issg Database: Management and Information Links for Tamarix ramosissima

Tamarix ramosissima (tree, shrub)

Ecology Distribution Management
Info Impact
Info References
and Links Contacts

         Management Information

Mechanical: Hand pulling can be used where plants are small, access is difficult, or herbicides cannot be used (Carpenter 2003). Uprooting methods are effective in the short-term because uprooted trees do not resprout. For sawing and mowing, chemical treatment may be necessary to prevent resprouting. Immature plants may often be physically removed by hand with care given to complete removal of the root structure and disposal of the plant by burning or deep burial. Bulldozing, followed by root-plowing is successful, consistent and effective when used on large thickets of established Tamarix ramosissima.
Managed flooding can effectively kill T. ramosissima on a long-term basis. Repeated flooding is necessary to kill saltcedar seedlings that are rapidly established from windborne seeds. Established saltcedar plants can tolerate flooding for up to 3 months. Conditions suitable for controlled flooding exist in relatively small areas such as highly managed wildlife refuges (APHIS, 2003).
Chemical: Aerial application of the herbicide imazapyr, alone or in combination with glyphosate, is effective and practical for controlling T. ramosissima over thousands of hectares, particularly in dense stands where little or no native vegetation is present. Several field trials have produced control rates of > 90% after one or two years (Carpenter 2003).
On smaller sites the cut stump method is successful when triclopyr herbicides are also used. Basal bark applications of Garlon4 were very effective on plants with a basal diameter of less than 4 inches. Burning, followed by herbicide application to the resprouts, also produced excellent results, although this method is not appropriate when T. ramosissima exists as a component of native plant communities (Carpenter 2003). The use of triclopyr (Garlon4 or Remedy) mixed with oil and applied as a basal bark or cut stump treatment has been used with great success on scattered infestations, with no resprouting occurring. The basal bark treatment involves applying the herbicide mixture to the lower 18 inches of the plant clear to the ground.
Herbicides used at aquatic sites include Arsenal and Habitat. These are very effective as foliar treatments, but are not selective and must be used with care. Around 30% of tamarisk may resprout after three years when using these herbicides (Baker, 2005. pers. comm.).
Biological: Cattle (and probably goats) will eat T. ramosissima.
A biocontrol agent, the saltcedar leaf beetle (Diorhabda elongate), has been released in nine states (California, Oregon, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, Colorado, Montana, New Mexico and Texas), excluding those areas where the endangered southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus is nesting in tamarisk (Dudley et al. 2001, DeLoach et al. 2004).
The Athel Pine National Best Practice Management Manual brings together the best management practices available to date on control options for athel pine (T. aphylla), tamarisk (T. ramosissima) and smallflower tamarisk (T. parviflora). It also illustrates successful control programs with case studies that demonstrate how these weeds are managed effectively in Australia. Included are pointers to identify the Tamarix species you are dealing with as each of them are managed using different strategies. The manual includes a 'Decision Support Tree for Tamarix control' to develop a control program for athel pine, tamarisk or smallflower tamarisk based on the type of infestation you have to treat and the options available to you.

         Location Specific Management Information
Alberta
Tamarix ramosissima is reported being sold in garden centers and nurseries throughout Alberta. These shrubs are being sold as ornamentals with the common name of “Pink Cascade." It has not escaped ornamental plantings in Alberta to date but should be of significant concern to all Albertans. Work is already being done to monitor saltcedar along many of Alberta’s watercourses in an effort to prevent it from becoming established (GAARD, 2008).
Australia
Tamarix ramosissima has shown weedy tendencies in both New South Wales and Western Australia,its potential impacts are similar to Tamarix aphylla (athel pine). Athel pine is listed as a 'Weed of National Significance' in Australia because of its invasiveness, potential for spread, and economic and environmental impacts (Department of the Environment and Heritage and the CRC for Australian Weed Management, 2003).
Colorado
In the summer of 2001, 1300 beetles (Diorhabda elongate) were released, and in two seasons increased to number in the millions. This resulted in the defoliation of over 400 acres of salt cedar in research sites in Nevada. Similar results have been seen in Colorado, Utah and Wyoming (Deloach and Carruthers, 2003). Ellingson and Andersen (2002) state that, "Management to conserve or enhance populations of Apache cicadas should focus on maintaining or increasing the native species composition of riparian areas."
Colorado
Tamarix ramosissima is listed as a 'B list (noxious weeds)' in Colorado (USDA, NRCS 2009).
Box elder (Acer negundo) was planted alongside stands of invasive Tamarix spp, which include T. ramosissima and its hybrids in an attempt to use a native competitor to displace and control an invasive plant along the Yampa and Green River, Colorado. Box elder was found to be a superior competitor that resulted in high mortality and displacement of Tamarix spp. (Dewine & Cooper, 2008).
Montana
Tamarix ramosissima is listed as a 'Category 2 noxious weed' in Montana (USDA, NRCS 2009).
Nebraska
Tamarix ramosissima is listed as a 'Noxious weed' in Nebraska (USDA, NRCS 2009).
Nevada
In the summer of 2001, 1300 beetles (Diorhabda elongate) were released, and in two seasons increased to number in the millions. This resulted in the defoliation of over 400 acres of salt cedar in research sites in Nevada. Similar results have been seen in Colorado, Utah and Wyoming (Deloach and Carruthers, 2003).
New Mexico
Tamarix ramosissima is listed as a 'Noxious weed' in Nevada (USDA, NRCS 2009).
New Mexico
Tamarix ramosissima is listed as a 'Class C noxious weed' in New Mexico(USDA, NRCS 2009).
Treatments designed to remove Tamarix ramosissima monocultures from riparian habitats using root plows and aerial applications of the herbicide imazapyr within twelve 4-ha impoundments were evaluated in the Middle Rio Grande Valley in central New Mexico. Mechanically cleared areas had significantly fewer saltcedar resprouts (26 resprouts/ha) than chemically treated areas (2,500 resprouts/ha) (Sprenger et al, 2002).
North Dakota
Tamarix ramosissima is listed as a 'Noxious weed' in North Dakota (USDA, NRCS 2009).
Oregon
Tamarix ramosissima is listed as a "B" designated & Quarantine weed (USDA NRCS 2009).
Pecos River
Between 1999 and 2001, the salt cedar monoculture along the Pecos River was treated using Arsenal herbicide.
South Africa
Tamarix ramosissima and T. chinensis have been declared as Category 1 weeds in Northern, Eastern and Western Cape, category 3 weeds in other parts of South Africa. (Category 1 Plants. This is the strictest category. These plants may not occur on any land or inland water surface other than in a biological control reserve. Except for the purposes of establishing a biological control reserve, one may not plant, maintain, multiply or propagate such plants, import or sell or acquire propagating material of such plants except with the written exception of the executive officer. Category 3 Plants. The regulations regarding these plants are the same as for category 1, except that plants already in existence at the time of the commencement of these regulations are exempt, unless they occur within 30 metres of a 1:50 year flood line of river, stream etc) (SANBI, 2001).These plants may not occur on any land or inland water surface other than in a biological control reserve. Except for the purposes of establishing a biological control reserve, one may not plant, maintain, multiply or propagate such plants, import or sell or acquire propagating material of such plants except with the written exception of the executive officer
South Dakota
Tamarix ramosissima is listed as a 'Noxious weed' in South Dakota (USDA, NRCS 2009).
Texas
From 1999 through 2002, 128 miles of Tamarix spp. along the Pecos River and its tributaries in Texas (6341 acres of saltcedar) have been treated with Arsenal herbicide using state-of -the-art application technology (Hart, 2003).
Salt ceder is listed as a 'Noxious plant' in Texas (USDA, NRCS 2009).
Utah
In the summer of 2001, 1300 beetles (Diorhabda elongate) were released, and in two seasons increased to number in the millions. This resulted in the defoliation of over 400 acres of salt cedar in research sites in Nevada. Similar results have been seen in Colorado, Utah and Wyoming (Deloach and Carruthers, 2003).
Washington
Tamarix ramosissima is listed as a 'Class B noxious weed' and 'Noxious weed seed and plant quarantine' in Washington (USDA NRCS 2009).
Wyoming
In the summer of 2001, 1300 beetles (Diorhabda elongate) were released, and in two seasons increased to number in the millions. This resulted in the defoliation of over 400 acres of salt cedar in research sites in Nevada. Similar results have been seen in Colorado, Utah and Wyoming (Deloach and Carruthers, 2003).
Salt cedar is listed as a 'Noxious weed' in Wyoming (USDA, NRCS 2009).

         Management Resources/Links

1. Aber, James S; Eberts, Debra; Aber, Susan., 2005. Applications of kite aerial photography: Biocontrol of salt cedar (Tamarix) in the western United States. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 108(1-2). SPR 05. 63-66
2. Anderson, G. L., Carruthers, R. I., Ge, Shaokui and Gong, Peng., 2005. 'Cover: Monitoring of invasive Tamarix distribution and effects of biological control with airborne hyperspectral remote sensing', International Journal of Remote Sensing, 26:12, 2487 — 2489
3. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)., 2003. Proposed Program for Control of Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) in Fourteen States Draft Environmental Assessment November 2003. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service U.S. Department of Agriculture, Western Region
4. Beauchamp, Vanessa B; Stromberg, Juliet C. [Author]., 2007. Flow regulation of the Verde River, Arizona encourages Tamarix recruitment but has minimal effect on Populus and Salix stand density. Wetlands. 27(2). JUN 2007. 381-389
5. Carpenter, Alan T. 1998. Element Stewardship Abstract for Tamarix ramosissima Ledebour; Tamarix pentandra Pallas; Tamarix chinensis Loureiro; Tamarix parviflora De Candolle. The Nature Conservancy.
        Summary: Available from: http://www.imapinvasives.org/GIST/ESA/esapages/documnts/tamaram.pdf [Accessed 15 June 2009]
6. Centre for Invasive Species Research (CISR)., University of California Riverside. Text provided by Jeffrey Lovich, updated by Mark S. Hoddle.
        Summary: Available from: http://cisr.ucr.edu/saltcedar.html [Accessed 15 March 2009]
7. Cleverly, J. R., S. D. Smith, A. Sala, and D. A. Devitt. 1997. Invasive capacity of Tamarix ramosissima in a Mojave Desert floodplain: the role of drought. Oecologia 111:12-18
        Summary: Information on description, economic importance, distribution, habitat, history, growth, and impacts and management of species.
8. Cleverly, J. R.; Dahm, C. N.; Thibault, J. R.; et al. 2002. Seasonal estimates of actual evapo-transpiration from Tamarix ramosissima stands using three-dimensional eddy covariance. Journal of Arid Environments 52:181-197.
9. Collins, J.N, May M, Grosso C. 2003. Salt cedar Tamarix spp. Practical Guidebook to the Control of Invasive Aquatic and Wetland Plants of the San Francisco Bay - Delta Region.
        Summary: Information on description, economic importance, distribution, habitat, history, growth, and impacts and management of species.
Available from: http://legacy.sfei.org/nis/cedar.html [Accessed 22 May 2010].
The Guidebook is available from: http://legacy.sfei.org/nis/index.html
10. Cooper, D. J., D. C. Andersen, and R. A. Chimner. 2003. Multiple pathways for woody plant establishment on floodplains at local to regional scales. Journal of Ecology 91:182-196
        Summary: Information on description, economic importance, distribution, habitat, history, growth, and impacts and management of species.
11. CRC Weed Management, 2004. Weed Management Guide, Athel Pine or Tamarisk- Tamarix aphylla
        Summary: Available from: http://www.wyong.nsw.gov.au/environment/Category_five_weeds_Athel_pine.pdf [Accessed 26 May 2009]
12. D'Antonio, C. M.; Mack, M. M.; and Dudley, T. L. 1999. Disturbance and biological invasions: direct effects and feedbacks. Pp. 413-452, In Walker, L. R. (ed.) Ecosystems of the World No. 16: Ecosystems of Disturbed Ground. Elsevier Press, Amsterdam.
13. DeLoach, C. J.; Carruthers, R.; Dudley, T.; Eberts, D.; Kazmer, D.; Knutson, A.; Bean, D.; Knight, J.; Lewis, P.; Tracy, J.; Herr, J.; Abbot, G.; Prestwich, S.; Adams, G.; Mityaev, I.; Jashenko, R. ; Li, B.; Sobhian, R.; Kirk, A.; Robbins, T.; and Delfosse, E. 2004. First results for control of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) in the open field in the western United States. R. Cullen, ed. XI Internat. Symp. on Biol. Control of Weeds, Canberra, Australia, pp. 505-513.
14. DeLoach, C. Jack., Phil A. Lewis, John C. Herr, Raymond I. Carruthers, James L. Tracy, Joye Johnson., 2003. Host specificity of the leaf beetle, Diorhabda elongata deserticola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Asia, a biological control agent for saltcedars (Tamarix: Tamaricaceae) in the Western United States. Biological Control Volume 27, Issue 2, June 2003, Pages 117-147
15. Department of the Environment and Heritage and the CRC for Australian Weed Management, 2003. Athel pine or tamarisk (Tamarix aphylla) weed management guide
        Summary: Available from: http://www.weeds.gov.au/publications/guidelines/wons/t-aphylla.html [Accessed 15 March 2009]
16. Dewine, J. M; Cooper, D. J., 2008. Canopy shade and the successional replacement of tamarisk by native box elder. Journal of Applied Ecology. 45(2). APR 2008. 505-514
17. Di Tomaso, Joseph M. [Reprint author]., 1998. Impact, biology, and ecology of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology. 12(2). April-June, 1998. 326-336
18. Dudley, T. L. and Deloach, C. J. 2005. Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.), endangered species and biological weed control – can they mix? Weed Technology (in press).
19. Dudley, T. L.; DeLoach, C. J.; Lewis, P. A.; and Carruthers, R. I. 2001. Cage tests and field studies indicate leaf-eating beetle may control saltcedar. Ecol. Restoration 19: 260-261.
20. Dudley, T. L.; DeLoach, C. J.; Lovich, J.; and Carruthers, R. I. 2000. Saltcedar invasion of western riparian areas: impacts and new prospects for control. Trans. 65th No. Amer. Wildlife and Nat. Res. Conf., March 2000, Chicago, pp. 345-381.
21. Dudley, Tom L; DeLoach, C. Jack., 2004. Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.), endangered species, and biological weed control - Can they Mix? Weed Technology. 18(Suppl. S). 2004. 1542-1551
22. Dudley, Tom. L., 2005. Progress and Pitfalls in the Biological Control of Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) in North America. 2005. Proceedings, 16th U.S. Department of Agriculture interagency research forum on gypsy moth and other invasive species 2005 GTR-NE-337
23. Duncan, Keith W; McDaniel, Kirk C., 1998. Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) management with imazapyr. Weed Technology. 12(2). April-June, 1998. 337-344.
24. Early Detection and Distribution Mapping System (EDDMapS)., 2009. saltcedar Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.
        Summary: Available from: http://www.eddmaps.org/distribution/state.cfm?sub=6515&id=us_tx [Accessed 15 March 2009]
25. Ellingson, A. R., and D. C. Andersen. 2002. Spatial correlations of Diceroprocta apache and its host plants: evidence for a negative impact from Tamarix invasion. Ecological Entomology 27:16-24.
26. Ellis, L. M. 2001. Short-term response of woody plants to fire in a Rio Grande riparian forest, central New Mexico. Biol. Conserv. 97:159-170.
27. Everitt, B. L. 1980. Ecology of saltcedar - a plea for research. Environmental Geology 3: 77-84.
28. Friedman, Jonathan M.; Auble, Gregor T.; Shafroth, Patrick B.; Scott, Michael L.; Merigliano, Michael F.; Preehling, Michael D.; Griffin, Eleanor R., 2005. Dominance of non-native riparian trees in western USA. Biological Invasions. 7(4). JUL 2005. 747-751
29. Gaskin, John F., 2003. Molecular systematics and the control of invasive plants: A case study of Tamarix (Tamaricaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 90(1). Winter 2003. 109-118.
30. Gaskin, John F.; Kazmer, David J, 2006. Comparison of ornamental and wild saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) along Eastern Montana, USA riverways using chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequence markers. Wetlands. 26(4). DEC 2006. 939-950.
31. Glenn, Edward P.; Nagler, Pamela L., 2005. Comparative ecophysiology of Tamarix ramosissima and native trees in western US riparian zones. Journal of Arid Environments. 61(3). MAY 2005. 419-446
32. Gouldthorpe, Jonah, 2008. Athel Pine National Best Practice Management Manual: Managing athel pine and other Tamarix weeds in Australia. This manual is sponsored by the Australian Government and supported by the Northern Territory Government’s Department of Natural Resources, Environment and The Arts (NRETA).
        Summary: Available from: http://www.weeds.org.au/WoNS/athelpine/docs/Athel%20Pine%20Manual%20Web.pdf [Accessed 26 July 2010]
33. Government Of Alberta, Agriculture and Rural Development., 2008. Weed Alert Tamarix ramosissima
        Summary: Available from:http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/prm12239 [Accessed 15 March 2009]
34. IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)., 2010. A Compilation of Information Sources for Conservation Managers.
        Summary: This compilation of information sources can be sorted on keywords for example: Baits & Lures, Non Target Species, Eradication, Monitoring, Risk Assessment, Weeds, Herbicides etc. This compilation is at present in Excel format, this will be web-enabled as a searchable database shortly. This version of the database has been developed by the IUCN SSC ISSG as part of an Overseas Territories Environmental Programme funded project XOT603 in partnership with the Cayman Islands Government - Department of Environment. The compilation is a work under progress, the ISSG will manage, maintain and enhance the database with current and newly published information, reports, journal articles etc.
35. Kennedy, T. A., and S. E. Hobbie. 2004. Saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima) invasion alters organic matter dynamics in a desert stream. Freshwater Biology 49:65-76
        Summary: Information on description, economic importance, distribution, habitat, history, growth, and impacts and management of species.
36. Kennedy, Theodore A.; Finlay, Jacques C; Hobbie, Sarah E., 2005. Eradication of invasive Tamarix ramosissima along a desert stream increases native fish density. Ecological Applications. 15(6). DEC 2005. 2072-2083
37. Kimball, Bruce A; Perry, Kelly R., 2008. Manipulating beaver (Castor canadensis) feeding responses to invasive tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) Journal of Chemical Ecology. 34(8). AUG 2008. 1050-1056
38. Knutson, Allen; Mark Muegge and C. Jack DeLoach., 2003. Biological Control of SaltCedar. AgriLife Extension Texas A&M syatem
        Summary: Available from: http://agrilifebookstore.org/publications_getfile.cfm?getfile=pdf&whichpublication=1854 [Accessed 15 March 2009]
39. Lesica, Peter; Miles, Scott., 2004. Ecological strategies for managing tamarisk on the C.M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge, Montana, USA. Biological Conservation. 119(4). October 2004. 535-543.
40. Lewis, Phil A., C. Jack DeLoach, Allen E. Knutson, James L. Tracy, Thomas O. Robbins., 2003. Biology of Diorhabda elongata deserticola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), an Asian leaf beetle for biological control of saltcedars (Tamarix spp.) in the United States. Biological Control Volume 27, Issue 2, June 2003, Pages 101-116
41. Lewis, Phil A., C. Jack DeLoach, John C. Herr, Tom L. Dudley and Raymond I. Carruthers., 2003. Assessment of risk to native Frankenia shrubs from an Asian leaf beetle, Diorhabda elongata deserticola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), introduced for biological control of saltcedars (Tamarix spp.) in the western United States. Biological Control Volume 27, Issue 2, June 2003, Pages 148-166
42. Morisette, Jeffrey T., Catherine S. Jarnevich, Asad Ullah, Weijie Cai, Jeffrey A. Pedelty, James E. Gentle, Thomas J. Stohlgren, John L. Schnase., 2006. A tamarisk habitat suitability map for the continental United States. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 11-17.
43. Muzika, R. M., and J. M. Swearingen. 1999. Tamarix ramosissima. Plant Conservation Alliance, Alien Plant Working Group.
44. NatureServe. 2009. Tamarix ramosissima - Ledeb. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia.
        Summary: Available from: http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Tamarix%20ramosissima [Accessed 15 March 2009]
45. Plant Conservation Alliance (PCA)., 2006. Alien Plant Working Group Salt Cedar
        Summary: Available from: http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/tama1.htm [Accessed 15 March 2009]
46. Richard, R. 2003. Proposed program for control of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) in 14 states. USDA-APHIS Draft Environmental Assessment, Nov. 2003. Washington, D.C.
47. Robinson, T. W. 1965. Introduction, spread and areal extent of saltcedar (Tamarix) in the western states. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 491-A.
48. Sala, Anna; Smith, Stanley D; Devitt, Dale A., 1996. Water use by Tamarix ramosissima and associated phreatophytes in a Mojave Desert floodplain. Ecological Applications. 6(3). 1996. 888-898.
49. Saltcedar Biological Control Consortium: 2005. Texas, New Mexico, Mexico Section First (Organizational) Meeting. Saltcedar Biological Control Consortium: Texas, New Mexico, Mexico Section First (Organizational) Meeting. 29-30 March 2005 El Paso Texas
        Summary: Available from: http://bc4weeds.tamu.edu/weeds/rangeland/saltcedar-bcc-2005.pdf [Accessed 15 March 2009]
50. San Francisco Estuary Institute (SFEI), undated. Salt Cedar Tamarisk spp. Practical Guidebook to the Control of Invasive Aquatic and Wetland Plants of the San Francisco Bay Delta Region
        Summary: Available from: http://www.sfei.org/nis/cedar.html [Accessed 15 March 2009]
51. Sexton, Jason P., John K. McKay, Anna Sala., 2002. Plasticity and genetic diversity may allow saltcedar to invade cold climates in North America. Ecological Applications: Vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 1652-1660.
52. Shafroth, P. B.; Cleverly, J. ; Dudley, T. L.; Stuart, J.; Van Riper, C.; and Weeks, E. P. 2004. Saltcedar removal, water salvage and wildlife habitat restoration along rivers in the southwestern U.S. Envir. Mgt. (in press).
53. Shafroth, Patrick B., James R. Cleverly, Tom L. Dudley, John P. Taylor, Charles VAN Riper, Edwin P. Weeks and James N. Stuart., 2005. Control of Tamarix in the Western United States: Implications for Water Salvage, Wildlife Use, and Riparian Restoration. Environmental Management Volume 35, Number 3 / March, 2005
54. Sher, A. A.; Marshall, D. L.; and Gilbert, S. A. 2000. Competition between native Populus deltoides and invasive Tamarix ramosissima and the implications for reestablishing flooding disturbance. Conservation Biology 14(6):1744-1754
55. Sher, Anna A. and Diane L. Marshall., 2003. Seedling competition between native Populus deltoides (Salicaceae) and exotic Tamarix ramosissima (Tamaricaceae) across water regimes and substrate types. American Journal of Botany. 2003;90:413-422.
56. Smith, Stanley D; Devitt, Dale A.; Sala, Anna; Cleverly, James R; Busch, David E., 1998. Water relations of riparian plants from warm desert regions. Wetlands. 18(4). Dec., 1998. 687-696.
57. Sobhian, R., L. Fornasari, J. S. Rodier, and S. Agret. 1998. Field Evaluation of Natural Enemies of Tamarix spp. in Southern France. Biological Control 12: 164-170.
58. South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), 2001. Declared Weeds & Alien Invader Plants
        Summary: Available from: http://www.plantzafrica.com/miscell/aliens5.htm [Accessed 2 August 2007]
59. Sprenger, Matthew D; Smith, Loren M; Taylor, John P., 2001. Testing control of saltcedar seedlings using fall flooding. Wetlands. 21(3). September, 2001. 437-441.
60. Sprenger, Matthew D; Smith, Loren M; Taylor, John P., 2002. Restoration of riparian habitat using experimental flooding. Wetlands. 22(1). March 2002. 49-57
61. Tallent-Halsell, Nita G; Walker, Lawrence R., 2002. Responses of Salix gooddingii and Tamarix ramosissima to flooding. Wetlands. 22(4). December 2002. 776-785.
62. Tamarisk Coalition, 2009. A non-profit alliance working to restore riparian lands
        Summary: Available from: http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Tamarix%20ramosissima [Accessed 15 March 2009]
63. Taylor, John P; Smith, Loren M; Haukos, David A., 2006. Evaluation of woody plant restoration in the Middle Rio Grande: Ten years after. Wetlands. 26(4). DEC 2006. 1151-1160
64. Taylor, John P; Wester, David B; Smith, Loren M., 1999. Soil disturbance, flood management, and riparian woody plant establishment in the Rio Grande floodplain. Wetlands. 19(2). June, 1999. 372-382.
65. USDA, NRCS. 2009. Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. Saltcedar The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
        Summary: Available from: http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=TARA [Accessed 15 June 2009]
66. Vandersande, Matthew W; Glenn, Edward P; Walworth, James L., 2001. Tolerance of five riparian plants from the lower Colorado River to salinity drought and inundation. Journal of Arid Environments. 49(1). September, 2001. 147-159
67. Whitcraft, Christine R.; Talley, Drew M; Crooks, Jeffrey A; Boland, John; Gaskin, John., 2007. Invasion of tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) in a southern California salt marsh. Biological Invasions. 9(7). OCT 2007. 875-879
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