管理信息
马樱丹良好管理的关键是持续的警戒。(Day et al. 2003) 重复控制再生长对成功是重要的。因为此物种能在合适的季节期间扩展它的分布范围，所以应该优先控制新的群袭。机械方法：机械的清扫与用手拔除适合小区域，而用火烧可用在大的区域。 生物方法：生物控制剂能减少个别植物的体积，让其它控制方法变成比较容易。追踪超过 40个生物控制剂，没有一个能完全的控制，但是一些曾经部份成功的包括 Teleonemia scrupulosaStal(半翅类), Octotoma scabripennis(鞘翅目) ， Uroplata girardi照片 (鞘翅目) 与 Ophiomyia lantanae(Froggatt)(双翅类)。(ay et al. 2003) 在本世纪初 L. camara曾经是第一个被使用生物控制的杂草，从那时起已经在33个国家释放 36种昆虫来控制它。尽管这些努力，杂草的控制通常是令人失望的 (Thomas and Ellison 2000) 。许多失败的理由被提出：植物遗传变异很大，它的杂交能力使植物复杂化，难以找到生物控制剂。(Thomas and Ellison 1999; Day et al. 2003) 光是澳洲就有二十九生物型存在。至今没有任何释放的昆虫生物控制剂，会造成粉红生物型显著的损害。大体上，被释放的昆虫生物控制剂，其宿主范围狭宰，而杂草总是能容忍比较宽的气候上、地理的区域 (Thomas and Ellison 1999). 曾经在墨西哥、中美洲、西印度群岛与巴西搜寻并采集昆虫从一些不同的马樱丹品种。这些昆虫曾经释放在夏威夷、南非、澳洲、非洲东部、南方与亚洲东部与太平洋的一些国家，测试其宿主(Day .2003)许多年来，真菌被用来控制有害节肢动物，但是不足以对抗入侵杂草。Evans (1987) 认为，真菌病原体有潜力作为杂草的典型生物控制剂。Barreto et al. (1995) 在巴西调查了 L. camara的 mycobiota 而且如可能的选择了一些真菌的病原体生物控制剂包括 Prospodium tuberculatum, Puccinia lantanae与 Ceratobasidium lantanae-camarae 的. P. tuberculatum是一种锈菌，分布局限于北美洲与南美洲的热带与亚热带区域。温室培养显示出，它是澳洲两种主要杂草生物型的致病病原：粉红草 (高度入侵的生物型)与粉红边红草。(对牛毒性很强) P. lantanae是一种热带地区的锈菌，它对很多类型的马樱丹致病力超过 P. tuberculatum。到目前为止，已经成功的传染十个生物型：二从澳洲, 三从南非, 二从马达加斯加与一个来自泰国、印度与夏威夷 (Thomas 与 Ellison 1999). 来自巴西的一种锈菌品系 Prospodium tuberculatum被筛选作为一个潜在的生物控制剂，以对抗 40个澳洲 马樱丹(Lantana camara)生物型，与 52 种关系很近的非目标植物。在温室情况下的结果显示巴西的锈菌品系只对两种花色型致病：粉红色与红色粉红边。使用 11个评估等级与四种敏感度评分等级记录明显与轻微症状。没有明显症状在任何非目标植物上被观察到。(汤姆斯 et al.2006)   
地点特有的管理信息Ascension Is.
Two biological control agents were introduced in 1971, a leaf beetle and a tingid heteropteran (Ashmole and Ashmole, 2000 in Varnham, 2006). Eastern Australia
Mike Day and Tanya McAndrew have just had their paper entitled "The biology and host range of Falconia intermedia (Hemiptera: Miridae), a potential biological control agent for Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) in Australia" published in Biocontrol Science and Technology. They found the insect to be very specific, attacking only lantana and another exotic weed, lippia. This research led to the insect being approved for release. Of some considerable practical importance, they also found that it did not do as well on some lantana varieties as others and its performance was much poorer on the pink-flowering phenotype. The insect has now been widely released (The State of Queensland, Department of Natural Resources and Mines, March 2003). Floreana Is.
Please follow this link Rentería et al 2006 to An illustrated guide providing practical information for the effective control of the worst invasive plant species in Galapagos. Designed for farmers and other land managers, it describes manual and chemical control methods. Lantana camara is among 23 introduced species with descriptions and control options listed. Galapagos Islands
45% of species introduced to the Galapagos Islands have been naturalized and of those, 32 are considered aggressive and have invaded extensive areas. The invaders affect the native vegetation negatively, changing the composition of the community and threatening populations of rare species. The majority of the introduced plants are found in the humid highlands where agriculture is the major activity and the conditions are better. The most noxious of these plants are the trees and shrubs that invade the native vegetation below the highest areas. The present methods of control are limited to removal by hand and by use of herbicides. Removal by hand requires continued effort since the plants may sprout from fragments of roots or branches. Few quantitative studies have been carried out to determine the type, concentration and method of application of herbicides. A 1999 study evaluated the effectiveness of three types of herbicide (glyphosate, picloram and triclopyr) in different concentrations to determine which method of application (“hacking and spraying”, spraying the bark and fumigation) is the most effective and the least damaging to the surrounding vegetation. These experiments were carried out on trees of Cestrum auriculatum, Cinchona pubescens, Cordia alliodora, Psidium guajava and Syzygium jambos and on the shrubs Kalanchoe pinnata, Lantana camara and Rubus niveus (Gardener et al., 1999).
Please follow this link Rentería et al 2006 to An illustrated guide providing practical information for the effective control of the worst invasive plant species in Galapagos. Designed for farmers and other land managers, it describes manual and chemical control methods. Lantana camara is among 23 introduced species with descriptions and control options listed. Gibraltar
Upper Rock Management Plan advises beginning the removal of individuals of this species while their distribution is still limited, rather than waiting for problems to occur. It also recommends legislation prohibiting growing or keeping this species in gardens and homes within the reserve (Perez and Bensusan, undated in Varnham, 2006). Hawaii
The plant has been subjected to biological control which has been quite effective in some areas (Gardner and Davis 1982). Further control agents are being sought. Hawaii
Over two dozen biocontrol agents have been released to control it in Hawaii with results varying from ineffective to spectacular. The most effective are the defoliating caterpillar Hypena strigata; the seed-destroying fly Ophiomyia lantanae, and the lace bug Teleonemia scrupulosa. In places, infestations of lantana by biocontrol agents are universal but the effect on the population is not obvious even after decades of once or twice annual cycles of defoliation. Yet some areas have been cleared of lantana leading to a premature declaration of victory over lantana(Motooka et al. 2002). India
The removal of Lantana camara has the potential to lead to an increase in the similarly invasive Chromolaena odorata, by providing an opportunity for an increase in cover. Isabela Is. (Ecuador)
Please follow this link Rentería et al 2006 to an illustrated guide providing practical information for the effective control of the worst invasive plant species in Galapagos. Designed for farmers and other land managers, it describes manual and chemical control methods. Lantana camara is among 23 introduced species with descriptions and control options listed. Ku-ring-gai Flying-fox Reserve (Sydney)
A habitat restoration project was undertaken with the primary aim of providing a self-perpetuating indigenous roosting habitat for the colony. A secondary aim was to retain the diversity of native fauna and flora within the Reserve and keep the regenerated vegetation compatible with native bushland
in northern Sydney. The project was undertaken in three phases extending from 1987 to 2000. An evaluation of results after this period shows that native plants were regenerating and level of weed maintainence required was on the decrease.
Weed control treatments included manual removal, precision herbicide spraying ‘cut and paint’ and stem injection herbicide treatments for larger woody weeds and climbers. Supplemental planting of endemic species was also undertaken. New Zealand
On New Zealand noxious weed list and banned from sale in that country (PIER, 2003).
Lantana camara is listed as a pest plant in New Zealand; commercial sale and/or distribution of the plant is not allowed. National Pest Plant Accord, New Zealand.
Lantana camara has been included in the Auckland Regional Councils pest plants, Pest Facts Saint Helena
A biological control programme initiated in 1970s, resulting in successful establishment of the tingid heteropteran bug Teleonemia scrupulosa. In many areas where this species was formerly abundant it is now dead and moribund following successful biological control (Ashmole and Ashmole, 2000 in Varnham, 2006). Santa Cruz Is. (Ecuador)
Please follow this link Rentería et al 2006 to An illustrated guide providing practical information for the effective control of the worst invasive plant species in Galapagos. Designed for farmers and other land managers, it describes manual and chemical control methods. Lantana camara is among 23 introduced species with descriptions and control options listed. Southeast Australia
Mike Day and Tanya McAndrew have just had their paper entitled ""The biology and host range of Falconia intermedia (Hemiptera: Miridae), a potential biological control agent for Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) in Australia"" published in Biocontrol Science and Technology. They found the insect to be very specific, attacking only lantana and another exotic weed, lippia. This research led to the insect being approved for release. Of some considerable practical importance, they also found that it did not do as well on some lantana varieties as others and its performance was much poorer on the pink-flowering phenotype. The insect has now been widely released (The State of Queensland, Department of Natural Resources and Mines, March 2003). We are experiencing technical difficulties and unable to complete your request. Please try later.
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