issg Database: Management and Information Links for Adelges tsugae

Adelges tsugae (insect)

Ecology Distribution Management
Info Impact
Info References
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         Management Information

The USDA Forest Service has produced a handbook which summarises current scientific knowledge of the impact of Adelges tsugae on eastern hemlock forests. It is designed to help resource managers make informed decisions in preparing management plans to deal with the hemlock woolly adelgid. For more details on management of Adelges tsugae, please follow this link Adelges tsugae management compiled by the ISSG

         Location Specific Management Information
Connecticut (United States (USA))
Connecticut's eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) stands have shown remarkable recovery from a period of decline and damage in the mid-late 1990s. This trend is correlated with the release of the introduced Sasajiscymnus (Pseudoscymnus) tsugae as a biological control agent. The improvement in hemlock health has also occurred at a greater rate at S. tsugae release sites than at non-release sites (Cheah et al. 2005).
The ladybird beetle (Pseudoscymnus tsugae) has been released on sites in Fairfield, Hartford, Litchfield, Middlesex, New Haven, New London, Tolland, Windham counties for the biological control of adelgid (Onken, 2002).
Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area (United States (USA))
A total of 65,700 Pseudoscymnus tsugae beetles had been released in Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area by 2003.
Georgia (USA) (United States (USA))
Three biological control agents have been released in Rabun county - the lady beetles Sasajiscymnus tsugae (=Pseudoscymnus tsugae) and Scymnus sinuanodulus, and Laricobius nigrinus (Asaro et al. 2005).
Great Smoky Mountains National Park (United States (USA))
In 2004, 900 acres of hemlock were treated for Adelges tsugae in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, using insecticides (Johnson et al. 2005).
Maine (United States (USA))
The state of Maine imposes quarantine regulations to prevent the further introduction of Adelges tsugae. See details on the Maine Forest Service website.
Maryland (USA) (United States (USA))
Details of the Maryland Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Management Plan are available in Rabaglia, 2005.
300 Laricobius nigrinus beetles were released in Maryland between 2003 and 2004 (USDA, 2004).
The ladybird beetle (Pseudoscymnus tsugae) has been release at one site in Harford (10,000 beetles) (Onken, 2002).
Massachusetts (United States (USA))
The ladybird beetle (Pseudoscymnus tsugae) has been released at sites in Norfolk, Middlesex, Hampden and Essex for the biological control of the adelgid (Onken, 2002).
Michigan (United States (USA))
The state of Michigan imposes strict quarantine regulations to prevent the arrival of A. tsugae.
New Hampshire (United States (USA))
The ladybird beetle (Pseudoscymnus tsugae) has been released at one site in Rockingham (2950 beetles) (Onken, 2002).
The state of New Hampshire has imposed quarantine regulations to prevent the further spread of A. tsugae (Ward et al. 2004).
New Jersey (United States (USA))
The ladybird beetle (Pseudoscymnus tsugae) has been released at sites in Hunterdon, Mercer, Monmouth, Morris, Passaic, Sussex, Warren for the biological control of the adelgid (Onken, 2002).
New York (United States (USA))
The ladybird beetle (Pseudoscymnus tsugae) has been released at sites in Columbia, Greene, Putnam, Ulster, Westchester for the biological control of the adelgid (Onken, 2002).
North Carolina (United States (USA))
300 Laricobius nigrinus beetles were released in North Carolina between 2003 and 2004 (USDA, 2004). The ladybird beetle (Pseudoscymnus tsugae) has been released at sites in Stokes, Watagua, Graham for the biological control of the adelgid (Onken, 2002).
Pennsylvania (United States (USA))
600 Laricobius nigrinus beetles have been released in Pennsylvania between 2003 and 2004 (USDA, 2004). The ladybird beetle (Pseudoscymnus tsugae) has been released at sites in Wayne, Snyder, Pike, Perry, Northampton, Franklin, for the biological control of the adelgid (Onken, 2002).
Rhode Island (United States (USA))
The ladybird beetle (Pseudoscymnus tsugae) has been released at two sites in Providence (15,000 beetles) for the biological control of the adelgid (Onken, 2002).
Tennessee (United States (USA))
300 Laricobius nigrinus were released in Tennessee between 2003 and 2004 for the biological control of this adelgid (USDA, 2004).
Vermont (United States (USA))
The state of Vermont imposes quarantine regulations to prevent the spread of A. tsugae (Ward et al. 2004).
Virginia (United States (USA))
1452 Laricobius nigrinus beetles were released in Virginia between 2003 and 2004 (USDA, 2004). The ladybird beetle (Pseudoscymnus tsugae) has been released at sites in Albemarle, Giles, Grayson, Highland and Nelson for the biological control of the adelgid (Onken, 2002).
West Virginia (United States (USA))
1200 Laricobius nigrinus beetles were released in West Virginia between 2003 and 2004 (USDA, 2004). The ladybird beetle (Pseudoscymnus tsugae) has been released at sites in Berkeley, Hampshire, Hardy, Pendleton (Onken, 2002).

         Management Resources/Links

1. Asaro, C., Berisford, C.W., Montgomery, M.E., Rhea, J. and Hanula, J. 2005. Biological control of the hemlock woolly adelgid in the Southern Appalachians. In: Onken, B. and Reardon, R. (Compilers). 2005. Third Symposium on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States. Asheville, North Carolina. February 1-3, 2005.
        Summary: This paper provides details of biological control releases in the Southern Appalachian areas.
Available from: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa/pub/2005_proceedings/asaro.pdf [Accessed 29 September 2006]
2. Cheah, C.A.S-J., Mayer, M.A., Palmer, D., Scudder, T. and Chianese, R. 2005. Assessments of biological control of hemlock woolly adelgid with Sasajiscymnus tsugae in Connecticut and New Jersey. In: Onken, B. and Reardon, R. (Compilers). 2005. Third Symposium on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States. Asheville, North Carolina. February 1-3, 2005.
        Summary: This paper looks at the impacts of the biological control agent Sasajiscymnus tsugae on A. tsugae numbers in Connecticut and New Jersey.
Available from: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa/pub/2005_proceedings/cheah.pdf [Accessed 6 October 2006]
3. Conway, H., Culin, J.D. and Hedden, R. 2004. Introduced biological control agents for hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA). Clemson University Entomology Insect Information Series.
        Summary: This fact sheet provides information about the biological control agents used for A. tsugae in the USA.
4. Costa, S.D., Skinner, M., Gouli, S., Brownbridge, M., Gouli, V., Reid, W. and Parker, B.L. Undated. Development of insect-killing fungi for management of hemlock woolly adelgid.
        Summary: This paper presents recent research looking into the use of fungi as a component of the integrated management of A. tsugae.
Available from: http://na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa/pdfs/Insect_Killing_Fungi.pdf [Accessed 3 October 2006]
5. Cowles, R.S. Soil application of imidacloprid to control hemlock woolly adelgid: best management practices. USDA Forest Service, Hemlock Woolly Adelgid website: Chemical control.
        Summary: This paper provides best management practice recommendations for the soil application of imidacloprid.
Available from: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa/pub/cowles-bmp.pdf [Accessed 29 September 2006]
6. Cowles, R.S., Cheah, C. S-J. and Montgomery, M.E. 2005. Comparing systemic imidacloprid application methods for controlling hemlock woolly adelgid. In: Onken, B. and Reardon, R. (Compilers). 2005. Third Symposium on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States. Asheville, North Carolina. February 1-3, 2005.
        Summary: This paper compares methods of applying imidacloprid to control A. tsugae.
Available from: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa/pub/2005_proceedings/cowles.pdf [Accessed 29 September 2006]
7. Johnson, K., Taylor, G. and Remaley, T. 2005. Managing hemlock woolly adelgid and balsam woolly adelgid at Great Smoky Mountains National Park. In:Onken, B. and Reardon, R. (Compilers). 2005. Third Symposium on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States. Asheville, North Carolina. February 1-3, 2005.
        Summary: This abstract outlines the history and management of A. tsugae in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
Available from: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa/pub/2005_proceedings/johnson.pdf [Accessed 5 October 2006]
8. Mark S. McClure. 1998. Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Annand), The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station.
        Summary: Detailed report on description, distribution, symptoms of attack, effect on the host, and control.
9. Mark S. McClure. Managing Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, City Trees - The Journal of The Society of Municipal Arborists, Vol 33, Number 6 November/December 1997.
        Summary: Detailed report on description, distribution, symptoms of attack, effect on the host, and control.
10. McClure, M., Salom, S., Shields, K. 2001. Hemlock woolly adelgid. FHTET-2001-03.
        Summary: Includes information on native range of hemlock, and range of hemlock woolly adelgid, the importance of hemlocks in eastern forest ecosystems, and on hosts, life cycle, control and population trends of the hemlock woolly adelgid.
11. McClure, M.S. 1997."Managing Hemlock Woolly Adelgid. City Trees - The Journal of The Society of Municipal Arborists. 33 (6) November/December 1997.
        Summary: Detailed report on description, distribution, symptoms of attack, effect on the host, and control.
12. McClure, M.S. Undated. Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Annand). The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station.
        Summary: Detailed report on description, distribution, symptoms of attack, effect on the host, and control.
13. Michigan Department of Agriculture. 2001. Hemlock woolly adelgid quarantine. Pesticide and Plant Pest Management Division.
        Summary: This document outlines the quarantine measures undertaken to prevent the spread of A. tsugae into Michigan.
Available from: http://na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa/pdfs/miquar.pdf [Accessed 5 October 2006]
14. Morisawa, T. 22 March 2000. "Hemlock Woolly Adelgid: Adelges tsugae Annand", University of California, Davis, The Nature Conservancy.
        Summary: Detailed report on description and management of the pest.
15. Morisawa, T., 2003, Hemlock Woolly Adelgid: Adelges tsugae Annand, University of California, Davis, The Nature Conservancy.
        Summary: Detailed report on description and management of the pest.
16. New Hampshire Division of Forests and Lands. 2001. Hemlock Wooly Adelgid. Concord, New Hampshire: Department of Resources and Economic Development.
        Summary: Brief report on description, distribution, symptoms of attack, effect on the host, and control.
17. New Hampshire Division of Forests and Lands. 2001. Hemlock Wooly Adelgid. Concord, New Hampshire: Department of Resources and Economic Development.
        Summary: Brief report on description, distribution, symptoms of attack, effect on the host, and control.
18. Onken, B. 2005. Where are we now and where do we need to go? In: Onken, B. and Reardon, R. (Compilers). 2005. Third Symposium on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States. Asheville, North Carolina. February 1-3, 2005.
        Summary: This paper provides an overview of the current management of A. tsugae and priorities for future directions.
Available from: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa/pub/2005_proceedings/onken.pdf [Accessed 5 October 2006]
19. Onken, B.P. 2002. Hemlock Woolly Adelgid - a race in time. USDA Forest Service.
        Summary: This paper outlines the distribution of A. tsugae and the biological control agent P. tsugae in the USA.
Available from: http://na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa/pdfs/a_race_in_time.pdf [Accessed 29 September 2006]
20. Orwig, D.A. and Kittredge, D. 2005. Silvicultural options for managing hemlock forests threatened by hemlock woolly adelgid. In: Onken, B. and Reardon, R. (Compilers). 2005. Third Symposium on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States. Asheville, North Carolina. February 1-3, 2005.
        Summary: This paper provides a detailed discussion of silvicultural options for management of A. tsugae in hemlock forests.
Available from: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa/pub/2005_proceedings/orwig.pdf [Accessed 5 October 2006]
21. Pais, R.C. and Polster, K.M. Undated. Strategies for Managing Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae) in Forests. EcoScientific Solutions LLC, 930 Meadow Avenue, Suite 2B, Scranton, PA 18505.
        Summary: A detailed report on methods and management strategies.
22. Rabaglia, R.J. 2005. The Maryland hemlock woolly adelgid management plan. In: Onken, B. and Reardon, R. (Compilers). 2005. Third Symposium on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States. Asheville, North Carolina. February 1-3, 2005.
        Summary: This paper gives a brief overview of the history of A. tsugae in Maryland and details the management plan.
Available from: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa/pub/2005_proceedings/rabaglia.pdf [Accessed 5 October 2006]
23. Salom, S. M., 1999. Virginia Tech Department of Entomology. Hemlock Woolly Adelgid: A Major Threat to Eastern Hemlock, Virginia Forest Landowner Update. Spring 1999 -- Volume 13, No. 2 .
        Summary: Report on description, hosts and distribution, symptoms of attack, effect on the host, life history and behavior, and control.
24. Salom, S.M. 1999. Hemlock Woolly Adelgid: A Major Threat to Eastern Hemlock. Virginia Forest Landowner Update. Spring 1999. 13 (2). Virginia Tech Department of Entomology.
        Summary: Report on description, hosts and distribution, symptoms of attack, effect on the host, life history and behavior, and control.
25. Shields, K.S. and Hirth, R.T. 2005. Bacterial endosymbionts of Adelges tsugae Annand: Potential targets for biocontrol? In: Onken, B. and Reardon, R. (Compilers). 2005. Third Symposium on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States. Asheville, North Carolina. February 1-3, 2005.
        Summary: This paper looks at the potential of targeting bacterial endosymbionts of A. tsugae for biological control.
Available from: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa/pub/2005_proceedings/shields_hirth.pdf [Accessed 5 October 2006]
26. Strategies for Managing Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae) in Forests Richard C. Pais and Kathleen M. Polster EcoScientific Solutions LLC 930 Meadow Avenue, Suite 2B, Scranton, PA 18505
        Summary: A detailed report on methods and management strategies.
27. USDA Forest Service, 2006. Northeastern area. Hemlock wooly adelgid
        Summary: USDA Forest Service website. Provides up to date information on distribution of HWA, management, image gallery, contacts etc.
Available from: http://na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa/ [Accessed 5 September 2006]
28. USDA Forest Service. 2004. Biological control of hemlock woolly adelgid. USDA Forest Service FHTET-2004-04.
        Summary: The Invasive.org website provides detailed information about the biological control of A. tsugae.
Available from: http://www.invasive.org/hwa/index.cfm [Accessed 5 October 2006]
29. USDA Forest Service. 2004. Number of beetles released and release sites by state.
        Summary: This report gives information on the release numbers and sites of the biological control beetles.
Available from: http://na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa/maps/beetles_released_july_20_04.pdf [Accessed 29 September 2006]
30. USDA Forest Service., 2008. Hemlock Woolly Adelgid website. Northeastern Area Forest Health Protection
        Summary: USDA Forest Service website. Provides up to date information on distribution of HWA, management, image gallery, contacts etc.
Available from: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa/ [Accessed 6 October 2006]
31. USDA National Agricultural Library., 2006. National Invasive Species Information Centre Species profiles Hemlock wooly adelgid.
        Summary: This webpage provides extensive links to Federal and State government, University and Internal resources of information on the Hemlock wooly adelgid.
Available from: http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/animals/hwa.shtml [Accessed September 2006]
32. USDA. 3 June 2002, " Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Management ", USDA Forest Service - Northeastern Area.
        Summary: Brief report on key issues and budget history of management strategies.
33. Ward, J.S., Montgomery, M.E., Cheah, C.A.S-J., Onken, B.P. and Cowles, R.S. 2004. Eastern hemlock forests: Guidelines to minimize the impacts of hemlock woolly adelgid. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry, Morgantown, West Virginia.
        Summary: This handbook provides comprehensive information about eastern hemlock forests, A. tsugae, and options for its control.
Available from: http://na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa/pub/guidelines_to_minimize_hwa_impacts_pub.pdf [Accessed 6 October 2006]
34. Webb, R.E., Frank, J.R. and Raupp, M.J. 2003. Eastern hemlock recovery from Hemlock Woolly Adelgid damage following imidacloprid therapy. Journal of Arboriculture. 29 (5): 298-302.
        Summary: This paper discusses how imidacloprid can be used to manage A. tsugae.
Available from: http://na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa/pub/web_et_al.pdf [Accessed 3 October 2006]
         Results Page: 1

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