Plasmodium relictum (微生物)

生態 分佈 管理 影響 參考資料 聯繫

管理資訊 預防措施：因為瘧原蟲(Plasmodium relictum)與蚊子族群一起出現，瘧疾非常難根除。想要有效地從一個棲息地除去瘧疾，必須移除病媒體(蚊子)或避免蚊子叮咬鳥類(USDI and USGS 2005). 這是很困難的，尤其在夏威夷的偏遠濕森林，在哪裡野豬的鑿穴與羊齒植物，提供蚊子繁殖(USDI 與美國地質勘探局 2005)充足的死水區域. 一個有效的程序是，減少水容器，以減少蚊子繁殖的地方(SPREP Undated)。然而，在夏威夷嘗試減少幼蟲的棲息地與使用幼蟲殺蟲劑，非常不成功。 化學方法：受感染的鳥可以用藥物治療，例如氯奎寧與伯胺喹(Cranfield et al. Undated)。              管理資源 /鏈接 1. Cranfield, M.R., Graczyk, T., McCutchan, T., Shaw, M., Beall, F., Skjoldager, M. and Ialeggio, D. Undated. Avian Malaria in the African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus).         摘要： Available from: http://www.veterinaria.uchile.cl/publicacion/congresoxi/prafesional/exo/4.doc [Accessed 6 April 2006] 2. Gleeson, Dianne, and Tompkins, Dan, Manaaki whenua-Landcare Research. Avian malaria in New Zealand – Hawaii all over again? Centre for Biodiversity and Biosecurity Seminar Series, University of Auckland. 3. Grim, K.C., McCutchan, T., Li, J., Sullivan, M., Graczyk, T.K., McConkey, G. & Cranfield, M. 2004. Preliminary results of an anticircumsporozoite DNA vaccine trial for protection against avian malaria in captive African black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 35(2): 154-161. 4. Kilpatrick, A.M. 2006. Facilitating the evolution of resistance to avian malaria in Hawaiian birds. Biological Conservation 128: 475-485. 5. Lounibos, L.P. 2002. Invasions by Insect Vectors of Human Disease, Annual Review of Entomology 47. Mandal, S.K., Ghosh, A., Bhattacharjee, I. & Chandra, G. 2008. Biocontrol efficiency of odonate nymphs against larvae of the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823. Acta Tropica 106: 109-114. 6. Mosha, F.W., Lyimo, I.N., Oxborough, R.M., Malima, R., Tenu, F., Feston, E., Mndeme, R., Magesa, S.M. & Rowland, M. 2008. Experimental hut evaluation of the pyrrole insecticide chlorfenapyr on bed nets for the control of Anopheles arabiensis and Culex quinquefasciatus. Tropical Medicine and International Health 13(5): 644-652. 7. Nishida, G. M. and Evenhuis, N. L. 2000. Arthropod pests of conservation significance in the Pacific: A preliminary assessment of selected groups. In Invasive Species in the Pacific: A Technical Review and Draft Regional Strategy. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Samoa: 115-142.         摘要： Discusses over a dozen of the worst arthropod pests in the South Pacific, with particular emphasis on ants and their control and management. 8. U.S. Department of the Interior (USDI) and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). 2005. Avian Malaria.         摘要： Available from: http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/hfs/Malaria.htm [Accessed 6 April 2006] 9. Vanderwerf, E.A. & Smith, D.G. 2002. Effects of alien rodent control on demography of the O'ahu 'Elepaio, an endangered Hawaiian forest bird. Pacific Conservation Biology 8(2): 73-81. 10. Varnham, K. 2006. Non-native species in UK Overseas Territories: a review. JNCC Report 372. Peterborough: United Kingdom.         摘要： This database compiles information on alien species from British Overseas Territories. Available from: http://www.jncc.gov.uk/page-3660 [Accessed 10 November 2009] 11. Wirth, M.C., Walton, W.E. & Federici, B.A. 1999. Cyt1A from Bacillus thuringiensis restores toxicity of Bacillus sphaericus against resistant Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae), Journal of Medical Entomology 37(3).          結果頁： 1