Management Information
Preventative measures: A Risk Assessment of
Cinchona pubescens for Hawai‘i and other Pacific islands was prepared by Dr. Curtis Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service. The alien plant screening system is derived from Pheloung et al. (1999) with minor modifications for use in Pacific islands (Daehler et al. 2004). The result is a score of 9 and a recommendation of: "Likely to cause significant ecological or economic harm in Hawai‘i and on other Pacific Islands as determined by a high WRA score, which is based on published sources describing species biology and behaviour in Hawai‘i and/or other parts of the world."
Physical: Manual methods, including felling adults and pulling out ("grubbing") of stumps and saplings, have mixed success. This option is reasonably effective if all roots greater than 2cm in diameter are removed. Removal of saplings is effective, but adult trees can resprout from cut stumps. De-barking is ineffective, even if bark removed from up to 1m of stem: bark regrows and repairs wound, and tree survives.
Chemical: C. Pubescens is resistant to many herbicides, so chemical control requires use of moderately toxic formulations such as triclopyr, picloram, 2,4-D, metsulfuron methyl. Appropriate application methods include cut stump, basal bark and hack-and-squirt. Hack and squirt has been shown to be effective in controlling C. Pubescens in Galapagos. In 2000, an evaluation of control trials showed that C. Pubescens trees were successfully killed by an application of picloram- metsulphuron methyl herbicide into machete cuts on the tree’s trunk. This combination of methods is now used for routine control by the Galapagos National Park Service (Buddenhagen et al. 2004).
Location Specific Management InformationFrench Polynesia (Polynésie Française) 
Decree No. 65 CM of January 23, 2006 presents a list of 35 invasive plants declared to be "Species that threaten biodiversity", one of which is Cinchona pubescens. These plants are subject to a ban on new imports, propagation and planting, and prohibition of transfer from one island to another of any whole plant, fragment of plant, cutting, fruit or seed. Their destruction is permitted. Galapagos Islands (Ecuador)
Please follow this link Rentería et al 2006 to An illustrated guide providing practical information for the effective control of the worst invasive plant species in Galapagos. Designed for farmers and other land managers, it describes manual and chemical control methods. Cinchona pubescens is among 23 introduced species with descriptions and control options listed. Galápagos National Park (GNP) (Ecuador)
Buddenhagen et al (2004) reviews control options used in the control of in the past and tests a variety of herbicides and selective application methods. The author concludes "A mixture of picloram and metsulfuron (240 and
15 g ai/L, respectively) killed 73 to 100% of trees when applied to connecting machete cuts around the circumference of tree trunks (hack and squirt HS) at concentrations of 5, 10, and 20% in water, with larger trees requiring higher concentrations for best results. Although this herbicide mixture also was effective when applied using other methods, HS was the least labor intensive and costly." For more details please see Buddenhagen et al. 2004
Please follow this link Rentería et al 2006 to An illustrated guide providing practical information for the effective control of the worst invasive plant species in Galapagos. Designed for farmers and other land managers, it describes manual and chemical control methods. Cinchona pubescens is among 23 introduced species with descriptions and control options listed. Hawaii (United States (USA))
Starr et al. (2003) state "While eradication of C. pubescens in the Makawao Forest Reserve would be difficult, controlling small populations in pockets of rich native vegetation may help contain the infestation and slow the degradation of the remaining native forests in the area." Santa Cruz Is. (Ecuador) (Ecuador)
Buddenhagen et al (2004) reviews control options used in the control of in the past and tests a variety of herbicides and selective application methods. The author concludes "A mixture of picloram and metsulfuron (240 and
15 g ai/L, respectively) killed 73 to 100% of trees when applied to connecting machete cuts around the circumference of tree trunks (hack and squirt HS) at concentrations of 5, 10, and 20% in water, with larger trees requiring higher concentrations for best results. Although this herbicide mixture also was effective when applied using other methods, HS was the least labor intensive and costly." For more details please see Buddenhagen et al. 2004
Please follow this link Rentería et al 2006 to An illustrated guide providing practical information for the effective control of the worst invasive plant species in Galapagos. Designed for farmers and other land managers, it describes manual and chemical control methods. Cinchona pubescens is among 23 introduced species with descriptions and control options listed.
Management Resources/Links
1. Buddenhagen, C., and Yánez, P. 2005. The cost of quinine Cinchona pubescens control on Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos. Galapagos Research 63:32-36.
Summary: Analysis of the cost of controlling the invasive quinine tree Cinchona pubescens Vahl in the highlands of Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos. 2. Buddenhagen, C.E., Rentería, J.L., Gardener, M., Wilkinson, S.R., Soria M., Yánez, P., Tye, A., and Valle, R. 2004. The Control of a Highly Invasive Tree Cinchona pubescens in Galápagos. Weed Technology 18:1194-1202. Weed Science Society of America, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
Summary: A review of past efforts to control C. pubescens in the Galapagos Islands and a discussion on the results of a test of a variety of herbicides and selective application methods. 3. Daehler, C.C; Denslow, J.S; Ansari, S and Huang-Chi, K., 2004. A Risk-Assessment System for Screening Out Invasive Pest Plants from Hawaii and Other Pacific Islands. Conservation Biology Volume 18 Issue 2 Page 360.
Summary: A study on the use of a screening system to assess proposed plant introductions to Hawaii or other Pacific Islands and to identify high-risk species used in horticulture and forestry which would greatly reduce future pest-plant problems and allow entry of most nonpests. 5. Jäger, H. 1999. Impact of the introduced tree Cinchona pubescens Vahl on the native flora of the highlands of Santa Cruz Island (Galapagos Islands). Diplomarbeit, Univ. Oldenburg, Germany.
Summary: Evaluates the impact on native vegetation in the Miconia and Fern-sedge Zones. Reveals drastic reduction in species diversity under canopy of quinine trees, including severe effects on many endemic plant species. 7. Renteria, J. L. 2002. Ecología y manejo de la cascarilla (Cinchona pubescens Vahl), en Santa Cruz, Galapagos. Área Agropecuaria y de Recursos Naturales Renovables. Loja, Ecuador: Universidad Nacional de Loja. Pp. 1-89.
Summary: Gives information on the distribution, density, phenology, seed dispersal and seed longevity of C. pubescens in the Galápagos National Park and the agricultural zone. Furthermore, it gives results of chemical control experiments, using different control techniques and different herbicides. 9. Soria, M., Taylor, U., Tye, A. and Wilkinson, S. 2002. Identifación y Manejo de melaxas en las islas Galápagos. Parque Nacional Galápagos y Fundación Charles Darwin, Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, Ecuador. Results Page: 1
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