Management Information
Preventative measures: In 2002, United Nation FAO's (Food and Agriculture Organisation) Interim Commission on Phytosanitary Measures imposed a global standard for treating wood packaging International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures No. 15 to stop the spread of invasives.Chemical: Smitley and McCullough (2004) suggest various chemical options for treatement of infected trees: (1) Using soil injections or soil drenching with imidacloprid. The authors state that, "This nicotine-like insecticide can be applied to soil as a drench or applied by professionals using a high-pressure soil injection system." This process works by killing larvae tunneling under the bark and does not kill adults. The authors suggest two technique of trunk injections of imidacloprid; one option is to use a hand-held device called a Wedgle to inject imidacloprid (sold as Pointer) into the trunk, the other is to use Imidacloprid formulated into Mauget capsules (sold as Imicide) to be injected around the base of the trunk by professional applicators. (2) Trunk injections of bidrin (Injecticide-B) (an organophosphate insecticide) that is formulated into Mauget capsules to be injected around the base of the trunk by professional applicators.(3) Trunk and foliage spray with cyfluthrin (Tempo or Bayer Advanced Garden Multi-Insect Killer) is another option suggested by the authors. They instruct the user to spray the trunk and foliage when beetles first emerge and again 4 weeks later. (4) A trunk-only spray with bifenthrin (Onyx) to be sprayed when beetles first emerge, in early to mid-June, and again 4 weeks later. The authors advise to apply bifenthrin as directed on the Onyx label for borers. Insecticides are only effective against borers as a preventative, as they have no impact on borers already in the tree. The systemic insecticide imidacloprid requires 6-8 weeks for uptake and distribution, and should therefore be applied in early to mid spring to impact newly hatched larvae in July Herms et al. 2003). Biological: Trunk-only spray with Beauveria bassiana fungal spores (Botanigard) is a biocontrol treatment that can be performed. The authors state that, "At this time, this is the only microbial control product being promoted as an alternative to insecticides for protecting ash trees. Research tests have shown that spraying trunks with Beauveria causes infection and death of emerging emerald ash borer beetles (up to 50 percent). At this time, however, we do not have test data to show how well this product protects trees from emerald ash borer attack."
Location Specific Management InformationIllinois (United States (USA))
The emrald ash borer was detected in a northern Illinois yard
during June 2006. The Illinois Department of Agriculture
announced that a respnse plan would be activated. "The first step
is to conduct an extensive survey of ash trees in the area to
determine the extent of damage. The findings will help establish
boundaries for a quarantine that will stop the movement of
potentially contaminated wood and nursery products out of the
area and prevent the spread of this pest." (Illinois Dept of
Agriculture., June 13 2006).The U. S. Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has announced the expansion of its emerald ash borer (EAB) quarantine to include the entire states of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio, more than doubling the previously quarantined area which includes the entire lower peninsula of Michigan. The new quarantine becomes effective on Dec. 1 2006 following the issuance of a federal order (APHIS 2006). Indiana (United States (USA))
The U. S. Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has announced the expansion of its emerald ash borer (EAB) quarantine to include the entire states of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio, more than doubling the previously quarantined area which includes the entire lower peninsula of Michigan. The new quarantine becomes effective on Dec. 1 2006 following the issuance of a federal order (APHIS 2006). Michigan (United States (USA))
Prevention of the further spread of the borer will be achieved by placing strict quarantine measures on infested sites in both Michigan and Ohio. In August 2002, a one-year moratorium was placed on the movement of all ash nursery stock into Michigan’s Lower Peninsula, following the discovery of several isolated infestations. The U. S. Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has announced the expansion of its emerald ash borer (EAB) quarantine to include the entire states of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio, more than doubling the previously quarantined area which includes the entire lower peninsula of Michigan. The new quarantine becomes effective on Dec. 1 2006 following the issuance of a federal order (APHIS 2006). The USDA-APHIS plans to eradicate the emerald ash borer from North America by first tackling the core infestation area in south-east Michigan, where millions of trees are infested. They plan to first contain the pest, by creating a “fire-break” around the core infestation zone. The infestation will kill all of its host trees in this area, and the fire-break will be wide enough to prevent it from crossing to new hosts. The fire-break will be created by removing all ash trees in the peripheral zone, taking advantage of agricultural land and large bodies of water already with low ash densities (Herms et al. 2003). A borer buffer has been created around Detroit to keep emerald ash borer from moving south into Ohio, and north into Ontario across the St. Clair River (Kieran, 2004). Many property owners within the core infestation zone protect their trees with insecticides (Herms et al. 2003). Ohio (United States (USA))
The Ohio Department of Agriculture initiated an eradication programme, involving the removal of more than 8,000 ash trees in a 0.25 mile radius around the infestation zone. This was completed by April 2003, before adult beetles could emerge. All trees were removed as it is not possible to identify if a tree is infested or not, and all were chipped and incinerated. In April 2003, all trees just outside the infestation zone were treated with the systemic insecticide imidacloprid, to kill any young that may emerge from eggs laid outside of the felled zone. Currently, it is not recommended that ash trees in Ohio be treated with insecticides, based on the interaction between the biology of the insect and regulatory issues associated with the eradication programme in North America (Herms et al. 2003).The U. S. Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has announced the expansion of its emerald ash borer (EAB) quarantine to include the entire states of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio, more than doubling the previously quarantined area which includes the entire lower peninsula of Michigan. The new quarantine becomes effective on Dec. 1 2006 following the issuance of a federal order (APHIS 2006). Ontario (Canada)
There is a Ministerial Order currently in effect restricting the movement of all ash forest products from Essex County including nursery stock, logs and debris to prevent the spread of the emerald ash borer. In addition to these restrictions, firewood of all species cannot be moved from Essex county (Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 2004).In addition to the quarantine regulations, the Canadian government ordered an ash-tree-free corridor to be created east of the Windsor area, in Ontario to contain the infestation of the emerald wood borer. More than 85,000 ash trees larger than one centimetre in diameter were felled and chipped throughout the 10-kilometre-wide beetle barrier, which runs 30 kilometres from Lake Erie to Lake St. Clair. This barrier which is wider than the distance the beetle can fly across is meant to act like a firebreak (Kieran, 2004). United States (USA)
The recently (April 2006) published report from the United States Government Accountability Office (GAO-06-353) evaluates the federal response to three invasive forest pests--the Asian longhorned beetle, the emerald ash borer, and the pathogen Phytophthora ramorum (P. ramorum). Specifically, GAO describes (1) the status of efforts to eradicate these species, (2) the factors affecting the success of those efforts, (3) overall forest health monitoring programs, (4) coordination and communication of the three pest response efforts, and (5) USDA's use of panels of scientific experts to aid in the response efforts.
The report concludes "on the basis of the available evidence, it appears that the Asian longhorned beetle will be eradicated in the three states that have infestations, although funding reductions have extended the likely completion date. In contrast, the emerald ash borer and P. ramorum--the pathogen that causes Sudden Oak Death--are likely to continue to infest and damage forest ecosystems in the Midwest and West Coast, respectively, despite efforts to control them.
For the complete report please see GAO-06-353.The U. S. Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has announced the expansion of its emerald ash borer (EAB) quarantine to include the entire states of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio, more than doubling the previously quarantined area which includes the entire lower peninsula of Michigan. The new quarantine becomes effective on Dec. 1 2006 following the issuance of a federal order (APHIS 2006).
Management Resources/Links
4. GAO-06-353 Report, United States Government Accountability Office, April 21, 2006. Invasive Forest Pests: Lessons Learned from Three Recent Infestations May Aid in Managing Future Efforts.
Summary: Invasive forest pests have seriously harmed our environment and imposed significant costs upon our economy. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is the lead agency for responding to forest pests. This report evaluates the federal response to three invasive forest pests—the Asian longhorned beetle, the emerald ash borer, and the pathogen Phytophthora ramorum (P. ramorum).Specifically, GAO describes (1) the status of efforts to eradicate these species, (2) the factors affecting the success of those efforts, (3) overall forest health monitoring programs, (4) coordination and communication of the three pest response efforts, and (5) USDA’s use of panels of scientific experts to aid in the response efforts.
Available from: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06353.pdf [Accessed 20 May 2006] 9. Keiran, Monique., 2004. Battling the beetle In Nature Canada.
Summary: Available from: http://www.cnf.ca/naturecanada/summer04/battle.html [Accessed 30 November 2004] 10. McCullough, D.G & Roberts, D.L., 2003. Pest Alert. (Draft) Emerald Ash Borer 16. Walker, K. 2006. Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) Pest and Diseases Image Library. Updated on 24/09/2006 8:07:11 AM.
Summary: PaDIL (Pests and Diseases Image Library) is a Commonwealth Government initiative, developed and built by Museum Victoria's Online Publishing Team, with support provided by DAFF (Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry) and PHA (Plant Health Australia), a non-profit public company. Project partners also include Museum Victoria, the Western Australian Department of Agriculture and the Queensland University of Technology.
The aim of the project is: 1) Production of high quality images showing primarily exotic targeted organisms of plant health concern to Australia. 2) Assist with plant health diagnostics in all areas, from initial to high level. 3) Capacity building for diagnostics in plant health, including linkage developments between training and research organisations. 4) Create and use educational tools for training undergraduates/postgraduates. 5) Engender public awareness about plant health concerns in Australia.
PaDIL is available from : http://www.padil.gov.au/aboutOverview.aspx, this page is available from: http://www.padil.gov.au/viewPestDiagnosticImages.aspx?id=307 [Accessed 6 October 2006]
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