increasing pruning and thinning costs and can interfere with the growth of conifer seedlings.

Common Names: ajonc, ajonc d'Europe, bois jonc, chacay, furze, Gaspeldoorn, genêt, Ginestra spinosa, gorse, jonc marin, kolcolist zachodni, picapica, Stechginster, Tojo, vigneau, vIrish furze, whin, zépinard des hauts

97. Undaria pinnatifida (algae)   

The kelp (Undaria pinnatifida) is native to Japan where it is cultivated for human consumption. It is an opportunistic weed which spreads mainly by fouling ship hulls. It forms dense underwater forests, resulting in competition for light and space which may lead to the exclusion or displacement of native plant and animal species.

Common Names: apron-ribbon vegetable, Asian kelp, haijiecai, Japanese kelp, miyeuk, qundaicai, wakame

98. Vespula vulgaris (insect)   

Vespula vulgaris (the common wasp) nest underground and in the cavities of trees and buildings. In addition to causing painful stings to humans, they compete with other insects and birds for insect prey and sugar sources. They will also eat fruit crops and scavenge around rubbish bins and picnic sites.

Common Names: common wasp, common yellowjacket, Gemeine Wespe

99. Vulpes vulpes (mammal)   

Native to Europe, Asia, North Africa and boreal regions of North America, Vulpes vulpes (the red fox) have been introduced into Australia and temperate regions of North America. They are now the most widely distributed carnivore in the world and have negative impacts on many native species, including smaller canids and ground nesting birds in North America, and many small and medium-sized rodent and marsupial species in Australia.

Common Names: fuchs, lape, lis, raposa, red fox, renard, rev, Rotfuchs, silver, black or cross fox, volpe, vos, zorro

100. Wasmannia auropunctata (insect)     

Wasmannia auropunctata (the little fire ant) is blamed for reducing species diversity, reducing overall abundance of flying and tree-dwelling insects, and eliminating arachnid populations. It is also known for its painful stings. On the Galapagos, it eats the hatchlings of tortoises and attacks the eyes and cloacae of the adult tortoises. It is considered to be perhaps the greatest ant species threat in the Pacific region.

Common Names: albayalde, cocoa tree-ant, formi électrique, formiga pixixica, fourmi électrique, fourmi rouge, hormiga colorada, hormiga roja, hormiguilla, little fire ant, little introduced fire ant, little red fire ant, pequena hormiga de fuego, petit fourmi de feu, Rote Feuerameise, sangunagenta, satanica, small fire ant, tsangonawenda, West Indian stinging ant

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