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   Boiga irregularis (爬行動物)  English   
生態 分佈 管理 影響 參考資料 聯繫


         管理資訊

    在 1995 年，美國農業部將褐樹蛇(Boiga irregularis)列為三大害蟲之一，需要控制與移除。(SPREP)未曾執行沒有大規模的移除計劃，然而，圈套、視覺調查，訓練狗與專設的蛇籬均有在使用。毒物與生化控制正在發展中。 正努力發展人造的吸引物。蛇籬曾經被用於一些情形; 乙烯基障礙是持久的，但是表面光潔度隨著時間的過去可能降低。表面一定要平滑防止蛇嘗試攀登障礙。 砌石障礙使用種預鑄混凝土設計混，100% 成功阻止蛇，並且不易遭受老鼠或颱風損害。 然而，它有大約每公尺美金$300 的昂貴初期費用。 關島現在大約有 2500個蛇籠。(Rodda et al.2002)
    關島作為一個重要的太平洋的運送中心，結合了蛇在貨物中尋求避難所的習性，使得關島成為散佈蛇到其他島生態系統的嚴重威脅。因此，關島海軍基地指揮官的主要任務之一，是確保棕樹蛇不會移到其他島。 如果它移到夏威夷或者大陸，一般認為將是大災難(Westbrook 與 Ramos 2005). 棕樹蛇能容易地藏在船中，而在島嶼之間移動，現在也藉由飛機貨艙在島嶼之間移動。 近年來曾經在檀香山機場發現一些樹蛇。避免他們的傳佈取決於維持持續的船舶與飛機貨物的檢查。 北馬里亞納群島使用偵察狗(Perry 1998)。 為了抵抗這一個有害生物，全球的入侵種計劃(GISP)正在關島、澳洲、夏威夷與美國大陸的專家之間培育一個合作努力的計畫。
    多種蛇籠曾經在關島使用：大部分的蛇籠由龍蝦或條魚類魚籠改裝，裡面放一隻活的老鼠當作誘餌。(Vice Engeman and Vice 2005) 蛇籠吊在樹上，或吊在安全圍籬上。(Vice Engeman and Vice 2005)正在發展新技術，例如 "粉紅降落傘", 將毒藥 acetametaphine 注入剛出生的老鼠中作為誘餌，繫上小降落傘，讓他們飄入樹林。由於褐色樹蛇是樹棲生物，很有可能會碰到老鼠，因為它有一個降落傘，毒餌可以登陸至人類難以從地面接近的地方。 English   


         管理資源 /鏈接

    1. Aguon, Celestino F. Campbell, Earl W., III ; Morton, John M. Efficacy of electrical barriers used to protect Mariana crow nests Wildlife Society Bulletin. 30(3). Fall, 2002. 703-708.
    3. Avery, M.L., Tillman, E.A., Savarie, P.J. 2004. Responses of captive fish crows (Corvus ossifragus) to acetaminophen baits and bait stations for brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) control on Guam. Bird Behavior 16(1-2): 1-6.
    5. Boyarski, V.L., Savidge, J.A., Rodda, G.H. 2008. Brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) trappability: Attributes of the snake, environment and trap. Applied Herpetology 5(1): 47-61.
    6. Clark, L. & Shivik, J. 2002. Aerosolized essential oils and individual natural product compounds as brown treesnake repellents Pest Management Science 58(8): 775-783.
    7. Colvin, B.A., Fall, M.W., Fitzgerald, L.A. & Loope, L.L. 2005. Review of brown treesnake problems and control programs: report of observations and recommendations. Report to Office of Insular Affairs, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
    8. D'Evelyn, S.T., Tarui, N., Burnett, K. & Roumasset, J.A. 2008. Learning-by-catching: Uncertain invasive-species populations and the value of information. Journal of Environmental Management. 89: 284-292.
    9. Engeman , Richard M. and Daniel S. Vice., 2001a. Objectives and Integrated Approaches for the Control of Brown Tree Snakes. Integrated Pest Management Reviews Volume 6, Number 1 / March, 2001
    10. Engeman, R. M.; Vice, D. S., 2001b. A direct comparison of trapping and spotlight searches for capturing Brown Tree Snakes on Guam Pacific Conservation Biology. 7(1). June, 2001. 4-8.
    11. Engeman, Richard A; Linnell, Michael A. The effect of trap spacing on the capture of brown tree snakes on Guam International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 54(4). December 2004. 265-267.
    12. Engeman, Richard M., Daniel S. Vice, George Nelson, Ernest Muna., 2000. Brown tree snakes e?ectively removed from a large plot of land on Guam by perimeter trapping. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 45 (2000) 139±142
    13. Engeman, Richard M.; Groninger, N. Paige [Author]; Vice, Daniel S. A general model for predicting brown tree snake capture rates.Environmetrics. 14(3). May 2003. 295-305.
    14. Engeman, Richard M.; Linnell, Michael A.; Aguon, Phillip; Manibusan, Anthony; Sayama, Steven; Techaira, Anthony. Implications of brown tree snake captures from fences Wildlife Research. 26(1). 1999. 111-116.
    15. Engeman, Richard M.; Vice, Daniel S.; York, Darryl; Gruver, Kenneth S. Sustained evaluation of the effectiveness of detector dogs for locating brown tree snakes in cargo outbound from Guam International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 49(2-3). 2002. 101-106.
    16. Fritts, T. H. 1987. Movements of snakes via cargo in the Pacific region. 'Elepaio 47: 17-18.
    17. Fritts, T. H. 1988. The brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis, a threat to Pacific Islands. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Reports 88(31). 36pp.
    19. Gee II, David E., pers. comm. 2006. Wildlife Biologist, Guam Division of Aquatic & Wildlife Resources and Guam team member of the Pacific Invasives Learning Network (PILN).
    20. Gragg, James E.; Rodda, Gordon H.; Savidge, Julie A.; White, Gary C.; Dean-Bradley, Kathy; Ellingson, Aaron R. Response of brown treesnakes to reduction of their rodent prey Journal of Wildlife Management. 71(7). SEP 2007. 2311-2317.
    21. IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4.
            摘要： The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species provides taxonomic, conservation status and distribution information on taxa that have been globally evaluated using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. This system is designed to determine the relative risk of extinction, and the main purpose of the IUCN Red List is to catalogue and highlight those taxa that are facing a higher risk of global extinction (i.e. those listed as Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable). The IUCN Red List also includes information on taxa that are categorized as Extinct or Extinct in the Wild; on taxa that cannot be evaluated because of insufficient information (i.e. are Data Deficient); and on taxa that are either close to meeting the threatened thresholds or that would be threatened were it not for an ongoing taxon-specific conservation programme (i.e. are Near Threatened).
    Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/ [Accessed 25 May 2011]
    22. Johnston, J. J.; Savarie, P. J. [Author]; Primus, T. M.; Eisemann, J. D.; Hurley, J. C.; Kohler, D. J. Risk assessment of an acetaminophen baiting program for chemical control of brown tree snakes on Guam: Evaluation of baits, snake residues, and potential primary and secondary hazards Environmental Science & Technology. 36(17). September 1, 2002. 3827-3833.
    23. Moore, Ignacio T; Greene, Michael J.; Lerner, Darren T.; Asher, Chance E.; Krohmer, Randolph W.; Hess, David L.; Whittier, Joan; Mason, Robert T. Physiological evidence for reproductive suppression in the introduced population of brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis) on Guam Biological Conservation. 121(1). January 2005. 91-98.
    24. Perry, G. & Vice, D. 2008. An evaluation of passive thermal fumigation for brown treesnake control in surface transportation from Guam. In G.W. Witmer, W.C. Pitt, and K.A. Fagerstone (Eds), Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species: Proceedings of an International Symposium (pp. 224-233). USDA/APHIS/WS, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO.
    25. Perry, G., E.W. Campbell, G.H. Rodda & T.H. Fritts. 1998. Managing Island Biotas: Brown Tree Snake Control Using Barrier Technology, Proc. 18th Vertebr. Pest Conf. (R.O. Baker & A.C. Crabb, Eds.). Univ. of Calf.
    26. Perry, G., Rodda, G.H., Fritts, T.H. & Qualls, F.J. 2004. Snake control using barrier technology: a summary of work conducted 1995-2001. Micronesica 37: 177.
    27. Qualls, Fiona J.; Qualls, Carl P. A simple method of sterilizing male snakes: A potential aid in preventing the spread of brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) from Guam. Herpetological Review. 33(3). September 2002. 185-187
    29. Rodda, G.H., Fritts, T.H., Clark, C.S. Gotte, S.W. and Chiszar, D. 1999a. A state-of-the-art trap for the brown treesnake. In G. Rodda, Y. Sawai, D. Chiszar and H. Tanaka (Eds), Problem Snake Management: Habu and Brown Treesnake (pp. 268-284). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
    30. Rodda, G.H., Fritts, T.H., McCoid, M.J. & Campbell, E.W III. 1999. An overview of the biology of the Brown Treesnake (Boiga irregularis), a costly introduced pest on Pacific Islands. In G.H. Rodda, Y. Sawai, D. Chiszar & H. Tanaka (Eds.), Problem Snake Management: The Habu and the Brown Treesnake. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
    31. Rodda, G.H., Savidge, J.A; Tyrrell, C.L., Christy, M.T., Ellingson, A.R. 2007. Size bias in visual searches and trapping of brown treesnakes on Guam. Journal of Wildlife Management 71(2): 656-661.
    32. Rodda, G.H., Sawai, Y., Chiszar, D. & Tanaka, H. (Eds.). 1999. Problem snake management: The Habu and the Brown Tree Snake. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Publication Associates, Cornell University Press.
            摘要： This book summarizes the state of knowledge as of 1999 - a nice and broad compilation that lists just about everything else of use to that date.
    33. Rodders, Dennis and Stefan Lotters, 2010. Potential Distribution of the Alien Invasive Brown Tree Snake, Boiga irregularis (Reptilia: Colubridae). Pacific Science (2010), vol. 64, no. 1:11–22
    35. Stanford, J.W. & Rodda, G.H. 2007. The brown treesnake rapid response team. USDA National Wildlife Research Center Symposia: Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species.
    37. USDA National Agricultural Library., 2008. Species profiles: Brown Tree snake
            摘要： The U.S.Geological Survey has assumed a central role in studying the biology of the brown tree snake, the problems it can cause and alternatives for control. USGS researchers are also examining how ecological health is jeopardized on Guam and other islands.
    Available from: http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/animals/bts.shtml [Accessed 21 February 2008]
    38. Vice, D.S. & Engeman, R.M. 2000. Brown treesnake discoveries during detector dog inspections following Supertyphoon Paka. Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications University of Nebraska - Lincoln Year 2000
    39. Vice, D.S. & Vice, D.L. Characteristics of Brown Treesnakes Boiga irregularis removed from Guam's transportation network Pacific Conservation Biology. 10(4). 2004. 216-220.
    40. Vice, D.S., Engeman, R.M. & Vice, D.L. 2005a. A comparison of three trap designs for capturing brown treesnakes on Guam, Wildlife Research 32: 355-359.
    41. Westbrook, C. and Ramos, K. 2005. Under Siege: Invasive Species on Military Bases. National Wildlife Federation.
    42. Wiles, G. J., Bart, J., Beck Jr. R. E., and Aguan, C.F., 2003. Impacts of the Brown Tree Snake: Patterns of Decline and Species Persistence in Guam’s Avifauna. Conservation Biology, Volume 17, No. 5.
            摘要： Impacts of brown tree snake on endemic species in Guam.

         結果頁： 1  
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