管理信息
控制策略一定要包括集水区管理(减少营养补给)和直接杂草控制 (eg:借着生物控制剂) 。(FAO Undated) 流入感染区之内的营养源应该被减到最少。水中高营养源来自耕地冲蚀、牧场、市区排水与工厂废水。在这些营养源流入水流之前应该设法把它排出，可以减少或避免水中营养源。(Burton 2005) 预防措施：一个澳洲与太平洋的布袋莲(Eichhornia crassipes) 风险评估，使用澳洲风险评估系统执行者是太平洋岛屿濒危生态系统[PIER] 。(Pheloung, 1995) 结果是 14 分，建议如下：拒绝此植物进口(澳洲)或此植物可能是有害植物(太平洋)。 机械方法：小规模的 E. crassipes入侵感染，能用拔除控制。(Randall and Rice. Unpub., in Batcher Undated) 也可以用特别设计的收割机。暂时把水排干将可以有效控制 E. crassipes(Smith et al. 1984) 但是可能不适用于有价值的环境区域。 按这里 化学及生物控制信息   
地点特有的管理信息Australia
As part of a control program, nutrient run-off into infestations should be minimised. Heavy nutrient loadings in water come from erosion of cultivated land, cattle yards, domestic and municipal sewerage outfalls and wastewater discharges from factories. This nutrient inflow can be reduced or prevented by treating water before discharging it into waterways and using conservation farming techniques to divert cattle yard effluent and minimise soil erosion.
Users of agricultural (or veterinary) chemical products must always read the label and any permit before using the product, and must strictly comply with the directions on the label and the conditions of any permit. In NSW, numerous herbicides are registered for the control of water hyacinth. The most commonly used techniques for applying herbicides include: high volume spraying with knapsacks and power sprays, and boomspraying. Spraying an entire heavy infestation can cause water hyacinth to sink and result in pollution from the rotting weed. Large masses of the rotting weed will use all the oxygen in the water, killing fish and wildlife. This problem can be avoided by spraying strips or mechanically removing as much of the weed as possible prior to spraying.
Four insect species have been introduced from South America and released by CSIRO since 1975. There are two weevil species, Neochetina eichhorniae and N. bruchi, and two moth species, Niphograpta albiguttalis (previously Sameodes albiguttalis) and Xubida infusella. The weevil N. eichhorniae has been the most successful, playing a key role in destroying large water hyacinth infestations in tropical and temperate areas of Australia. The adult is black, 5 mm long, and feeds on leaves, making small scars. Eggs are laid in the bulbous leaf stalks and the larvae tunnel through the plant tissue, which is then attacked by bacteria and fungi. This causes the plant to become waterlogged and it can die under heavy attack. The lifecycle of N. eichhorniae takes three months but it is inactive during winter. The other weevil, N. bruchi, is active through the winter, and was first released in 1990 with seeming success. It appears that introducing both weevils is the best option, because of their lifecycles are complementary, but they are much less effective in subtropical and cooler areas. The moth N. albiguttalis is well established in northern NSW and Queensland. Its larvae tunnel into the petioles and buds in the same way as X. infusella, which was first released in 1981. New stocks of the latter were released by CSIRO in Queensland but its success is currently unknown. Both species are very damaging to young plants and luxuriant weed growth but their impact is often temporary and patchy.A biological control programme for Eichhornia crassipes was undertaken simultaneously with programmes for the other aquatic invaders Pistia stratiodes, Salvinia molesta and Hydrilla verticillata, to avoid the increase of other invasive species as one was controlled (Mack and Lonsdale, 2002). Benin
Biological control agents against water hyacinth were released in Benin in 1991 (the weevil Neochetina eichhorniae), 1992 (the weevil Neochetina bruchi), 1993 (the moth Niphograpta albiguttalis) and 1999 (the bug Eccritotarsus catarinensis) (IITA 2000, in Julien 2001). Following its release N. bruchi became successfully established in this country, and provides a sufficient level of control (IITA 2000, in Julien 2001). Following its release N. eichhorniae became successfully established in this country, and provides a sufficient level of control. Following its release N. albiguttalis did not become successfully established in this country.
The Water Hyacinth Information Partnership (WHIP) has been conceptualised as an information–communication mechanism to alert communities and decision-makers concerned with water bodies of Africa and the Middle East that are facing impending infestations of water hyacinth. This includes Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Palestine and Israel. It would also foster and facilitate quick reaction to the threat by providing countries with timely information. The vision is that of a region that is able to halt and revert the spread of water hyacinth across its water bodies, preventing water hyacinth from reaching costly crisis levels. WHIP’s mission is, through the use of modern and more traditional information–communication technologies, to target and tap key sources of information and expertise on water hyacinth, to mobilise decision makers and to stimulate efforts to control the weed. In the longer term, the expectation is that WHIP would foster and support the integrated management of water bodies and their basins to diminish soil erosion and other sources of water pollution that favour the growth of aquatic weeds (Navarro 2001). California
506 hectares of hyacinth covered the Delta in 1981, or 241 of the 1094 kilometers of waterways (Finlayson 1983, in Toft 2000). This was the spark to initiate an extensive biological and chemical control program headed by the California Department of Boating and Waterways (DBW), which actively controls coverage of hyacinth with spraying of the chemical 2,4-D. 202 hectares of hyacinth were treated with 2,4-D in 1983 with an annual budget of $200,000. Although the abundance of hyacinth has drastically decreased in the Delta, control efforts have steadily increased, as 985 hectares of hyacinth were chemically treated during 1998-99 with an annual budget of approximately $1,000,000 (CDBW 1998, Pat Thalken Pers. Comm., in Toft 2000). The weevils Neochetina bruchi and N. eichhorniae and the moth Samaodes albiguttalis were released as biological control agents in 1982 and 1983, without much success (USCOE 1985).
There are several reasons why water hyacinth has taken so long to prosper in the Delta. A likely reason is the increase in stable freshwater flows in the area due to dams and the subsequent reduction of the severity of floods and high flows in the winter (which would flush water hyacinth out of the system). Several biocontrol agents, including the water-hyacinth weevils, Neochetina eichhorniae and N. bruchi, and the water-hyacinth moth, Niphograpta albiguttalis, have been used with varying degrees of success since the 1970s in the southeastern U.S. and in California (Julien and Griffiths 1998, in Batcher Undated). These agents slow rates of growth and make plants more susceptible to other causes of mortality such as frost, herbicides and other pathogens (Simberloff et al. 1997, in Batcher Undated). Neochetina bruchi, water-hyacinth weevil (in Coleoptera) is widely established in Florida, and established but uncommon in Louisiana, Texas and California, where E. crassipes nonetheless remains a troublesome pest. It has been reported to be largely responsible for some declines in California populations of E. crassipes. The organism was introduced from Argentina in 1974 (Julien and Griffiths 1998, in Batcher Undated). China
Manual removal has been employed in most areas in China in the past 10 years. It is estimated that more than 100 million RMB yuan (US$12m) was spent on artificial control of water hyacinth each year but the practice was neither economic nor effective. Mechanical control is used in only a few places and cannot provide long term control. In some areas, herbicides such as Roundup and paraquat were used, but they are prohibited in places where the water is used by people and animals.
In China, biological control activities for water hyacinth were initiated in early 1995, when the Biological Control Institute (BCI) introduced two weevils Neochetina eichhorniae and N. bruchi from the USA and Argentina, respectively. Upon the request of the local government, host range tests for the two weevils were conducted in Kunming, Yunnan Province in 1995. Forty-six plant species from 23 families representing local economic, ornamental, and ecologically important plants (Ding et al. 1998, in Jianqing et al. 2001). were tested. As they had done previously in the USA, Australia, India and other countries, host range tests showed the weevils attacked and completed their life cycles only on water hyacinth and they were safe to other local plant species. After host-specificity tests, the weevils were released in the Wenzhou (1996), Zhejiang (1996) and Fujian (1998) Provinces.
The bug Eccritotarsus catarinensis was introduced into China in the early spring 2000 from the Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), South Africa but, for unknown reasons, failed to establish. BCI (Biological Control Institute) plans to re-introduce it. Pathogen surveys started in Fujian and Zhejiang provinces in May 2000. Several promising isolates have been screened.
In order to control the weed rapidly, an integrated control system was developed in 1996 by BCI scientists. Several herbicides, e.g. Roundup (41% IPA salt of glyphosate) and Caoganlin (10% salt of glyphosate), were screened to supplement the activity of the weevils. Bioassay tests showed that Roundup and Caoganlin had almost no adverse effect on the weevils. The tests of integrating Roundup at different concentrations with weevils indicated that herbicides had to be used at a lower concentration than normal, so as to not kill the plants too rapidly and not deprive the insects of food and habitat. The details of those tests were reported in the first IOBC water hyacinth workshop in Zimbabwe in 1998 (Ding et al. 1999, in Jianqing et al. 2001).
Water hyacinth is still a big problem in South China despite great efforts at control over the past 10 years. As more and more attention from central and local governments is paid to improvement of the environment, control of water hyacinth is becoming one of their objectives. Biological control will be increasingly employed but the public and government officials need to be made aware of the importance of biological control. BCI research on biological and integrated control of water hyacinth will focus on the following subjects in the next few years by means of national and international collaborations: (1) Study of the factors influencing the level of control of water hyacinth achieved by weevils, (2) Distribution of the weevils into more areas and introduction of new insects from abroad. An agreement between the South African and Chinese governments has been signed for collaboration on water hyacinth over the next three years. BCI will obtain help from PPRI for the importation of new natural enemies e.g. E. catarinensis, (3) Conduct of field tests of integrated control on a large scale, (4) Survey of pathogens in South China and introduction of promising fungi from abroad. In BCI a pathogen laboratory has been set up for the study of control of the weed by this means. Congo, Republic of the
Biological control agents were released in Congo in 1999 (the weevils Neochetina bruchi and Neochetina eichhorniae) to control water hyacinth (IITA 2000, in Julien 2001). The status of N. bruchi following release in this country is under evaluation (IITA 2000, in Julien 2001). The status of N. eichhorniae following release in this country is under evaluation (IITA 2000, in Julien 2001). Cuba
A biological control agent (the weevil Neochetina bruchi) was released in Cuba in 1995 to control water hyacinth. Following its release N. bruchi became successfully established in this country, however the level of control it provides is unknown. Dianchi Lake
Countries such as Egypt have banned the use of chemicals to control water hyacinth (Navarro 2001).
The Water Hyacinth Information Partnership (WHIP) has been conceptualised as an information–communication mechanism to alert communities and decision-makers concerned with water bodies of Africa and the Middle East that are facing impending infestations of water hyacinth. This includes Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Palestine and Israel. It would also foster and facilitate quick reaction to the threat by providing countries with timely information. The vision is that of a region that is able to halt and revert the spread of water hyacinth across its water bodies, preventing water hyacinth from reaching costly crisis levels. WHIP’s mission is, through the use of modern and more traditional information–communication technologies, to target and tap key sources of information and expertise on water hyacinth, to mobilise decision makers and to stimulate efforts to control the weed. In the longer term, the expectation is that WHIP would foster and support the integrated management of water bodies and their basins to diminish soil erosion and other sources of water pollution that favour the growth of aquatic weeds (Navarro 2001). Egypt
Biological control agents (the weevils Neochetina bruchi and Neochetina eichhorniae) were released in Egypt in 2000 to control water hyacinth (Fayad et al. 2001, in Julien 2001). The status of N. bruchi following release in this country is under evaluation (Fayad et al. 2001, in Julien 2001). The status of N. eichhorniae following release in this country is under evaluation (Fayad et al. 2001, in Julien 2001). Florida (USA)
Water hyacinth in Florida is now under maintenance controlhanks to years of concerted effort by local, state and federal water managers. The plants have been kept at a low level using herbicides, machines and biocontrol insects. It is believed that only a year of non-constant vigilance would be needed for water hyacinth to return to heavy infestation levels (which would require millions of dollars worth of investment to reduce to maintenance level again) (University of Florida 1997).
In Florida, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers attempted mechanical removal in the early 1960’s, but few machines could operate in shallow waters. The herbicide 2,4-D has been applied effectively as a control agent in Florida waters since the 1960’s (Batcher Undated).
Niphograpta albiguttalis (synonym Sameodes albiguttalis), water-hyacinth moth (in Lepidoptera) is established in Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi. It is reported to have significant impacts on new, developing colonies of water hyacinth but otherwise offers only sporadic and patchy control (Julien and Griffiths 1998, in Batcher Undated). Neochetina bruchi, water-hyacinth weevil (in Coleoptera) is widely established in Florida, and established but uncommon in Louisiana, Texas and California, where E. crassipes nonetheless remains a troublesome pest. It has been reported to be largely responsible for some declines in California populations of E. crassipes. The organism was introduced from Argentina in 1974 (Julien and Griffiths 1998, in Batcher Undated). Fujian
In 1998 biological control agents, the weevils Neochetina eichhorniae and N. bruchi, were distributed to Fuzhou, Fuqing and Fuan cities of Fujian Province where water hyacinth was causing great damage. They established quickly in the Fujian Province, which is warmer than the Zhejiang Province. Significant control has been achieved at several release sites but no detailed survey results are available yet. Ghana
Biological control agents were released in Ghana in 1994 (the weevils Neochetina bruchi and Neochetina eichhorniae) and 1996 (the moth Niphograpta albiguttalis) to control water hyacinth. Following its release N. bruchi became successfully established in this country, however the level of control it provides is unknown. Following its release N. eichhorniae became successfully established in this country, however the level of control it provides is unknown. The status of N. albiguttalis following release in this country is unknown. Guam
Two weevils (Neochetina spp.) and a moth (Sameodes albuguttalis) have been released for biological control, with limited success. Honduras
The mottled water hyacinth weevil (Neochetina eichhorniae) has been been established in Australia, Fiji, Honduras, India, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, South Africa and Thailand for control of water hyacinth. India
The mottled water hyacinth weevil (Neochetina eichhorniae) has been been established in Australia, Fiji, Honduras, India, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, South Africa and Thailand for control of water hyacinth. Indonesia
Biological control agents were released in Indonesia in 1979 (the weevil Neochetina eichhorniae) and 1996 (the weevil Neochetina bruchi) to control water hyacinth. Following its release N. bruchi became successfully established in this country, however the level of control it provides is unknown. Following its release N. eichhorniae became successfully established in this country, however, it did not provide a sufficient level of control. Israel
The Water Hyacinth Information Partnership (WHIP) has been conceptualised as an information–communication mechanism to alert communities and decision-makers concerned with water bodies of Africa and the Middle East that are facing impending infestations of water hyacinth. This includes Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Palestine and Israel. It would also foster and facilitate quick reaction to the threat by providing countries with timely information. The vision is that of a region that is able to halt and revert the spread of water hyacinth across its water bodies, preventing water hyacinth from reaching costly crisis levels. WHIP’s mission is, through the use of modern and more traditional information–communication technologies, to target and tap key sources of information and expertise on water hyacinth, to mobilise decision makers and to stimulate efforts to control the weed. In the longer term, the expectation is that WHIP would foster and support the integrated management of water bodies and their basins to diminish soil erosion and other sources of water pollution that favour the growth of aquatic weeds (Navarro 2001). Jordan
The Water Hyacinth Information Partnership (WHIP) has been conceptualised as an information–communication mechanism to alert communities and decision-makers concerned with water bodies of Africa and the Middle East that are facing impending infestations of water hyacinth. This includes Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Palestine and Israel. It would also foster and facilitate quick reaction to the threat by providing countries with timely information. The vision is that of a region that is able to halt and revert the spread of water hyacinth across its water bodies, preventing water hyacinth from reaching costly crisis levels. WHIP’s mission is, through the use of modern and more traditional information–communication technologies, to target and tap key sources of information and expertise on water hyacinth, to mobilise decision makers and to stimulate efforts to control the weed. In the longer term, the expectation is that WHIP would foster and support the integrated management of water bodies and their basins to diminish soil erosion and other sources of water pollution that favour the growth of aquatic weeds (Navarro 2001). Kenya
Biological control agents were released in Kenya in 1993 (the weevil Neochetina eichhorniae) and 1995 (the weevil Neochetina bruchi) to control water hyacinth. Following its release N. bruchi became successfully established in this country, and provides a sufficient level of control. Following its release N. eichhorniae became successfully established in this country, and provides a sufficient level of control.
The Water Hyacinth Information Partnership (WHIP) has been conceptualised as an information–communication mechanism to alert communities and decision-makers concerned with water bodies of Africa and the Middle East that are facing impending infestations of water hyacinth. This includes Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Palestine and Israel. It would also foster and facilitate quick reaction to the threat by providing countries with timely information. The vision is that of a region that is able to halt and revert the spread of water hyacinth across its water bodies, preventing water hyacinth from reaching costly crisis levels. WHIP’s mission is, through the use of modern and more traditional information–communication technologies, to target and tap key sources of information and expertise on water hyacinth, to mobilise decision makers and to stimulate efforts to control the weed. In the longer term, the expectation is that WHIP would foster and support the integrated management of water bodies and their basins to diminish soil erosion and other sources of water pollution that favour the growth of aquatic weeds (Navarro 2001). Lake Seminole
Extensive herbicide treatment between 1960 and 1962 devastated the water hyacinth population, and another invasive macrophyte, Alternanthera philoxeroides expanded its coverage. This species was subject to a biological control programme in 1968. In the year following its decline, water hyacinth rapidly expanded from occupying a few hectares to 2030 ha. These two species have fluctuated over the past twenty years, each taking up the slack left by the other. We are experiencing technical difficulties and unable to complete your request. Please try later.
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