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   Boiga irregularis (爬行动物)  English   
生态 分布 管理 影响 参考数据 联系


         管理信息

    在 1995 年，美国农业部将褐树蛇 (Boiga irregularis) 列为三大害虫之一，需要控制与移除。(SPREP) 未曾执行没有大规模的移除计划，然而，圈套、视觉调查，训练狗与专设的蛇篱均有在使用。毒物与生化控制正在发展中。 正努力发展人造的吸引物。蛇篱曾经被用于一些情形; 乙烯基障碍是持久的，但是表面光洁度随着时间的过去可能降低。表面一定要平滑防止蛇尝试攀登障碍。 砌石障碍使用种预铸混凝土设计混，100% 成功阻止蛇，并且不易遭受老鼠或台风损害。 然而，它有大约每公尺美金$300 的昂贵初期费用。 关岛现在大约有 2500个蛇笼。(Rodda et al.2002)
    关岛作为一个重要的太平洋的运送中心，结合了蛇在货物中寻求避难所的习性，使得关岛成为散布蛇到其它岛生态系统的严重威胁。因此，关岛海军基地指挥官的主要任务之一，是确保棕树蛇不会移到其它岛。 如果它移到夏威夷或者大陆，一般认为将是大灾难 (Westbrook 与 Ramos 2005). 棕树蛇能容易地藏在船中，而在岛屿之间移动，现在也藉由飞机货舱在岛屿之间移动。 近年来曾经在檀香山机场发现一些树蛇。避免他们的传布取决于维持持续的船舶与飞机货物的检查。 北马里亚纳群岛使用侦察狗(Perry 1998) 。 为了抵抗这一个有害生物，全球的入侵种计划 (GISP) 正在关岛、澳洲、夏威夷与美国大陆的专家之间培育一个合作努力的计划。
    多种蛇笼曾经在关岛使用：大部分的蛇笼由龙虾或条鱼类鱼笼改装，里面放一只活的老鼠当作诱饵。(Vice Engeman and Vice 2005) 蛇笼吊在树上，或吊在安全围篱上。(Vice Engeman and Vice 2005) 正在发展新技术，例如 "粉红降落伞", 将毒药 acetametaphine 注入刚出生的老鼠中作为诱饵，系上小降落伞，让他们飘入树林。由于褐色树蛇是树栖生物，很有可能会碰到老鼠，因为它有一个降落伞，毒饵可以登陆至人类难以从地面接近的地方。 English   


         地点特有的管理信息
    Area 50
    One practical experience in the use of snake-proof barriers is the 23 ha patch of forest on Andersen Air Force Base that is surrounded by a bulge barrier exclosure and is generally known by its military designation, "Area 50" (Rodda et al. 2002). Snake control in Area 50 was initiated prior to construction of the barrier in 1997 (Searle & Anderson 1998, in Rodda et al. 2002). This reduced the snake population, but has not eradicated it (Beauprez & Brock 1999, in Rodda et al. 2002). Snakes continue to be caught in the area; persistent capture rates vary from zero to seven snakes per week (D. Vice Pers. Comm. 2001, in Rodda et al. 2002).
    Guam
    Traps, visual inspections, trained dogs and specialized barriers are in use on Guam. Toxicants are in development.
    Preventative measures: While it is too late to prevent the entry of B. irregularis into Guam it is possible to avert future similar disasters by maintaining strict cargo checks. As of 2007, cargo inspection certification is only voluntary in Guam (Rodda & Savage, 2007).
    Small predator-free nature reserves can be created using snake barriers. Campbell (1996 in Mortensen et al. 2008) eliminated B. irregularis from two one-hectare nature reserves using this method. Lizard numbers increased rapidly in the enclosed area. Possible designs for a successful barrier include bulge barriers (low-cost but are vulnerable to damage), vinyl barriers (durable, but with a surface finish which may degrade over time allowing snakes to climb the barrier) and masonry barriers (are 100% successful in keeping snakes out, however have a high initial cost of approximately USD 300 per meter).
    Physical Control: Wildlife Services maintains two to three thousand snake traps on Guam (Rodda et al. 2002). A brown tree snake Rapid Response Team of trained personnel from various organizations from the United States, Guam and other surrounding areas was created in 2002. This team was formed to respond to sightings of B. irregularis (Stanford, 2007).
    Integrated Management: Conservation actions on Guam should be directed towards an improved recruitment (artificial pollination, planting) of plant species affected by B. irregularis (see Impacts information from Mortensen et al. 2008). Restoring conditions for natural pollination or managing reproduction of vertebrate-pollinated plants is critical in the long-term conservation of native vegetation types on Guam (Mortensen et al. 2008). Efforts are now made to conserve the few remaining larger areas of uniform forest vegetation, e.g. the conservation action plan Guam Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy 2005.
    Hawaii
    For information on what to do should you see a brown tree snake or other snake please see the "Stop the Brown Tree Snake" brochure from the Hawaii Department of Agriculture.
    Saipan Is.
    A brown tree snake Rapid Response Team of trained personnel from various organizations from the United States, Guam and other surrounding areas was created in 2002. This team has responded to several sightings of B. irregularis in Saipan in order to prevent its establishment (D' Evelyn et al. 2008; Stanford & Rodda 2007).

         管理资源 /链接

    1. Aguon, Celestino F. Campbell, Earl W., III ; Morton, John M. Efficacy of electrical barriers used to protect Mariana crow nests Wildlife Society Bulletin. 30(3). Fall, 2002. 703-708.
    3. Avery, M.L., Tillman, E.A., Savarie, P.J. 2004. Responses of captive fish crows (Corvus ossifragus) to acetaminophen baits and bait stations for brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) control on Guam. Bird Behavior 16(1-2): 1-6.
    5. Boyarski, V.L., Savidge, J.A., Rodda, G.H. 2008. Brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) trappability: Attributes of the snake, environment and trap. Applied Herpetology 5(1): 47-61.
    6. Clark, L. & Shivik, J. 2002. Aerosolized essential oils and individual natural product compounds as brown treesnake repellents Pest Management Science 58(8): 775-783.
    7. Colvin, B.A., Fall, M.W., Fitzgerald, L.A. & Loope, L.L. 2005. Review of brown treesnake problems and control programs: report of observations and recommendations. Report to Office of Insular Affairs, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
    8. D'Evelyn, S.T., Tarui, N., Burnett, K. & Roumasset, J.A. 2008. Learning-by-catching: Uncertain invasive-species populations and the value of information. Journal of Environmental Management. 89: 284-292.
    9. Engeman , Richard M. and Daniel S. Vice., 2001a. Objectives and Integrated Approaches for the Control of Brown Tree Snakes. Integrated Pest Management Reviews Volume 6, Number 1 / March, 2001
    10. Engeman, R. M.; Vice, D. S., 2001b. A direct comparison of trapping and spotlight searches for capturing Brown Tree Snakes on Guam Pacific Conservation Biology. 7(1). June, 2001. 4-8.
    11. Engeman, Richard A; Linnell, Michael A. The effect of trap spacing on the capture of brown tree snakes on Guam International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 54(4). December 2004. 265-267.
    12. Engeman, Richard M., Daniel S. Vice, George Nelson, Ernest Muna., 2000. Brown tree snakes e?ectively removed from a large plot of land on Guam by perimeter trapping. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 45 (2000) 139±142
    13. Engeman, Richard M.; Groninger, N. Paige [Author]; Vice, Daniel S. A general model for predicting brown tree snake capture rates.Environmetrics. 14(3). May 2003. 295-305.
    14. Engeman, Richard M.; Linnell, Michael A.; Aguon, Phillip; Manibusan, Anthony; Sayama, Steven; Techaira, Anthony. Implications of brown tree snake captures from fences Wildlife Research. 26(1). 1999. 111-116.
    15. Engeman, Richard M.; Vice, Daniel S.; York, Darryl; Gruver, Kenneth S. Sustained evaluation of the effectiveness of detector dogs for locating brown tree snakes in cargo outbound from Guam International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 49(2-3). 2002. 101-106.
    16. Fritts, T. H. 1987. Movements of snakes via cargo in the Pacific region. 'Elepaio 47: 17-18.
    17. Fritts, T. H. 1988. The brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis, a threat to Pacific Islands. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Reports 88(31). 36pp.
    19. Gee II, David E., pers. comm. 2006. Wildlife Biologist, Guam Division of Aquatic & Wildlife Resources and Guam team member of the Pacific Invasives Learning Network (PILN).
    20. Gragg, James E.; Rodda, Gordon H.; Savidge, Julie A.; White, Gary C.; Dean-Bradley, Kathy; Ellingson, Aaron R. Response of brown treesnakes to reduction of their rodent prey Journal of Wildlife Management. 71(7). SEP 2007. 2311-2317.
    21. IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4.
            摘要： The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species provides taxonomic, conservation status and distribution information on taxa that have been globally evaluated using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. This system is designed to determine the relative risk of extinction, and the main purpose of the IUCN Red List is to catalogue and highlight those taxa that are facing a higher risk of global extinction (i.e. those listed as Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable). The IUCN Red List also includes information on taxa that are categorized as Extinct or Extinct in the Wild; on taxa that cannot be evaluated because of insufficient information (i.e. are Data Deficient); and on taxa that are either close to meeting the threatened thresholds or that would be threatened were it not for an ongoing taxon-specific conservation programme (i.e. are Near Threatened).
    Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/ [Accessed 25 May 2011]
    22. Johnston, J. J.; Savarie, P. J. [Author]; Primus, T. M.; Eisemann, J. D.; Hurley, J. C.; Kohler, D. J. Risk assessment of an acetaminophen baiting program for chemical control of brown tree snakes on Guam: Evaluation of baits, snake residues, and potential primary and secondary hazards Environmental Science & Technology. 36(17). September 1, 2002. 3827-3833.
    23. Moore, Ignacio T; Greene, Michael J.; Lerner, Darren T.; Asher, Chance E.; Krohmer, Randolph W.; Hess, David L.; Whittier, Joan; Mason, Robert T. Physiological evidence for reproductive suppression in the introduced population of brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis) on Guam Biological Conservation. 121(1). January 2005. 91-98.
    24. Perry, G. & Vice, D. 2008. An evaluation of passive thermal fumigation for brown treesnake control in surface transportation from Guam. In G.W. Witmer, W.C. Pitt, and K.A. Fagerstone (Eds), Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species: Proceedings of an International Symposium (pp. 224-233). USDA/APHIS/WS, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO.
    25. Perry, G., E.W. Campbell, G.H. Rodda & T.H. Fritts. 1998. Managing Island Biotas: Brown Tree Snake Control Using Barrier Technology, Proc. 18th Vertebr. Pest Conf. (R.O. Baker & A.C. Crabb, Eds.). Univ. of Calf.
    26. Perry, G., Rodda, G.H., Fritts, T.H. & Qualls, F.J. 2004. Snake control using barrier technology: a summary of work conducted 1995-2001. Micronesica 37: 177.
    27. Qualls, Fiona J.; Qualls, Carl P. A simple method of sterilizing male snakes: A potential aid in preventing the spread of brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) from Guam. Herpetological Review. 33(3). September 2002. 185-187
    29. Rodda, G.H., Fritts, T.H., Clark, C.S. Gotte, S.W. and Chiszar, D. 1999a. A state-of-the-art trap for the brown treesnake. In G. Rodda, Y. Sawai, D. Chiszar and H. Tanaka (Eds), Problem Snake Management: Habu and Brown Treesnake (pp. 268-284). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
    30. Rodda, G.H., Fritts, T.H., McCoid, M.J. & Campbell, E.W III. 1999. An overview of the biology of the Brown Treesnake (Boiga irregularis), a costly introduced pest on Pacific Islands. In G.H. Rodda, Y. Sawai, D. Chiszar & H. Tanaka (Eds.), Problem Snake Management: The Habu and the Brown Treesnake. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
    31. Rodda, G.H., Savidge, J.A; Tyrrell, C.L., Christy, M.T., Ellingson, A.R. 2007. Size bias in visual searches and trapping of brown treesnakes on Guam. Journal of Wildlife Management 71(2): 656-661.
    32. Rodda, G.H., Sawai, Y., Chiszar, D. & Tanaka, H. (Eds.). 1999. Problem snake management: The Habu and the Brown Tree Snake. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Publication Associates, Cornell University Press.
            摘要： This book summarizes the state of knowledge as of 1999 - a nice and broad compilation that lists just about everything else of use to that date.
    33. Rodders, Dennis and Stefan Lotters, 2010. Potential Distribution of the Alien Invasive Brown Tree Snake, Boiga irregularis (Reptilia: Colubridae). Pacific Science (2010), vol. 64, no. 1:11–22
    35. Stanford, J.W. & Rodda, G.H. 2007. The brown treesnake rapid response team. USDA National Wildlife Research Center Symposia: Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species.
    37. USDA National Agricultural Library., 2008. Species profiles: Brown Tree snake
            摘要： The U.S.Geological Survey has assumed a central role in studying the biology of the brown tree snake, the problems it can cause and alternatives for control. USGS researchers are also examining how ecological health is jeopardized on Guam and other islands.
    Available from: http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/animals/bts.shtml [Accessed 21 February 2008]
    38. Vice, D.S. & Engeman, R.M. 2000. Brown treesnake discoveries during detector dog inspections following Supertyphoon Paka. Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications University of Nebraska - Lincoln Year 2000
    39. Vice, D.S. & Vice, D.L. Characteristics of Brown Treesnakes Boiga irregularis removed from Guam's transportation network Pacific Conservation Biology. 10(4). 2004. 216-220.
    40. Vice, D.S., Engeman, R.M. & Vice, D.L. 2005a. A comparison of three trap designs for capturing brown treesnakes on Guam, Wildlife Research 32: 355-359.
    41. Westbrook, C. and Ramos, K. 2005. Under Siege: Invasive Species on Military Bases. National Wildlife Federation.
    42. Wiles, G. J., Bart, J., Beck Jr. R. E., and Aguan, C.F., 2003. Impacts of the Brown Tree Snake: Patterns of Decline and Species Persistence in Guam’s Avifauna. Conservation Biology, Volume 17, No. 5.
            摘要： Impacts of brown tree snake on endemic species in Guam.

         结果页： 1  
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