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Anredera cordifolia (vine, climber) |
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Management Information
Physical: Starr et al. (2003) state that, "Physical control of Anredera cordifolia is very difficult. Wildy (2002) suggests placing a plastic sheet below the plant before any manual control is done so that all parts of the plant, especially aerial tubers, can be removed. All parts of the vine must be removed, including underground tubers and vines climbing up trees to prevent them from resprouting."Chemical: Starr et al. (2003) state that, "The vine is hard to kill with chemicals due to its numerous tubers, suculent waxy leaves, and numerous roots. Haley (1997) recommends that after all tubers are physically removed, use a foliar spray of Escort, Roundup, and Pulse on plants and tubers as soon as green sprouts have two or four leaves on each sprout. Timing of follow spraying is important because if left too long, new underground tubers will form, prolonging successful control. Wildy (2002) suggests trying a foliar spray of Garlon 4 (triclopyr) mixed with water 50 ml/10 l. Australians (LCC 2001) report that scraping stems at staggered intervals then applying 100% Roundup (glyphosate) is the only recommended control method. Aerial stems should be cut at both ends and dipped in Roundup (Bushcare 2001)." In Ku-ring-gai (NSW Australia), Pallin (2000) states that efforts have been made to apply annually, "Herbicide by the stem-scrape method, to kill vines in situ and (particularly in the case of A. cordifolia) to kill existing aerial tubers and prevent the development of more. A. cordifolia tubers were picked from the soil once native seedlings began to regenerate and removed to landfill. A. cordifolia regrowth was spot sprayed with herbicide where there were no native seedlings. Although floods bring more A. cordifolia tubers from upstream sources into the Reserve, this strategy has almost eliminated the production of tubers within the Reserve and thus protects the regenerating areas and bushland downstream in Garigal National Park from this threat." Prior and Armstrong (2001) achieved various levels of control against A. cordifolia using a variety of concentrations of both fluroxypyr and glyphosate, but the authors favoured fluroxypyr treatments because at lower concentrations competitive grass species can also establish and compete with A. cordifolia. The Bay of Plenty Regional Council (UNDATED) states that, "Smaller A. cordifolia plants can be grubbed out ensuring that all of the tubers are removed. Larger infestations can be controlled by cutting back top growth and spraying remaining 2 metre stems with Escort® 5 grams per 10 liters of water plus penetrant, or Grazon® at 60mls per 10 litres of water plus penetrant." Cultural: Starr et al. (2003) states that, "It could be suggested that the public not plant or spread plants to new areas. Tubers and parts of the plant could be double bagged and thrown away in the trash or piled in one location on site. Precaution could be taken to not spread green waste to uninfected areas."
Location Specific Management InformationAuckland Region (New Zealand)
A. cordifolia has been designated as a Surveillance, Community Initiative and Containment Pest by the Auckland Regional Pest Management Pest Management Strategy 2002-2007. Please see Hierarchy of Plant Designations for an explanation of designation terminology.
The objectives of the management strategy are to prevent the spread of and, where practicable, reduce infestations of A. cordifolia over the next five years, within the Waitakere and Hunua Ranges Weed Control Zones, and Great Barrier Island; and to restrict its further spread of by humans over the next 10 years. Australia
In Australia, A. cordifolia is listed as an environmental weed, category W4c, of North Coast NSW, meaning it must not be sold, propagated or knowingly distributed, and the weed must be prevented from spreading to an adjoining property (Greening Australia 1997, Weeds Australia 2000) (Starr et al. 2003).
Groves et al. (2003) have categorized an exhaustive list of Australian invasive weed species. A. cordifolia is on this list and has been giving a rank of "5" with this corresponding meaning: "Naturalised and known to be a major problem at 4 or more locations within a State or Territory." It is listed as "Noxious" in Queensland and New South Wales. Beechmont (Australia)
Fluroxypyr applied at 1 and 2 g L-1 water and glyphosate 360 (R) applied at 3.6 and 7.2 g L-1 water were equally effective in controlling all vine stems present at application. Fluroxypyr at 1 and 2 g L-1 water were the only treatments, which significantly reduced the number of new stems of the plant in the months between applications. Quadrats treated with fluroxypyr at its lowest effective concentration (1 g L-1 water) had less Madeira vine and other broad-leaved weeds, but contained competitive grass species such as kikuyu, which, from a management perspective, may be beneficial by providing competition. Removal of competition through the use of the non-selective herbicide glyphosate may favor re-invasion from Madeira vine subterranean tubers, especially if applied at a time of year where translocation activity is not high (Prior and Armstrong, 2001). Hawaii (United States (USA))
In Hawai'i, A. cordifolia is listed on the 1992 Hawai'i state noxious weed list (HDOA 1992) (Starr et al. 2003). Ku-ring-gai Flying-fox Reserve (Australia)
A habitat restoration project was undertaken with the primary aim of providing a self-perpetuating indigenous roosting habitat for the colony. A secondary aim was to retain the diversity of native fauna and flora within the Reserve and keep the regenerated vegetation compatible with native bushland
in northern Sydney. The project was undertaken in three phases extending from 1987 to 2000. An evaluation of results after this period shows that native plants were regenerating and level of weed maintainence required was on the decrease.
Weed control treatments included manual removal, precision herbicide spraying ‘cut and paint’ and stem injection herbicide treatments for larger woody weeds and climbers. Supplemental planting of endemic species was also undertaken. The exotic vines Madeira vine (A. cordifolia), morning glory (Ipomoea indica and I. purpurea), balloon vine (Cardiospermum grandiflorum) and honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) which were smothering the canopy of the trees were removed within phase 1 and 2 areas of the project.
Herbicide was applied to kill A. cordifolia in situ by the stem-scrape method and existing aerial tubers were killed. Tubers were picked from the soil once native seedlings began to regenerate and removed to landfill. A. cordifolia regrowth was spot sprayed with herbicide where there were no native seedlings. This strategy was very successful in almost eliminating the production of tubers. Marlborough District (New Zealand)
A. cordifolia has been designated as a "Total Control" plant pest (Marlborough District Council and Department of Conservation Joint Initiative) by the Regional Pest Management Strategy for Marlborough. The strategy has its effect over the entire Marlborough District. Infestations of these plant pests are limited at present but they have the potential to invade large areas of Marlborough’s indigenous forest and coastal scrub. The Marlborough District Council and the Department of Conservation, have formed a joint initiative to carry out the control of the ‘Total Control’ plant pests identified in this category.
The overall aim of the strategy is to eradicate A. cordifolia from Marlborough. The strategy aims to prevent any new infestations, reduce the pre-existing seedbank by at least 25% and allow only recruitment from the pre-existing seedbank by 2006. The objective is to contribute to the eradication of A. cordifolia by destroying infestations from known sites before seed production to prevent new infestations from establishing. Continued inspections and monitoring of sites and adjacent land are to be carried out to ensure effective control. Please see Hierarchy of Plant Designations for an explanation of designation terminology. Nelson (New Zealand)
A. cordifolia has been designated as a 'Progressive control pest' by the the Tasman-Nelson Regional Pest Management Strategy. The strategy has its effect over the combined area that lies within the administrative boundaries of the Tasman District Council and Nelson City Council. The objective of the strategy is to reduce the distribution and density of A. cordifolia in the Tasman-Nelson region during the term of the Strategy for the Management Agency. Please see Hierarchy of Plant Designations for an explanation of designation terminology. New Zealand
A. cordifolia is included in the First Schedule of the National Pest Plant Accord. All plants on the list are designated as Unwanted Organisms, and are banned from sale, propagation and distribution throughout New
Zealand. Please see National Pest Plant Accord for the complete list.
It does not produce fruit in New Zealand, but spreads from pieces of rhizome and stem tubers. Two out of 13 conservancies identified it as one of their 10 highest environmental impact weeds and three conservancies ranked it as one of 10 most difficult species to control (Froude, 2002). Queensland (Australia)
A panel of 13 professional scientists brought together to estimate the level of impact and future impact of 66 priority environmental weeds in south-east Queensland ranked A. cordifolia as the fourth most invasive and damaging species (Batianoff and Butler, 2003).
Starr et al. (2003) states that in Australia, aerial tubers were reported to live for 5 years in the canopy after the vine was cut and were still able to sprout after this time. Densities of up to 1,500 tubers per square meter have been reported. South Africa
In South Africa, A. cordifolia is a category 1 declared alien invader, the strictest category of weeds, meaning that it may not occur on any land or inland water surface other than in a biological control reserve, it may not be planted, maintained, multiplied, propagated, imported, or sold (Wildy 2002) (Starr et al. 2003). Stotts Island Nature Reserve (Australia)
A. cordifolia is one of the major alien weeds (the others being Lantana (Lantana camara), and catsclaw creeper (Macfadyena unguis-cati)) that occur on Stotts Island (NPWS 2001c). A weed control plan has been put into place for the Reserve and will be implemented under the Plan of Management. Declaration of the entire island as critical habitat provides greater scope for the exclusion of potential threats and the integrated management of this species. Taranaki Region (New Zealand)
A. cordifolia is classified as an 'Eradication pest plant' in the The Pest Management Strategy for Taranaki. 'Eradication pest plants' are pest plants of limited distribution or density in the region and for which the long-term goal is eradication.
Each pest plant has a management programme according to its designation. These programmes are summarised in the series of bulletins 'Pest Plant Facts'. Please see Mignonette vine: A. cordifolia for pest plant facts and management programmes. Tasman District (New Zealand)
A. cordifolia has been designated as a 'Progressive control pest' by the the Tasman-Nelson Regional Pest Management Strategy. The strategy has its effect over the combined area that lies within the administrative boundaries of the Tasman District Council and Nelson City Council. The objective of the strategy is to reduce the distribution and density of A. cordifolia in the Tasman-Nelson region during the term of the Strategy for the Management Agency. Please see Hierarchy of Plant Designations for an explanation of designation terminology. Waikato Region (New Zealand)
A. cordifolia is classified as a “Containment Plant Pest” by Environment Waikato, which means that land occupiers are responsible for controlling it under Strategy rules. Environment Waikato monitors all these species and will provide information and advice when required.
Please see definitions for hierarchy of pest designations.
The objective of this strategy is to reduce the risk of the spread of, and, where practicable, reduce infestations of A. cordifolia in the Waikato Region for the duration of the Strategy. Please see mignonette vine for details on the strategy for A. cordifolia. Wingham (Australia)
Maintenance of the forest floor involved spraying A. cordifolia tubers with glyphosate in areas where the canopy had reformed (Harden et al., 2004).
Management Resources/Links
2. Bay of Plenty Regional Council, UNDATED. Climbing Plants: Plant Pest Control. Fact Sheet PP17/00. 5. Froude, V. A. 2002. Biological control options for invasive weeds of New Zealand protected areas. Science for Conservation 199.
Summary: Discusses ecological impacts of species in New Zealand. 6. Harden, G. J., M. D. Fox, and B. J. Fox. 2004. Monitoring and assessment of restoration of a rainforest remnant at Wingham Brush, NSW.Austral Ecology 29(5):489.
Summary: This paper discusses the impact of species on a section of rainforest in New South Wales and its effects on restorative progress. 9. National Pest Plant Accord, 2001. Biosecurity New Zealand.
Summary: The National Pest Plant Accord is a cooperative agreement between regional councils and government departments with biosecurity responsibilities. Under the accord, regional councils will undertake surveillance to prevent the commercial sale and/or distribution of an agreed list of pest plants.
Available from: http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/pests-diseases/plants/accord.htm [Accessed 11 August 2005] 10. Pallin, N. 2000. Ku-ring-gai Flying-fox Reserve, Habitat restoration project, 15 years on. Ecological Management and Restoration 1(1):10 April 2000.
Summary: Discusses impacts species has had on a Reserve in Australia. Examines chemical and physical control methods and how control has been reached. 11. Prior, S. L., and T. R. Armstrong. 2001. A comparison of the effects of foliar applications of glyphosate and fluroxypyr on Madeira vine, Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) van Steenis. Plant-Protection-Quarterly. 2001; 16(1): 33-36.
Summary: Discussion of foliar chemical sprays and their effectiveness controlling Anredera cordifolia. 13. Starr, F., K. Starr, and L. Loope. 2003. Anredera cordifolia. United States Geological Survey Biological Resources Division: Haleakala Field Station, Maui, Hawai'i.
Summary: An in-depth fact sheet covering various aspects of general biology, impacts, management options, and distribution records. Results Page: 1
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