Management Information
For a detailed account of the environmental impacts of the red-eared slider please read: Trachemys scripta elegans (red-eared slider) Management Information. The information in this document is summarised below.
In the context of threatened and endangered species the introduction of alien turtle species should always be strongly discouraged and governments should prevent the importation of freshwater turtles (Cadi and Joly 2003). The decision to remove exotic species may face opposition from the public which possess social and cultural perceptions of animals, plants and nature in general, that may be different from scientific views (Minteer & Collins, 2005b, in Teillac-Deschamps et al. 2009). For a discussion of these issues please see Teillac-Deschamps and colleagues (2009).
Preventative Measures: With effect from 22 December 1997 the EU banned the import of the subspecies T. scripta elegans via the Protection of Species of Wild Fauna and Flora by Regulating Trade (Bringsøe 1998, 2001b, in Bringsøe 2006). While it is no longer allowed to import the red-eared slider with the EU it is still legal to keep and distribute them within many EU countries.
After this legislation was passed the red-eared slider was semi-replaced in the market by other North American turtles which fetch higher prices and are imported in lower quantities (Adrados et al. 2002, in Bringsøe 2006). This may change if American turtle farmers manage to improve breeding success of these species in turtle farms.
Unfortunately some of the species replacing the red-eared slider in the market are substantially better adapted to cold climates (such as Nova Scotia and Siberia, respectively) and probably represent a higher ecological risk; they are very cryptic species and are significantly more carnivorous than the red-eared slider (P.P. van Dijk Pers. Comm. 2006).
Physical Control: Sliders can be captured by hand or through various trapping devices. Please visit Fyke Net for Turtles for information about turtle nets. Floating boards used by sliders as basking sites seem very effective when equipped with baited cages on top (Scalera 2006). Sniffer dogs can be used to detect and remove both turtles and their eggs; eggs can also be found and removed by following females at nesting areas (Scalera 2006).
Education and Awareness: Information campaigns via the media should encourage people to better care for their pets/turtles and refrain from releasing them into the wild (Bringsøe 2006). All pet shops in the EU should be compelled to provide proper care sheets about turtles and other animals to buyers (Bringsøe 2006). In some countries (eg: Italy, Spain and France) pets abandoned by owners are disposed of in rescue centers and zoological gardens (Scalera 2006). Keeping native reptiles instead of exotics should be encouraged (Burgin 2006).
In parts of Asia animals are released into the wild as a part of traditional Buddhist mercy ceremony to increase good karma, honour Buddha and repent for ones sins. The Ministry of the Environment (Republic of Korea ) advised that people should consider taking care of injured birds and animals and then set them free for a more environmentally-friendly symbolic act.
Knowledge and Research: The ecological effects of introductions of T. scripta elegans have been poorly documented (Platt & Fontenot 1992, in Ramsay et al. 2007). Competition of T. scripta elegans with the indigenous European pond turtle Emys orbicularis has been studied in France (see Cadi & Joly 2003). A French management project for the red-eared slider was initiated by the laboratory “Ecologie, Systématique and Evolution” (CNRS-University Paris-Sud) (Cadi et al. 2008).
Location Specific Management InformationAsia
Preventative Measures: Luiselli and colleagues (1997, in Ramsay et al. 2007) have emphasised that the introduction of non-indigenous species should always be strongly discouraged and that severe preventative measures should be adopted by each responsible government to reduce such activities.
Legislation: Several Asian countries have now banned the importation of red-eared sliders and/or have attempted to restrict the trade in wild species (Ramsay et al. 2007). Education and Awareness: Releases into the wild of non-indigenous species can have far-reaching and harmful consequences for natural ecosystems (Newbery 1984, in Ramsay et al. 2007) and it is necessary to educate the public about the potential deleterious effects. Unlike other tropical regions, there is a sizeable, local demand for chelonians (Ramsay et al. 2007). The cultural significance has to be treated sensitively to avoid complaints of interference with religious beliefs and traditional medicine (Ramsay et al. 2007).
Knowledge and Research: There is a growing awareness across much of Asia of the potential problems of non-indigenous species as well as of the trade in wild-caught chelonians, however there is a lack of research in most countries on any potential effects of sliders and other non-indigenous chelonians on indigenous species (Ramsay et al. 2007). Little research has been carried out in Asia on non-indigenous terrapins, including impacts of red-eared sliders on indigenous species, although there is ongoing research in Singapore (Ramsay et al. 2007). Austria
Legislation: Austria has formulated rules on the keeping and selling of turtles (and other non-domesticated species) that are so strict that they severely discourage people from trading and keeping turtles (P.P. van Dijk Pers. Comm. 2006). Basse-Terre (Lesser Antilles) 
Since November 1997, the importation of this species is prohibited in the European Community. Since the two ministerial decrees of August 10, 2004, the keeping of Trachemys scripta elegans is subject to obtaining a certificate of competency. Belgium
Education and Awareness: One of the actions taken in Belgium in response to the threats of Invasive alien species includes the publishing of a brochure directed to the general public on Prunus serotina, Eutamias sibiricus, American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus), Trachemys scripta elegans, Hydrocotyle ranunculoides, and rhododendrons at the end of 2000 (Group of experts on Invasive Alien Species 2005). Bermuda
Legislation: The red-eared slider (T. scripta elegans) is considered an invasive species in Bermuda, having been introduced to the island through the pet trade. It is presently not illegal to import live red-eared sliders into Bermuda to be sold as pets, however this subspecies is now rarely imported because there are a number of local breeders supplying the demand for these species as pets (Outerbridge 2008). Despite the fact that the Bermuda Aquarium, Natural History Museum and Zoo encourages members of the public to drop off unwanted pet sliders these reptiles continue to be released into the wild even though the abandonment of unwanted pets in Bermuda is prohibited by law (Care and Protection of Animals Act 1975).
Physical Control: T. scripta elegans is considered invasive and efforts are underway to remove its populations from the wild. Low level trapping activity is ongoing (De Silva 2003, in Varnham 2006).
Education and Awareness: Efforts are now underway to remove populations from the wild and raise awareness in the community regarding their potential impact (Bacon Gray & Kitson 2006).
Integrated Pest Management: In keeping with global concerns the Department of Conservation Services is giving serious consideration to the problem of invasive alien species and the continued removal of feral turtles is planned for the future with emphasis placed on ponds that are important refuges for Bermuda’s threatened native and endemic species (Outerbridge 2008). Boqueron State Wildlife Refuge (Greater Antilles)
There is no management programme in place. Trade of the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) is legal in Piuerto Rico. Brazil
Legislation: Although Brazilian Law prohibits the trade of exotic reptiles, the release of exotic pets is still common. In 2004 1,300 red-eared sliders were received by zoos and wildlife centres in Brazil from private donors or as a result of law enforcement (Instituto Hórus 2008, in Ferronato et al. 2009). The illegal trade of T. scripta elegans should be halted by law enforcement in Brazil and neighbouring countries (Ferronato et al. 2009).
Education and Awareness: In addition, education efforts aimed at the general public may help to elucidate the potential environmental impacts of exotic species (Ferronato et al. 2009).
Knowledge and Research: Various characteristics can enable the red-eared slider to outcompete native species (see Competition). For these reasons, future studies on the possible influence of the introduction of T. scripta elegans on neotropical freshwater turtles should be prioritised (Ferronato et al. 2009). British Virgin Islands (Lesser Antilles)
Seining of the pond in 2003 produced 12 adults and approximately 20 juveniles. This indicates the presence of an established, reproducing population on Tortola. Additional capture efforts produced further adults and juveniles in July and October 2004, but were not sufficient to eradicate the population. California (United States (USA))
18 turtle traps are in place at Phoenix Lake, and eight at Alpine Lake. The aim is to capture as many as possible and give them to a turtle adoption centre. Caño Tiburones Natural Reserve (Greater Antilles)
There is no management programme in place. Trade of the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) is legal in Piuerto Rico. China
China has now stopped the import of sliders less than 10 cm long (CITES 2003, in Ramsay et al. 2007). Surveys of some animal markets found sliders for sale in Chengdu and Kunming (cited in Ramsay et al. 2007). At Qingshiqiao, 11 species were recorded with sliders making up 95%, at Huaniao 98% of turtles were sliders (Shi 2000, in Ramsay et al. 2007). A small number of sliders were on sale on Hainan Island in 2002 (Shi 2004, in Ramsay et al. 2007). Culebra (Greater Antilles)
There is no management programme in place. Trade of the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) is legal in Piuerto Rico. England (United Kingdom (UK))
In England and the EEC the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) is banned from importation on the grounds of the impacts on wildlife. France
Knowledge and Research: The research laboratory of Teillac-Deschamps and colleauges (2008), in collaboration with managers and local communities, and a research unit in Anthropology of Nature, began a project in 2002 that focused on research and education to study and manage T. scripta elegans populations in the Paris region. This project has three goals:
- knowledge acquisition on invasive status of slider turtles and on social representations of this species (research aspects);
- public education; and
- to provide suggestions for management strategies.
Education and Awareness: Scientists are encouraging authorities to educate the public to the potential danger of exotic species introduction for local ecosystems and to capture and remove red-eared sliders from wetlands in southern Europe. However, according to Teillac-Deschamps and colleauges (2008) “Upon asking the general public about their feelings on turtles, many people who spent time hiking commented that they liked seeing turtles during their walks. For some urban people, this exotic species is one of the few representations of nature to which they are exposed in urban parks. This non-intuitive result is contrary to the conservationist’s beliefs that every exotic species is a problem. The fact that exotic species could attract people towards nature should be taken into account in decision-making processes, in the same way that the potential impacts of this species on the environment should also be considered.” To prevent subsequent releases in the wild, feral slider turtles have been largely diabolised and described as “carnivorous” in 1990s in public communication in France (Prévot-Julliard et al. 2007). For many stakeholders (including politicians and managers), slider turtles are supposed to be ferocious carnivorous, that “could even attack small young ducks” (Prévot-Julliard et al. 2007). However, there has been no study on the diet of feral slider turtles; in its natural home range, young individuals tend to be carnivorous, but adults switch to omnivorous, even vegetarian, diet when growing (McCauley & Bjorndal 1999, in Prévot-Julliard et al. 2007). While it is true that turtles sometimes eat fish and other vertebrates (such as adult frogs) Prévot-Julliard and colleagues (2007) found that slider turtles are omnivorous, and in the general context of release of pets by private owners, the authors think it particularly important to base education arguments on scientifically valid results. Under these prerequisites, all stakeholders will be able to act in the same direction, i.e. environmental education to preserve potential damages to biodiversity (Prévot-Julliard et al. 2007).
The research findings of the above project (see Knowledge and Research) will be used to propose management strategies for slider turtles in natural wetlands and answer the following questions (Teillac-Deschamps et al. 2008):
- Is it worth systematically removing turtles, considering the balance between impact, spreading potentialities, and public opinion?
- What should be done with the turtles after capture, and how should the public be educated or informed about this process of ecosystem conservation?
- What should be done to prevent owners from releasing turtles?
Finally, education tools are being proposed for schools and communities (posters, short movie, exhibition, teaching guidelines, and Internet site) in order to encourage people to think about the consequences of releasing exotic pets into nature (Teillac-Deschamps et al. 2008). Grande-Terre (Guadeloupe) (Lesser Antilles)
Since November 1997, the importation of this species is prohibited in the European Community. Since the two ministerial decrees of August 10, 2004, the keeping of Trachemys scripta elegans is subject to obtaining a certificate of competency. Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles)
Since November 1997, the importation of this species is prohibited in the European Community. Since the two ministerial decrees of August 10, 2004, the keeping of Trachemys scripta elegans is subject to obtaining a certificate of competency. Guam
Since 1981, the Division of Aquatic & Wildlife Resources (DAWR) has not issued any permits allowing the importation of any turtle species into Guam, for personal or commercial use (G.W. Davis, Pers. Comm., in Leberer 2003). Thus, most accidental pet releases appear to be a result of the illegal transport of turtles to the island (Leberer 2003). Humacao Nature Reserve (Greater Antilles)
There is no management programme in place. Trade of the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) is legal in Piuerto Rico. Israel
The importation of the red-eared slider has been prohibited, but it is still smuggled into the country (Roll Dayan & Simberloff 2008). Italy
In Modena a trapping method for the removal of the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) has been tested to prevent it from becoming an ecological threat to the local population of European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis). Information about the two turtle populations in the biotope has been collected during the two trapping sessions. Japan
The Invasive Alien Species Act was enacted in Japan at the start of June 2005 (Ramsay et al. 2007). It prohibits the importation, sale, raising, and release into the wild of 37 non-indigenous species (Ramsay et al. 2007). Included in the list is the North American snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentine), and pet owners had until 1 December 2005 to register their turtle with the Environmental Ministry. However, the red-eared slider, of which up to a million are imported into Japan each year, is not listed. According to Templado’s (2005, in Ramsay et al. 2007 ) article, fear of a mass slider release is one of the reasons why this species was not included in the list. According to Yasukawa law revision or other legal regulation is required. Korea, Republic of
The Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea has designated the red-eared slider as a harmful alien species for the national ecosystem in December 2001, and have prohibited its import (ROK, Wetlands Part 2, in MOE, Republic of Korea). The Ministry of Environment advises people not to import red-eared sliders to be kept as pets since they usually tend to get released into the natural environment. In Korea, most red-eared sliders are released into ponds and rivers as a part of traditional Buddhist ceremony 'Bangsaeng' aimed at repentance of sins and praying for the Buddha's goodness. The release of captive animals, by the Buddhist tradition, is considered to be a life-saving activity (MOE, Republic of Korea). The Ministry of the Environment advises people that people should consider taking care of injured birds and animals and then setting them free out into the wild for a more environmentally-friendly ceremony. Latvia
Preventative Measures: Possible measures of preventive maintenance of invasion of T. scripta elegans in Latvia are (Pupins 2007):
(i) education to Latvian inhabitants about the danger of release of T. scripta elegans into nature;
(ii) informing Latvian inhabitants about T. scripta elegans biology;
(iii) creation of a T. scripta elegans shelter in Latvia for receiving turtles from
inhabitants; this measure is partially implemented by the Rigas Zoo and Latgale Zoo.
(iv) further research on T. scripta elegans distribution and ecology in Latvia;
(v) removal of T. scripta elegans in places of their observation; and
(vi) restriction of import of T. scripta elegans to Latvia. Lubuskie (Poland)
At two sites the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) occurs together with the native Emys orbicularis. Of 32 T. s. elegans observed in the Lubuskie voyvodeship, 10 were caught and transferred to indoor cultures in 1995-2000. Lubuskie (Poland)
Of 32 T. scripta elegans observed in the Lubuskie voyvodeship, 10 were caught and transferred to indoor cultures between 1995 and 2000 (Najbar 2001). Mae Klong basin (Thailand)
The exotic turtle species present in Mae Klong basin have a proven potential to disrupt native turtle populations. Their establishment in the wild should be prevented.
Integrated Managment: Several turtle species are effectively protected in wildlife sanctuaries in the area. Thirakhupt and Van Dijk (1994) suggest that several turtle species should receive conservation attention, upgraded listings, enforcement of existing legal protection and active conservation projects. Designating and protecting sanctuaries which incorporate extensive floodplain wetlands would be of great value for the survival of lowland aquatic species.
Education and Awareness: Raising environmental consciousness and stimulation popular appreciation of Thailand's rich natural heritage are essential. Marie Galante Is. (Lesser Antilles)
Since November 1997, the importation of this species is prohibited in the European Community. Since the two ministerial decrees of August 10, 2004, the keeping of Trachemys scripta elegans is subject to obtaining a certificate of competency. Martinique (Lesser Antilles)
Since November 1997, the importation of this species is prohibited in the European Community. Since the two ministerial decrees of August 10, 2004, the keeping of Trachemys scripta elegans is subject to obtaining a certificate of competency. Modena (Italy)
Physical Control: To avoid this presence becoming an ecological threat to the local population of European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis), a trapping method for the removal of Trachemys has been tested (Gianaroli Lanzi & Fontana 1999). Information about the two turtle populations in the biotope has been collected during the two trapping sessions (Gianaroli Lanzi & Fontana 1999). New Zealand
Some regional authorities now classify T. scripta elegans as pests, and are advocating that research is carried out to determine whether they are likely to become invasive in New Zealand (Kikillus et al. 2009, in Derraik & Phillips 2009). In the meantime, unrestricted online trade means that it is likely that feral populations may become more widely established, and consequently affect native freshwater environments. Apparently in New Zealand their import has been banned because of concerns of transmission of Salmonella to humans (Thomas & Hartnell 2000, in Goh & O'Riordan 2007). Pohnpei (Micronesia, Federated States of (FSM))
Education and Awareness: Pohnpeians and many other Pacific islanders often do not perceive exotics as a potential threat to natural ecosystems. Additional training and education addressing the consequences of alien species is recommended to help preserve biodiversity on these small island nations (Buden Lynch & Zug 2001). Poland
One invasive species, the red-eared terrapin T. scripta elegans, was legally traded in Poland until mid 2002 (Kitowski & Pachol 2009). Following the ban, work was done on the extent of trade in red-eared terrapins in pet shops in SE Poland in the year 2005 and 2007 (Kitowski & Pachol 2009). A particular need to study the presence and availability of the species in pet shops exists in eastern Poland, since the wetlands located there are one of the key breeding sites for native species of the European Pond Turtle, whose surviving population is decreasing in number (Jablonski 2001, in Kitowski & Pachol 2009). Despite the trade ban, it was not fully eliminated from the market and was still available in 20.5% and 7.3% of the monitored stores in the 2005 and 2007 respectively; red-eared terrapins comprised 43.4% and 14.8% of the number of all water turtles available for sale in the indicated years (Kitowski & Pachol 2009). Puerto Rico (Greater Antilles)
Enforcement of exotic trade laws by local agencies could help in phasing out illegal sales of the red-eared slider. Queensland (Australia)
Preventative Measures: In January 2004 two free-ranging adult red-eared sliders were found at Mango Hill just north of Brisbane, Queensland. Two wild populations of red-eared slider turtles (T. scripta elegans) were identified in southeast Queensland in 2005. A preliminary risk assessment of the species rated the species as an extreme risk to biodiversity, and cautioned that, based on climate tolerance, sliders could potentially become established over more than half of the Australian continent. A response group representing interested government agencies and affected local governments was established to deal with the issue. Because the species is rated as a serious risk to biodiversity, but is not yet widespread or abundant in Australia, a decision was made to attempt eradication. The eradication program is a cooperative effort involving three state government agencies, local governments, landholders and some community groups. The budget for this project is small, and cooperation has been essential for success. The program uses a combination of techniques to achieve its objectives; the treatment strategy will depend upon the characteristics of the water body, aquatic vegetation, and tenure of the property:
- A telephone ‘hotline’ was established, and persons having seen or captured sliders were encouraged to
contact the project team;
- Water bodies are hand-trawled with a seine net, to survey for turtle populations. Where obstructions
or obstacles prevented seine netting, cathedral traps are used to survey water bodies; the objective of initial surveys is to establish whether a significant breeding population is present in a water body;
- The preferred method for eradication is to drain a water body, recover and relocate native fauna, remove all sliders, and finally, fill and compact the site; when a water body is drained rapidly, up to 75% of sliders will emigrate (see Cash & Holberton 2005, in O’Keeffe 2009); before draining water bodies, the authors secured sites with barrier fences and pitfall traps to prevents emigration;
- Seine netting was used; to capture native Australian turtles, a seine net is run through the water while driving turtles away from banks or aquatic vegetation by splashing
and beating the water; this technique is unsuitable for sliders, which tend to drop to the bottom of the water body and burrow into the mud;
- Intensive trapping was used; although sliders enter cathedral traps readily, persistent, intensive trapping is required to capture sliders when small numbers are present; basking traps were tested but discontinued;
- Successfully removing sliders from water bodies will still leave the problem of reinfestation by hatchlings that emerge from terrestrial nests; a detection dog was used to locate turtle nests and eggs in order to allow breeding to be controlled;
The largest population, which occupied six small water bodies, has been successfully eradicated. This requires continuing monitoring to verify. A second small population has been reduced, but additional effort is required to complete eradication. Reliable detection of these animals is currently the greatest obstacle to successful eradication, but the development of novel DNA detection technology shows promise as a solution to this problem. The reptile trade is a potential source of animals that may be abandoned or deliberately released to the environment. An increasing illegal trade in reptiles could threaten the long-term success of this work.
Legislation: T. scripta elegans is a Class 1 declared pest under the Queensland Land Protection (Pest and Stock Route Management) Act 2002. It is an offence to sell or to keep these animals without a permit, attracting fines of up to $60 000. It is also an offence to release a Class 1 animal into the natural environment (NRM&W). Reunion (La Réunion)
Since November 1997, the importation of this species is prohibited in the European Community. Since the two ministerial decrees of August 10, 2004, the keeping of Trachemys scripta elegans is subject to obtaining a certificate of competency. Singapore
Legislation: The red-eared slider is currently the only reptile species that can be legally sold as a pet in Singapore (Goh & O’Riordan(2007).
Knowledge & Research: Since 2002, scientists at the National University of Singapore have been undertaking a comprehensive research programme on the biology of red-eared sliders in Singapore. The aim at the end of the research programme is to establish if there is an impact by sliders on the indigenous fauna and to provide a programme for long-term monitoring. The aspects under study are (in Ramsay et al. 2007):
(1) diet and whether there is overlap with indigenous terrapins or other species;
(2) surveys of waterbodies for the presence and population size of both indigenous and non-indigenous terrapins;
(3) estimates of the population size and structure, in particular for evidence of recruitment (habitat preferences of non-indigenous species are being compared with those of indigenous species);
(4) the activity patterns of red-eared sliders are being examined and an ethogram determined (the occurrence of courtship and nesting behaviour are being recorded and the timing of reproduction and egg-laying, the number of eggs produced, and the site of nesting are being examined; interactions with other species, terrapins and others, including aggression, competition for food and basking sites and predation
are recorded);
(5) the parasite and disease status are also being examined;
(6) comparative studies of how red-eared sliders and two ‘‘local’’ species respond to food items, accelerative ability and food capture/handling methods by video-recording and kinematic analysis.
Education and Awareness: Data from this research will be of use for resource management by the National Parks Board (the Singapore body responsible for parks and catchment areas) and to educate the public with respect to the potential problems that can result from releasing NIS into the environment. (Ramsay et al. 2007). Other than being kept as pets, another use of tortoises and freshwater turtles in Singapore is for their release into the wild; it is believed by Buddhists that the release of captive animals will lead to the accumulation of good karma (Goh & O’Riordan 2007). T. scripta elegans with the Chinese word (sheng), meaning ‘release from captivity’, painted in red on the carapace have been spotted in various reservoirs and freshwater ponds in Singapore (Goh 2004, in Goh & O’Riordan 2007). Sheng is a sign to inform others that a turtle has been released and should not be captured. Medium to large T. scripta elegans were also seen on sale on market stalls (TYG Pers. Obs., in Goh & O’Riordan 2007), where they were being sold for release. Spain
In Spain, steps are being taken to eliminate sliders (da Silva & Blasco 1995, in Ramsay et al. 2007). Switzerland
Six T. scripta elegans were captured and removed in Geneva by Mosimann & Cadi (2004). Taiwan
Knowledge and Research: Although the introduction of sliders may negatively affect indigenous fauna, only limited data are available regarding the status of its populations, as well as its relationship with indigenous organisms in Taiwan.
Legislation: The import into Taiwan of reptiles as pets is now banned by the government (Chen & Lue 1998, in Ramsay et al. 2007). The release of non-indigenous freshwater chelonians is banned in Taiwan, but the law is very difficult to enforce and some sliders are released through Buddhist mercy ceremonies (Ramsay et al. 2007). Severinghaus and Chi (1999, in Ramsay et al. 2007) commented that in Taiwan prayer released birds are usually wild caught, while the turtles and fishes tend to be captive bred non-indigenous species, such as T. scripta and carp. United States (USA)
In the USA the disease risk of the red-eared slider has resulted in a national ban of sales of sliders since 1975 (Scalera 2006). Viet Nam (Vietnam)
Knowledge and Research: In 2004, Prof. Ha Dinh Duc said that there had been no formal research into the impact of the red-eared slider on Hoan Kiem Lake’s indigenous wildlife, but felt it was clear that there would be negative consequences as water levels fall, and called for detailed research into the consequences that non-indigenous species would have on genetic diversity and the lake’s ecosystem (Ramsay et al. 2007).
Management Resources/Links
1. Acuna-Mesen and Rafael Arturo, 1992. Potential exploitation of captive Slider Turtles (Trachemys scripta) in Costa Rica: A preliminary study. Brenesia. 0(38).157-158.
Summary: Report from Costa Rica. 2. Agosta et al., 1999. Autoecology and synecological relationships in populations of Trachemys scripta elegans introduced in Lombardy. Preliminary data. Rivista di Idrobiologia. 38(1-3). Gennaio-Dicembre, 1999. 421-430.
Summary: Reports of Trachemys scripta elegans in Italy. 7. Bringsøe, H. 2006. NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet –
Trachemys scripta
Summary: The North European and Baltic Network on Invasive Alien Species (NOBANIS) is
a gateway to information on alien and invasive species in North and Central
Europe. The participating countries are Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Faroe
Islands, Germany, Greenland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland,
European part of Russia, Sweden. The NOBANIS project will provide fact
sheets on 60 of the most invasive alien species of the region, covering both
animals and plant as well as microorganisms. We intend to upload 60 fact
sheets - so please visit this page regularly.
NOBANIS is available
from: www.nobanis.org, this page is available from:
http://www.nobanis.org/files/factsheets/Trachemys_scripta.pdf [Accessed 31
October 2006] 9. Chen and Lue, 1998. Ecological notes on feral populations of Trachemys scripta elegans in northern Taiwan. Chelonian Conservation & Biology. 3(1). Aug., 1998. 87-90.
Summary: Report from Taiwan. 10. Chen, Tien-Hsi., 2006. Distribution and status of the introduced red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) in Taiwan. Pages 187-195. In Koike, F., Clout, M.N., Kawamichi, M., De Poorter, M. and Iwatsuki, K. (eds), Assessment and Control of Biological Invasion Risks. Shoukadoh Book Sellers, Kyoto, Japan and IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 2006.
Summary: Available from: http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2006-061.pdf#page=196 [Accessed 28 December 2009] 13. De Lathouder, Raymonde; Darryl N. Jones & Stephen R. Balcombe., 2009. Assessing the abundance of freshwater turtles in an Australian urban landscape. Urban Ecosyst (2009) 12:215–231 14. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts., 2009. Ecological Australia: Prioritisation of High Conservation Status Mainland Islands. Project No 09SUTNRM-0002. Prepared for Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts 15. Derraik, Jose´ G. B. & Simon Phillips., 2009. Online trade poses a threat to biosecurity in New Zealand. Biol Invasions DOI 10.1007/s10530-009-9595-0 16. Dupre, Alain; Servan, Jean; Veysset, Alain., 2006. Florida turtle, Trachemys scripta elegans: recuperation in France and international trade. Bulletin de la Societe Herpetologique de France.(117). 2006. 5-24.
Summary: A survey of abandons of Trachemys scripta elegans in several reception centres in 2004 shows a decrease of abandons since the ban in the European Union. 17. Fattizzo, Tiziano., 2004. Distribution and conservational problems of Emys orbicularis in Salento (South Apulia, Italy). Biologia (Bratislava). 59(Suppl. 14). 2004. 13-18.
Summary: To obtain reliable data on the current situation of Emys orbicularis in the Salentine peninsula (Salento, South Apulia, Italy), 15 wetlands along the Adriatic and Ionic coasts were surveyed. E. orbicularis was recorded in 13 sites. However, reproduction was confirmed only for six populations. A particular cause of concern is the presence of reproducing red-eared sliders (T. scripta elegans) at three sites. 18. Gianaroli, et al., 1999. Problems of conservation of the European pond turtle in Modena. The case of the Villa Sorra park. Atti della Societa Dei Naturalisti e Matematici di Modena. 130 1999. 115-124.
Summary: Reports of Trachemys scripta elegans in Italy. 19. Goh, Ter Yang; O'Riordan, Ruth M., 2007. Are tortoises and freshwater turtles still traded illegally as pets in Singapore? Oryx. 41(1). JAN 2007. 97-100. 20. Group of experts on Invasive Alien Species. 2005. CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF EUROPEAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL HABITATS, Group of experts on Invasive Alien Species, 6th meeting, Palma de Majorca (Spain), 9-11 June 2005, BELGIUM / BELGIQUE: Actions taken in Belgium in response to the threats of Invasive alien species. 21. Haffner, P., 1997. Assessment of recent introductions of amphibians and reptiles in inland aquatic systems in Metropolitan France. Bulletin Francais de la Peche et de la Pisciculture. 0(344-345). 1997. 155-163.
Summary: In Metropolitan France, 36 regularly breeding amphibians and 33 regularly breeding reptiles are presently recorded. The red-eared turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) may be naturalised in the near future. 24. Najbar and Bartlomiej, 2001.The red-eared terrapin Trachemys scripta elegans (Wied, 1839) in the Lubuskie province (western Poland). Przeglad Zoologiczny . 45(1-2). 2001. 103-109.
Summary: Spread of Trachemys scripta elegans in Poland. 25. Neil F. Ramsay; Pek Kaye; Abigayle Ng; Ruth M. O'Riordan and Loke Ming Chou., 2007. Chapter 8: The red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) in Asia: a review In Biological invaders in inland waters: Profiles, distribution, and threats Vol2 Invading Nature - Springer Series In Invasion Ecology. Francesca Gherardi
Summary: This chapter reviews what is currently known about the status of red-eared sliders in Asia, as well as the potential impact of this non-indigenous species on the native Asian biota. It includes published literature, information from websites, as well as mentioning ongoing research where known. 26. Piovano, et al., 1999. Trachemys scripta elegans monitoring in Torino urban park. Rivista di Idrobiologia. 38(1-3). Gennaio-Dicembre, 1999. 499-508.
Summary:
Red-eared slider population monitoring. 28. Real, Raimundo; Marquez, Ana L; Estrada, Alba; Munoz, A. Roman; Vargas, J. Mario., 2008. Modelling chorotypes of invasive vertebrates in mainland Spain. Diversity & Distributions. 14(2). MAR 2008. 364-373. 29. Republic of Korea, 2002. Wetlands Part 1
Summary: Report from Republic of Korea. 30. Republic of Korea, 2002. Wetlands Part 2
Summary: Report from Republic of Korea. 31. Scalera R., 2007. An overview of the natural history of non indigenous amphibians and reptiles. In: Gherardi F. (editor) Biological Invaders in Inland Waters: Profiles, Distribution and Threats. Springer. Pp. 141-160. 32. Scalera R., 2007. Virtues and shortcomings of EU legal provisions for managing NIS: Rana catesbeiana and Trachemys scripta elegans as case studies. In: Gherardi F. (editor) Biological Invaders in Inland Waters: Profiles, Distribution and Threats. Springer. Pp. 669-678. 34. Servan, J. and Arvy, C., 1997. The introduction of Trachemys scripta in France: A new competitor for the European pond turtles. Bulletin Francais de la Peche et de la Pisciculture. 0(344-345).173-177.
Summary: Report from France. 36. Teillac-Deschamps, Pauline; Lorrilliere, Romain; Servais, Veronique; Delmas, Virginie; Cadi, Antoine; Prevot-Julliard; Anne-Caroline., 2009. Management strategies in urban green spaces: Models based on an introduced exotic pet turtle. Biological Conservation. 142(10). OCT 2009. 2258-2269. 37. The Outlaws of the Ecosystem - Invasive Alien Species Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea.
Summary: Report from Republic of Korea. 38. Thirakhupt, Kumthorn; Van Dijk, Peter Paul., 1994. Species diversity and conservation of turtles of western Thailand. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society. 42(2). 1994. 207-259.
Summary: Up to 16 species of native turtles still inhabit the Mae Klong basin and adjacent minor drainages; among these are several rare species; the high number of genera (10 to 15) may make it the world's most diverse turtle community (Thirakhupt & Van Dijk 1994). Exotic turtle species, specifically the chinese softshell (Pelodiscus sinensis) and the red-eared terrapin (Trachemys scripta elegans) were introduced to Thailand in recent years. The exotic turtle species present in Mae Klong basin have a proven potential to disrupt native turtle populations. Their establishment in the wild should be prevented.
39. van Wilgen, Nicola J; Richardson, David M; Laard, Ernst H. W., 2008. Alien reptiles and amphibians in South Africa: Towards a pragmatic management strategy. South African Journal of Science. 104(1-2). JAN-FEB 2008. 13-20. 41. VOV News 26th Feb, 2004 Invasive turtle species discovered in Hoan Kiem.
Summary: Report from Viet Nam. 42. Walton, Craig pers. comm., April 2006.
Summary: Craig Walton. Principal Project Officer, Queensland Interagency Pest Management Committee. 43. Yasukawa, Yuichirou., 2005. Alien freshwater turtles which may become established in Japan in the near future. Bulletin of the Herpetological Society of Japan.(2). 2005. 155-163.
Summary: This paper outlines alien freshwater turtles which may become established in Japan in the near future. The following turtles designated by the law for the protection of indigenous ecology are discussed: Macroclemys temmincki, Apalone spp., Graptemys spp., Pseudemys spp. Trachemys scripta scripta and Ocadia sinensis. Trachemys scripta elegans and Polodiscus sinensis sinensis are already established in Japan. Results Page: 1 2 [Next>]
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