Management Information
For a detailed account of managment of M. quinquenervia please read: Melaleuca quinquenervia (Broad-leaved Paperbark) Management Information. The information in this document is summarised below.Current management methods for melaleuca include herbicides, manual removal of plants, prescribed fires and bio-control.
Preventative Measures: Preventative measures are the best form of weed control. Education on the potential threats posed by melaleuca on invaded ecosystems should be targeted at the nursery industry and the general public.
Monitoring and Mapping: Model projections suggest there is considerable scope for further invasion of melaleuca under current climate conditions, with the highest risk areas occurring in Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, South and Central America and the Gulf coast in southern USA.
Physical:
Mechanical removal using heavy equipment is not appropriate in most natural areas because of disturbances to soils and non-target native vegetation; however, this method of control can be applied along canal and utility rights-of-way (Laroche 1999).
Physical: Physical methods also include the use of prescribed fire and of flooding More information is needed on the timing of prescribed burning, and constraints to this method include impacts on non-target species, the triggering of mass seed release by trees and liability concerns (Turner et al. 1998).
Chemical/Herbicidal Control: Exotic woody vegetation is most frequently managed by herbicides (Laroche 1999). Hexazinone and tebuthiuron are most effective in the control of melaleuca (Laroche 1999), however, they are no longer allowed to be applied directly to water in Florida (Laroche 1998a, in Serbesoff-King 2003). Current chemical control recommendations for melaleuca include low volume applications of glyphosate for control of saplings, and aerial or individual stem (girdle) applications of imazapyr alone, or in combination with glyphosate for mature trees (Langeland and Stocker 1997, in Stocker 1999).
Biological control: The lack of a long-lived soil seed bank (Van et al. 2005, in Center et al. 2007) makes M. quinquenervia vulnerable to herbivore-mediated reductions in fitness and delays in reproductive maturation. As canopy-held seed banks continue to diminish over time (Pratt et al. 2005), seedling suppression is predicted to have long-term effects on plant density. Two bio-control agents, the Australian melaleuca snout weevil (Oxyops vitiosa) and the Australian melaleuca psyllid (Boreioglycaspis melaleucae), have been approved by the USDA for use against melaleuca (Cuba et al. 2003, Wineriter et al. 2003, in Gioeli & Neal 2004) and have been released in the field. Research is being conducted on at least six other potential bio-control agents, including leaf, stem tip, and flower bud feeders (Burrows & Balciunas 1997 1998, Turner et al. 1998, in Stocker 1999).
Legislative: Melaleuca is on both the United States’ Federal Noxious Weed List and the Florida Prohibited Aquatic Plant List (Class I Prohibited aquatic plant) (Florida Department of Environmental Quality).
Integrated management: As a result of the implementation of the integrated Melaleuca Management Plan 1999 almost 100 000 acres of natural area have been cleared of melaleuca (Laroche 1994).
The Areawide Management Evaluation of Melaleuca quinquenervia (TAME) aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of integrated control of melaleuca in invaded habitats in the United States and elsewhere.   
Location Specific Management InformationBahamas
Pratt and colleagues (2007) predict that timely implementation of appropriate control tactics at this early stage of invasion with adequate follow-up efforts and continued vigilance will greatly enhance the probability of averting a large scale M. quinquenervia invasion in the Bahamas.
In response to the actual and potential impacts of exotic species invasions on the biodiversity of the Bahamas, a pilot project was funded in 2003 by the United States Geological Survey and Inter-American Biodiversity Information Network to disseminate invasive species information regionally (Pratt et al. 2007). This effort resulted in the development of a National Invasive Species Strategy (NISS) for the Bahamas (Best Commission 2003, in Pratt et al. 2007), which advocates a sequenced approach to invasive species control: prevention, early detection and response, eradication when possible, and control. The NISS identified priority species for eradication or control, which included M. quinquenervia.
Preventative measures: The CLIMEX model (Watt Kriticos & Manning 2009) has been used to identifies a number of areas where established melaleuca could provide a focal point for invasion and naturalisation. Almost all regions where ornamental plantings occur, were shown to have a suitable climate for the species. Of particular concern were plantings in Brazil, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico and almost all of the Caribbean. Given the invasive spread documented within Florida, early detection and eradication or containment of these ornamental populations within these regions is of prime importance in reducing the risk of melaleuca naturalisation (Watt Kriticos & Manning 2009). Belle Meade
Hand crews came through and removed only large, reproductive trees, leaving the saplings and seedlings for the insects. Biological control agents are attacking plants and keeping the trees from growing and reproducing.
Mechanical Control: In 2002, workers cut all melaleuca trees larger than four inches in diameter. The remaining trees were left for use as a biological control treatment plot.
Chemical Control: Workers treated the stumps of the cut trees to prevent them from regrowing.
Biological Control: In collaboration with the Picyunne Strand State Forest and Florida Department of Environmental Protection, TAME (The Areawide Management Evaluation of Melaleuca quinquenervia) redistributed 60 000 biological control agents to this site over a two year period beginning in 2002. This led to dramatic impacts on the melaleuca population and allowed land managers to divert their limited funds to other locations and other species. Big Cypress National Wildlife Refuge
Integrated Pest Management: Prescribed fire has been incorporated into the largescale control program at Big Cypress National Preserve and elsewhere in the region. Rather than excluding fire, fire is used as a followup
treatment to herbicide application to destroy released melaleuca seeds and seedlings (Myers Belles & Snyder 2001). Brazil
The CLIMEX model (Watt Kriticos & Manning 2009) has been used to identifies a number of areas where established melaleuca could provide a focal point for invasion and naturalisation. Almost all regions where ornamental plantings occur, were shown to have a suitable climate for the species. Of particular concern were plantings in Brazil, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico and almost all of the Caribbean. Given the invasive spread documented within Florida, early detection and eradication or containment of these ornamental populations within these regions is of prime importance in reducing the risk of melaleuca naturalisation (Watt Kriticos & Manning 2009). Broward County
Mechanical Control: Almost 15 acres received mechanical treatments as follows: leveled and chipped using a Barko chipper (the mulch remains on the site) (6.2 acres); leveled and stacked using a feller-buncher (4.6 acres) and standing trees chipped using a brontosaurus (the mulch remains on the site) (4 acres).
Chemical Control: A little more than nineteen acres were given aerial chemical treatments. Two aerial plots each received a different herbicide or mix of herbicides as follows: Arsenal and Rodeo mix (7.5 acres) and Garlon 3A (12 acres). TAME treated 3.5 acres using the “hack and squirt” method with the following herbicides: Arsenal, Rodeo and Arsenal-Rodeo mix. Cut/stump treatments were applied on 8.3 acres. The area was divided into nine subplots, each of which received a different herbicide or mix of herbicides on the cut stumps. Subplots 4 through 9 were treated by contractors with commercial herbicides: Rodeo, Garlon 3A, Garlon 4, Arsenal or Arsenal-Rodeo mix. Subplot 3 was treated with commercially-available consumer products. Subplots 1 and 2 were not treated with herbicides.
Biological Control: TAME (The Areawide Management Evaluation of Melaleuca quinquenervia) released melaleuca psyllids (Boreioglycapsis melaleucae) on 0.34 acres. Melaleuca weevils were also present here naturally as a result of earlier releases elsewhere. Cabo Caribe
The first M. quinquenervia stand was originally reported in 1995 and consisted of about 20 trees (Quevedo 1995). Shortly after its discovery, land managers cut trees near the soil level, resulting in stump coppicing and limited recruitment of seedlings (Pratt et al. 2005b). China
The CLIMEX model (Watt Kriticos & Manning 2009) has been used to identifies a number of areas where established melaleuca could provide a focal point for invasion and naturalisation. Under future climate scenarios, the range of M. quinquenervia is likely to be reduced in most areas,
as temperatures in the tropics and sub-tropics exceed the thresholds that the species can tolerate. Two regions in which the species range is predicted to expand include northern New Zealand and southeast China (Watt Kriticos & Manning 2009). Clewiston
Chemical Control: A little more than nineteen acres were given aerial chemical treatments. Two aerial plots each received a different herbicide or mix of herbicides as follows: Arsenal and Rodeo mix (7.5 acres) and Garlon 3A (12 acres). TAME treated 3.5 acres using the “hack and squirt” method with the following herbicides: Arsenal, Rodeo and Arsenal-Rodeo mix. Cut/stump treatments were applied on 8.3 acres. The area was divided into nine subplots, each of which received a different herbicide or mix of herbicides on the cut stumps. Subplots 4 through 9 were treated by contractors with commercial herbicides: Rodeo, Garlon 3A, Garlon 4, Arsenal or Arsenal-Rodeo mix. Subplot 3 was treated with commercially-available consumer products. Subplots 1 and 2 were not treated with herbicides.
Biological Control: TAME (The Areawide Management Evaluation of Melaleuca quinquenervia) released melaleuca psyllids (Boreioglycapsis melaleucae) on 2.3 acres. Melaleuca weevils were also present here naturally as a result of earlier releases elsewhere. Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary (Collier County)
The demonstration site consists of various treatment plots, each treated using a different control method, mechanical, chemical, or biological. Demonstrating these various control methods alone and in combination shows the importance of using an integrated approach to control melaleuca. This site shows treatments as they might occur on residential property. No heavy machinery such as feller-bunchers or Barko chippers was used.
Chemical Control: Chemical treatments included “hack and squirt” method on 3.5 acres and granular Velpar applied to 0.65 acres. Consumer products were used to treat certain stumps.
Mechanical Control: Almost 6.5 acres of melaleuca infestation were leveled with chainsaws and stumps treated with Rodeo-Arsenal mix, Rodeo, or biomass left in rows, or biomass left were it fell.
Biological Control: TAME (The Areawide Management Evaluation of Melaleuca quinquenervia) released melaleuca psyllids (Boreioglycapsis melaleucae) on 0.34 acres. Melaleuca weevils were also present here naturally as a result of earlier releases elsewhere. Dominican Republic
Preventative measures: The CLIMEX model (Watt Kriticos & Manning 2009) has been used to identifies a number of areas where established melaleuca could provide a focal point for invasion and naturalisation. Almost all regions where ornamental plantings occur, were shown to have a suitable climate for the species. Of particular concern were plantings in Brazil, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico and almost all of the Caribbean. Given the invasive spread documented within Florida, early detection and eradication or containment of these ornamental populations within these regions is of prime importance in reducing the risk of melaleuca naturalisation (Watt Kriticos & Manning 2009). Florida (USA)
Biological control and integrated management programs have resulted in declines of M. quinquenervia in Florida. As a result of the Melaleuca Management Plan (see Integrated Management) almost 40 000 hectares or 100 000 acres of natural area have been cleared of melaleuca (Laroche 1999). Unfortunately, an almost equal expansion of melaleuca on privately held lands has occurred, resulting in no net loss of melaleuca (Laroche 1999). The greatest declines in melaleuca density have occurred in dry rather than seasonally flooded habitats.
Please follow this link for more details on the management of melaleuca in Florida. Florida Everglades
The Everglades could be completely overwhelmed by melaleuca in less than 100 years if it is not kept under control (DiStefano & Fisher 1983, in Laroche 1998). Although melaleuca is a difficult species to eradicate, district, government and private group efforts are containing its spread within the Everglades Water Conservation Areas (WCAs) and the marsh of Lake Okeechobee (Laroche 1998). Melaleuca has been completely cleared from WCA-2A, -3B, and -3A, south of Alligator Alley (Laroche 1998). These areas are now under "maintenance control" (maintenance control means applying management techniques on a continuous basis to keep an invasive plant population at its lowest feasible level) (Laroche 1998). Current estimates place the infestation level at less than 400 000 hectares.
The strategy for managing melaleuca is modified to improve efficacy and cost effectiveness. The frill and girdle method, in which the bark around the circumference of each tree is completely removed to expose the cambium for application of the herbicide solution, is the primary tool used in the least infested areas (Laroche 1998). Aerial application is the most economical method for large melaleuca monocultures (Laroche 1998).
A major effort is now underway to modify the hydrology of southern Florida so as to restore some semblance of the structure and function of the original wetland systems (Ogden 2005, in Center et al 2006). This restoration effort, which focuses upon managing water, may be thwarted by the encroachment of non-indigenous plants, particularly melaleuca, into native communities (Ferriter et al., 2005, in Center et al 2006). Recovery of these systems will therefore require management of these species as well as rejuvenation of historic water flow patterns (Davis and Ogden 1994, in Center et al 2006).
A multi-agency task force comprised of scientists and resource managers organised by the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (EPPC) designed the Melaleuca Management Plan for Florida (Laroche 1994) - a synthesis of years of research and practical experience in melaleuca biology and management. No other invasive exotic has such a clearly articulated management plan as M. quinquenervia (Mazzotti et al. 1997). Some of the main objectives are to coordinate with and support the goals of the south Florida Ecosystem Task Force to protect the integrity of Florida's natural ecosystems from the biological degradation caused by the invasion of melaleuca (Laroche 1999). As a result of the implementation of the Melaleuca Plan almost 100 000 acres of natural area have been cleared of melaleuca (Laroche 1999). Unfortunately, an almost equal expansion of melaleuca on privately held lands where no control activities have occurred has resulted in no net loss of acreage of melaleuca (Laroche 1999). Please see the updated Melaleuca Management Plan (1999). Florida Wetlandsbank
Integrated Management: The Florida Wetlandsbank in Pembroke Pines, Broward county, is a 358-acre site infested with invasive exotics, overrun by all-terrain vehicles and littered by trash dumping (Florida Wetlandsbank undated, in Mazzotti et al. 1997). A restoration, enhancement, and monitoring program is being developed through a cooperative agreement with the city of Pembroke Pines and with e private-sector support (Mazzotti et al. 1997). This for-profit ecological restoration project by private interests on public land will be funded by selling mitigation "credits" to developers from the "bank" (Mazzotti et al. 1997). Ft. Lauderdale (Broward County)
Mechanical Control: No mechanical treatments were used.
Chemical Control: No chemical treatments were used.
Biological Control: Biological control agents are attacking saplings while neighboring trees are protected from attack by spraying the trees with insecticides. Native plants, specifically those closely related to melaleuca, are also planted amongst the melaleuca trees to demonstrate the safety of biological control agents. The site offers the opportunity to get close inspection of the melaleuca biological control insects. This site is ideal for school tours as scientists are often available to give talks and answer questions. Ft. Myers
Natural area land managers and homeowners aren't the only people who struggle with melaleuca problems, but cattle ranchers - particularly on Florida's west coast - contend with melaleuca as a pasture weed. Melaleuca out competes forage grasses and, because cattle don't eat the tree, ranchers are forced to control the tree or lose their pastures. Annual or semi-annual mowing is a common method used to control melaleuca in pastures. However, many ranchers have noted that the biological control agents are severely stunting the melaleuca regrowth and they find that mowing is needed much less often, and in some cases, not at all. At this demonstration site, you can see how biological control is helping in this battle.
Mechanical Control: Some years after invasion by melaleuca, property owners cut melaleuca trees near their bases and continued mowing the regrowth from the stumps on a yearly basis. Portions of the site continue to be mowed yearly while other sections are not to demonstrate the effects of biological control agents.
Chemical Control: No chemical treatments were used.
Biological Control: Biological control agents were liberated to augment the existing population of both melaleuca weevil and psyllids. Insects are attacking the regrowth. Honduras
The CLIMEX model (Watt Kriticos & Manning 2009) has been used to identifies a number of areas where established melaleuca could provide a focal point for invasion and naturalisation. Almost all regions where ornamental plantings occur, were shown to have a suitable climate for the species. Of particular concern were plantings in Brazil, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico and almost all of the Caribbean. Given the invasive spread documented within Florida, early detection and eradication or containment of these ornamental populations within these regions is of prime importance in reducing the risk of melaleuca naturalisation (Watt Kriticos & Manning 2009). Mexico
The CLIMEX model (Watt Kriticos & Manning 2009) has been used to identifies a number of areas where established melaleuca could provide a focal point for invasion and naturalisation. Almost all regions where ornamental plantings occur, were shown to have a suitable climate for the species. Of particular concern were plantings in Brazil, Honduras, Nicaragua, New Zealand
The CLIMEX model (Watt Kriticos & Manning 2009) has been used to identifies a number of areas where established melaleuca could provide a focal point for invasion and naturalisation. Under future climate scenarios, the range of M. quinquenervia is likely to be reduced in most areas,
as temperatures in the tropics and sub-tropics exceed the thresholds that the species can tolerate. Regions in which the species range is predicted to expand include northern New Zealand (Watt Kriticos & Manning 2009). It would be advisable to remove any ornamental plants in this region before northern New Zealand becomes suitable for M. quinquenervia (Watt Kriticos & Manning 2009). Nicaragua
The CLIMEX model (Watt Kriticos & Manning 2009) has been used to identifies a number of areas where established melaleuca could provide a focal point for invasion and naturalisation. Almost all regions where ornamental plantings occur, were shown to have a suitable climate for the species. Of particular concern were plantings in Brazil, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico and almost all of the Caribbean. Given the invasive spread documented within Florida, early detection and eradication or containment of these ornamental populations within these regions is of prime importance in reducing the risk of melaleuca naturalisation (Watt Kriticos & Manning 2009). Palm Beach County
The site consists of various treatment plots marked off with flags. Each plot was treated using a different control method, mechanical, chemical, or biological. Demonstrating these various control methods alone and in combination shows the importance of using an integrated approach to control melaleuca. This site shows treatments as they might occur on residential property.
Mechanical Control:
Trees were leveled using chainsaws and a feller buncher, and the remaining stumps treated with herbicides available to consumers, herbicides available to contractors, or biological controls. In one area, stumps were left untreated for comparison as an experimental control. Some trees were leveled and removed and the stumps ground with a stump grinder.
Chemical Control: Chemical treatments were limited to herbicide applications on stumps after trees were leveled.
Biological Control: TAME (The Areawide Management Evaluation of Melaleuca quinquenervia) released melaleuca psyllids (Boreioglycapsis melaleucae) on 0.16 acres of standing trees. They treated two plots with mechanical control and used the biological control agents as treatment for controlling stump regrowth on one plot and treated the stumps on the other plot with insecticide to protect the stumps from the biological control agents. Melaleuca weevils are present here naturally as a result of earlier releases elsewhere. Prairie Pines
Chemical Control: Slightly over twenty-eight acres received aerial chemical treatments of different herbicides: Arsenal and Rodeo mix (4.4 acres), Garlon 3A (8.7 acres), Velpar (6.8 acres), Rodeo (4.2 acres), Plateau (4.0) acres. TAME (The Areawide Management Evaluation of Melaleuca quinquenervia) treated 7.4 acres using the “hack and squirt” method with the following herbicides: Arsenal, Rodeo, and an Arsenal-Rodeo mix. Five aerial plots and the stumps on nine subplots each received a different herbicide or mix of herbicides, including contractor/commercial herbicides and off-the-shelf consumer products, or received a control treatment. Subplots 1 through 3, 5 and 6 were treated by contractors the following commercial herbicides: Arsenal-Rodeo mix, Arsenal, Rodeo, Garlon 4 or Garlon 3A . Subplot 4 was treated with off-the-shelf consumer products. Subplots 7 through 9 were not treated with chemicals.
Mechanical Control: Almost 15 acres received mechanical treatments using the following processes: standing trees ground using a brontosaurus (4.8 acres); leveled and stacked using a feller-buncher (4.8 acres); or leveled and chipped using a Barko chipper (5 acres).
Biological Control: TAME (The Areawide Management Evaluation of Melaleuca quinquenervia) released melaleuca psyllids (Boreioglycapsis melaleucae) on 3.3 acres. Melaleuca weevils are also present on the site naturally as a result of earlier releases elsewhere. Puerto Rico
Time since establishment and the magnitude of M. quinquenervia invasion is limited in Puerto Rico. Pratt and colleagues (2005b) predict that 1) the timely implementation of control tactics at this early stage of invasion; with 2) adequate follow-up efforts; and 3) continued vigilance will greatly enhance the probability of averting a large scale M. quinquenervia invasion in Puerto Rico. While it seems clear that melaleuca can invade wetlands with hydroperiods like those sustained by sandy soils of Puerto Rico's northern coastal region, it is difficult to predict the total area at risk of invasion (Pratt et al. 2005b). Like in Florida, the distribution of M. quinquenervia in Puerto Rico may be limited by suitable habitat and propagule availability rather than by climate; a more accurate predictor of the tree's potential distribution may be based on lands designated as wetlands and their proximity to a seed source (Pratt et al. 2005b). There are about 64 500 hectares of estuarine and palustrine wetland in Puerto Rico, representing 7.2% of the island (Diaz and Rodriguez 2000, in Pratt et al. 2005b).
The cost associated with treating M. quinquenervia using manually applied herbicides in Florida is estimated at US$ 4 500/ha (Laroche and McKim 2004); however, these estimates were developed from mature stands with relatively large biomass (111.7 metric tons per hectare) than those occurring in places such as Puerto Rico, where the costs would be less (Pratt et al. 2005b).
The feasibility of implementing a bio-control programme for M. quinquenervia in Puerto Rico is dependent on 1) the host specificity of the existing bio-control agents in relation to the island's flora; and 2) conflicts of interest inherent in targeting ornamentally planted M. quinquenervia (Pratt et al. 2005b). The bio-control agents approved for introduction into Florida have not been evaluated for their ability to oviposit and develop on the Myrtaceae of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Liogier (1994, in Pratt et al. 2005b) cites 30 species in the family Myrtaceae that are native to the island of Puerto Rico, none of which were included in initial host testing for the biological control agents described above. In addition, there are three federally (United States Fish and Wildlife Service) and Red List Endangered Myrtaceae in the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico: Thomas' Lidflower (Calyptranthes thomasiana); Uvillo (Eugenia haematocarpa); Eugenia woodburyana; and one federally endangered Myrtaceae: Myrcia pagani. These species, as well as other native Myrtaceae and closely related economically important flora, must be evaluated for damage caused by potential bio-control agents prior to requesting permission to introduce the herbivores into Puerto Rico (Pratt et al. 2005b). St. Lucie County
After 16 years of study Oxyops vitiosa (melaleuca weevil) and Boreioglycaspis melaleucae (melaleuca psyllid) have been approved by the USDA for use as melaleuca biological control agents (Cuba et al. 2003, Wineriter et al 2003, in Gioeli & Neal 2004). In 2001 Gioeli and Neal established a melaleuca bio-control agent honeypot at the St. Lucie County Cooperative Extension Office. The purpose was to provide an easily accessible supply of these melaleuca bio-control agents for distribution to landscapers and the general public. An internet-based ordering system was developed so that the public could order these bio-control agents via the website and pay a minimal shipping and handling fee or personally harvest the bop-control agents for free. During 2003 a total of 39 participants collected or received one or both of these bio-control agents to assist them with their melaleuca integrated pest management strategy. Overall, the program participants have indicated a high level of satisfaction with this program and they have indicated they are pleased to have easy access to these agents. Well Field
Mechanical Control: No mechanical treatments were used.
Chemical Control: No chemical treatments were used.
Biological Control: Some stumps are protected from the insects with insecticide applications, while neighboring stumps are not. This allows land managers to observe a large scale implementation with examples of what would happen if the insects were not there.
Management Resources/Links
1. Buckingham, Gary R. 2001. Quarantine host range studies with Lophyrotoma zonalis, an Australian sawfly of interest for biological control of melaleuca, Melaleuca quinquenervia, in Florida, BioControl (Dordrecht) 46(3): pp. 363-386. 2. Burrows, D.W. and Balciunas, J.K. 1997. Biology, distribution and host-range of the sawfly, Lophyrotoma zonalis (Hym. Pergidae), a potential biological control agent for the paperbark tree, Melaleuca quinquenervia, Entomophaga 42(3): pp. 299-313. 3. Center, T.D., P.D. Pratt, P.W. Tipping, M.B. Rayamajhi, T.K. Van, S.A. Wineriter, F.A. Dray, Jr. & M. Purcell. 2006. Field colonization, population growth, and dispersal of Boreioglycaspis melaleucae Moore, a biological control agent of the invasive tree Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) Blake, Biological Control 39(3): pp. 363-374. 4. Center, T.D., Pratt, P.D., Tipping, P.W., Rayamajhi, M.B., Van, T.K., Wineriter, S.A. & Dray Jr., F.A. 2007. Initial impacts and field validation of host range for Boreioglycaspis melaleucae Moore (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), a biological control agent of the invasive tree Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) blake (Myrtales: Myrtaceae: Leptospermoideae), Environmental Entomology Volume 36(3): pp. 569-576. 6. Costello, S.L., Pratt, P.D., Rayamajhi, M.B. & Center, T.D. 2003. Arthropods associated with above-ground portions of the invasive tree, Melaleuca quinquenervia, in south Florida, USA, Florida Entomologist Volume 86(3): pp. 300-322. 7. Daehler, C.C; Denslow, J.S; Ansari, S and Huang-Chi, K., 2004. A Risk-Assessment System for Screening Out Invasive Pest Plants from Hawaii and Other Pacific Islands. Conservation Biology Volume 18 Issue 2 Page 360.
Summary: A study on the use of a screening system to assess proposed plant introductions to Hawaii or other Pacific Islands and to identify high-risk species used in horticulture and forestry which would greatly reduce future pest-plant problems and allow entry of most nonpests. 8. Davies, K.A, Makinson, J., Purcell, M.F. 2001. Observations on the development and parasitoids of Fergusonina/Fergusobia galls on Melaleuca quinquenervia (Myrtaceae) in Australia, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 125(1): pp. 45-50.
Summary: The gall-forming Fergusonina/Fergusobia association is being considered as a potential biocontrol agent of Melaleuca quinquenervia in Florida, where it has become a serious weed. This paper reports observations on the development of Fergusonina/Fergusobia galls on M. quinquenervia in coastal and sub-coastal south-eastern Queensland and northern New South Wales. The morphology of the gall and the relationship between gall size and numbers of developing cavities and insects are described. Nematodes were found in cavities containing first and second or early third stage fly larvae. Eight species of hymenopteran parasitoids were reared from galls. 10. Franks, S.J., Kral, A.M. & Pratt, P.D. 2006. Herbivory by introduced insects reduces growth and survival of Melaleuca quinquenervia seedlings Environmental Entomology 35(2): pp. 366-372. 11. Fuller, D. O. 2005. Remote detection of invasive Melaleuca trees (Melaleuca quinquenervia) in South Florida with multispectral IKONOS imagery, International Journal of Remote Sensing 26(5): pp. 1057 - 1063. 14. IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)., 2010. A Compilation of Information Sources for Conservation Managers.
Summary: This compilation of information sources can be sorted on keywords for example: Baits & Lures, Non Target Species, Eradication, Monitoring, Risk Assessment, Weeds, Herbicides etc. This compilation is at present in Excel format, this will be web-enabled as a searchable database shortly. This version of the database has been developed by the IUCN SSC ISSG as part of an Overseas Territories Environmental Programme funded project XOT603 in partnership with the Cayman Islands Government - Department of Environment. The compilation is a work under progress, the ISSG will manage, maintain and enhance the database with current and newly published information, reports, journal articles etc. 15. Kueffer, C. and Mauremootoo, J., 2004. Case Studies on the Status of Invasive Woody Plant Species in the Western Indian Ocean. 3. Mauritius (Islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues). Forest Health & Biosecurity Working Papers FBS/4-3E. Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 16. Laroche, F.B. 1998. Managing melaleuca (Melaleuca quinquenervia) in the Everglades, Weed Technology 12(4): pp. 726-732. 17. Laroche, F.B. 1999. Melaleuca Management Plan: Ten Years of Successful Melaleuca Management in Florida (1988 - 1998). Florida EPPC (Exotic Pest Plant Council) 19. Myers, R.L., H.A. Belles & J.R. Snyder. 2001. Prescribed fire in the management of Melaleuca quinquenervia in subtropical Florida. Pages 132-140 in K.E.M. Galley and T.P. Wilson (eds.). Proceedings of the Invasive Species Workshop: the Role of Fire in the Control and Spread of Invasive Species. Fire Conference 2000: the First National Congress on Fire Ecology, Prevention, and Management. Miscellaneous Publication No. 11, Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, FL. 23. Pratt, P. & Ferriter, A. 2001. Plan of Work for The Areawide Management Evaluation of Melaleuca quinquenervia (TAME Melaleuca). United States Department of Agriculture. 24. Pratt, P. D., Slone, D. H., Rayamajhi, M. B., Van, T. K. & Center, T. D. 2003. Geographic distribution and dispersal rate of Oxyops vitiosa (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a biological control agent of the invasive tree Melaleuca quinquenervia in south Florida, Environmental Entomology 32(2): pp. 397-406. 25. Purcell, M. F. & Goolsby, J. A. 2005. Herbivorous insects associated with the paperbark Melaleuca quinquenervia and its allies: VI. Pergidae (Hymenoptera), Australian Entomologist 32: pp. 37-48.
Summary: Surveys were conducted in Australia to find biological control agents for the broad-leaved paperbark tree, Melaleuca quinquenervia, a serious pest in Florida, USA. This paper presents collection records and biological information for five sawfly species: Acanthoperga cameronii (Westwood), Perga vollenhovii Westwood, Pergagrapta polita Leach, Pterygophorus insignis Kirby and Lophyrotoma zonalis (Rohwer); all in family Pergidae. One of these species, Lophyrotoma zonalis, was extensively studied as a biological control agent but concerns over its toxicity have delayed release. 26. Rayachhetry, M.B., Elliott, M.L., Center, T.D. & Laroche, F. 1999. Field evaluation of a native fungus for control of melaleuca (Melaleuca quinquenervia) in southern Florida, Weed Technology 13(1): pp. 59-64. 27. Rayamajhi, M.B., Van, T.K., Pratt, P.D. & Center, T.D. 2006a. Interactive association between Puccinia psidii and Oxyops vitiosa, two introduced natural enemies of Melaleuca quinquenervia in Florida, Biological Control 37(1): pp. 56-67. 28. Rayamajhi, Min B., Pratt, Paul D., Center, Ted D., Tipping, Philip W. & Van, Thai K. 2008a. Aboveground biomass of an invasive tree melaleuca (Melaleuca quinquenervia) before and after herbivory by adventive and introduced natural enemies: A temporal case study in Florida, Weed Science 56(3): pp. 451-456. 29. Scheffer, S. J., Giblin-Davis, R. M., Taylor, G. S., Davies, K. A., Purcell, M., Lewis, M. L., Goolsby, J., Center, T. D. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships, species limits, and host specificity of gall-forming Fergusonina flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) feeding on Melaleuca (Myrtaceae), Annals of the Entomological Society of America 97(6): pp.1216-1221. 30. Serbesoff-King, Kristina. 2003. Melaleuca in Florida: A literature review on the taxonomy, distribution, biology, ecology, economic importance and control measures, Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 41: pp. 98-112. 32. Silvers, C.S., Pratt, P.D., Ferriter, A.P. & Center, T.D. 2007. TAME melaleuca: A regional approach for suppressing one of Florida's worst weeds, Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 45: pp. 1-8. 33. Stocker, R.K. 1999. Mechanical harvesting of Melaleuca quinquenervia in Lake Okeechobee, Florida, Ecological Engineering 12(3-4): pp. 373-386. 35. Tipping, P.W., Martin, M.R., Nimmo, K.R., Pierce, R.M., Smart, M.D., White, E., Madeira, P.T. & Center, T.D. 2009. Invasion of a West Everglades wetland by Melaleuca quinquenervia countered by classical biological control, Biological Control 48(1): pp. 73-78. 36. Tipping, P.W., Martin, M.R., Pratt, P.D., Center, T.D., Rayamajhi, M.B. 2008. Suppression of growth and reproduction of an exotic invasive tree by two introduced insects, Biological Control 44(2): 235-241. 37. Turner, C.E., Center, T.D., Burrows, D.W. & Buckingham, G.R. 1998. Ecology and management of Melaleuca quinquenervia, an invader of wetlands in Florida, USA, Wetlands Ecology and Management 5(3): pp. 165-178. 39. Watt, M.S., Kriticos, D.J. & Manning, L.K. 2009. The current and future potential distribution of Melaleuca quinquenervia, Weed Research Volume 49(4): pp. 381-390. 40. Wheeler, G.S. & Ordung, K.M. 2006. Lack of an induced response following fire and herbivory of two chemotypes of Melaleuca quinquenervia and its effect on two biological control agents, Biological Control 39(2): pp. 154-161. 42. Wineriter, S.A., G.R. Buckingham & F.J. Howard. 2003. Host range of Boreioglycaspis melaleucae Moore (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), a potential biocontrol agent of Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake (Myrtaceae), under quarantine, Biological Control 27(3): pp. 273-292. Results Page: 1
|
