Management Information
Preventative measures: In Queensland, Australia, management practices aimed at minimising the risk of spread and invasion are being promoted under a code of good practice for livestock farmers who cultivate Leucaena. The policy endorsed in November 2004 "addresses the need for land use management recommendations over the location, design and management of plantings of the shrub legume leucaena to reduce the weed risk. The policy has been developed by Government agencies with responsibilities for natural resource management following consultation with industry, local governments and community groups" (NRM, 2005). A Risk Assessment of
Leucaena leucocephala for Hawai‘i and other Pacific islands was prepared by Dr. Curtis Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service. The alien plant screening system is derived from Pheloung et al. (1999) with minor modifications for use in Pacific islands (Daehler et al. 2004). The result is a score of 15 and a recommendation of: "Likely to cause significant ecological or economic harm in Hawai‘i and on other Pacific Islands as determined by a high WRA score, which is based on published sources describing species biology and behaviour in Hawai‘i and/or other parts of the world." A Risk assessment of Leucaena leucocephala for Australia was prepared by Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) using the Australian risk assessment system (Pheloung, 1995). The result is a score of 11 and a recommendation of: reject the plant for import (Australia) or species likely to be of high risk (Pacific).
Biological: A bruchid beetle seed predator, Acanthoscelides macrophthalmus has been deliberately introduced and released in South Africa as a biocontrol agent and the same insect has been accidentally introduced to Australia. The accidental spread of the psyllid insect defoliator Heteropsylla cubana in the mid 1980s can cause cyclical defoliation, but does not kill trees and the psyllid appears to have been brought under control by a number of generalist local (and in some cases introduced) psyllid predators and parasites. Integrated management: Once established, Leucaena is difficult to eradicate. It resprouts vigorously after cutting. Cut stumps need to be treated with diesel or other chemicals. Furthermore, the soil seed bank can remain viable for at least 10-20 years after seed dispersal.
Location Specific Management InformationCayman Brac (Cayman Islands)
Prevention of spread of to Leucaena leucocephala Little Cayman is critical (Burton, 2003 in Varnham, 2006). Floreana Is. (Ecuador)
Eradication management plans have been prepared for the first three islands. Trials in Galapagos have shown that the species is possible to kill with picloram and metsulfuron-methyl at 5-10%. It is estimated that this species could be eradicated from Floreana Island in ten years, at a cost of 62,000 USD (Rachel Atkinson., pers.comm., July 2008).Rentería et al. (2007) documents costed eradication plans for 21 invasive species including Leucaena leucocephala in Galapagos. The plans were developed as part of a GEF funded project ECU/00/G31 'Control of Invasive species in the Galapagos Archipelago'.
The management plans report projects at different stages of development and for species that have invaded to different extents. Three of the projects have already been finished successfully, 5 have yet to be started, and for the rest the projects have been running for between 1 and 6 years. The cost and time needed for eradication varies considerably by species and demonstrates the importance of species eradication as soon as possible after detection.
Please follow this link Rentería et al. 2006 to an illustrated guide providing practical information for the effective control of the worst invasive plant species in Galapagos. Designed for farmers and other land managers, it describes manual and chemical control methods. Leucaena leucocephala is among 23 introduced species with descriptions and control options listed. Galapagos Islands (Ecuador)
Eradication management plans have been prepared for the first three islands. The species is already too widespread in San Cristóbal (especially the coastal village of Puerto Baquerizo Moreno) to consider the possibility of eradication there. Trials in Galapagos have shown that the species is possible to kill with picloram and metsulfuron-methyl at 5-10%. (Rachel Atkinson., pers.comm., July 2008)Rentería et al. (2007) documents costed eradication plans for 21 invasive species including Leucaena leucocephala in Galapagos. The plans were developed as part of a GEF funded project ECU/00/G31 'Control of Invasive species in the Galapagos Archipelago'.
The management plans report projects at different stages of development and for species that have invaded to different extents. Three of the projects have already been finished successfully, 5 have yet to be started, and for the rest the projects have been running for between 1 and 6 years. The cost and time needed for eradication varies considerably by species and demonstrates the importance of species eradication as soon as possible after detection.
Please follow this link Rentería et al. 2006 to An illustrated guide providing practical information for the effective control of the worst invasive plant species in Galapagos. Designed for farmers and other land managers, it describes manual and chemical control methods. Leucaena leucocephala is among 23 introduced species with descriptions and control options listed. Grand Cayman (Cayman Islands)
Prevention of spread of to Leucaena leucocephala Little Cayman is critical (Burton, 2003 in Varnham, 2006). Isabela Is. (Ecuador) (Ecuador)
Eradication management plans have been prepared for the first three islands. Trials in Galapagos have shown that the species is possible to kill with picloram and metsulfuron-methyl at 5-10%. It is estimated that this species could be eradicated from Isabela Island in ten years, at a cost of 30,500 USD.
(Rachel Atkinson., pers.comm., July 2008) Rentería et al. (2007) documents costed eradication plans for 21 invasive species including Leucaena leucocephala in Galapagos. The plans were developed as part of a GEF funded project ECU/00/G31 'Control of Invasive species in the Galapagos Archipelago'.
The management plans report projects at different stages of development and for species that have invaded to different extents. Three of the projects have already been finished successfully, 5 have yet to be started, and for the rest the projects have been running for between 1 and 6 years. The cost and time needed for eradication varies considerably by species and demonstrates the importance of species eradication as soon as possible after detection.
Please follow this link Rentería et al. 2006 to an illustrated guide providing practical information for the effective control of the worst invasive plant species in Galapagos. Designed for farmers and other land managers, it describes manual and chemical control methods. Leucaena leucocephala is among 23 introduced species with descriptions and control options listed. San Cristobal Is. (Ecuador) (Ecuador)
Eradication management plans have been prepared for the first three islands. The species is already too widespread in San Cristóbal (especially the coastal village of Puerto Baquerizo Moreno) to consider the possibility of eradication there. Trials in Galapagos have shown that the species is possible to kill with picloram and metsulfuron-methyl at 5-10%.
(Rachel Atkinson., pers.comm., July 2008) Rentería et al. (2007) documents costed eradication plans for 21 invasive species including Leucaena leucocephala in Galapagos. The plans were developed as part of a GEF funded project ECU/00/G31 'Control of Invasive species in the Galapagos Archipelago'.
The management plans report projects at different stages of development and for species that have invaded to different extents. Three of the projects have already been finished successfully, 5 have yet to be started, and for the rest the projects have been running for between 1 and 6 years. The cost and time needed for eradication varies considerably by species and demonstrates the importance of species eradication as soon as possible after detection.
Please follow this link Rentería et al. 2006 to an illustrated guide providing practical information for the effective control of the worst invasive plant species in Galapagos. Designed for farmers and other land managers, it describes manual and chemical control methods. Leucaena leucocephala is among 23 introduced species with descriptions and control options listed. Santa Cruz (Argentina) (Argentina)
L. leucocephala is one of the target species of an eradication programme on Santa Cruz Island. Santa Cruz Is. (Ecuador) (Ecuador)
Eradication management plans have been prepared for the first three islands. Trials in Galapagos have shown that the species is possible to kill with picloram and metsulfuron-methyl at 5-10%. It is estimated that eradication on Sanata Cruz may be possible in 10-15 years at a cost of 130,000 USD.
(Rachel Atkinson., pers.comm., July 2008) Rentería et al. (2007) documents costed eradication plans for 21 invasive species including Leucaena leucocephala in Galapagos. The plans were developed as part of a GEF funded project ECU/00/G31 'Control of Invasive species in the Galapagos Archipelago'.
The management plans report projects at different stages of development and for species that have invaded to different extents. Three of the projects have already been finished successfully, 5 have yet to be started, and for the rest the projects have been running for between 1 and 6 years. The cost and time needed for eradication varies considerably by species and demonstrates the importance of species eradication as soon as possible after detection.
Please follow this link Rentería et al. 2006 to an illustrated guide providing practical information for the effective control of the worst invasive plant species in Galapagos. Designed for farmers and other land managers, it describes manual and chemical control methods. Leucaena leucocephala is among 23 introduced species with descriptions and control options listed.
Management Resources/Links
2. Daehler, C.C; Denslow, J.S; Ansari, S and Huang-Chi, K., 2004. A Risk-Assessment System for Screening Out Invasive Pest Plants from Hawaii and Other Pacific Islands. Conservation Biology Volume 18 Issue 2 Page 360.
Summary: A study on the use of a screening system to assess proposed plant introductions to Hawaii or other Pacific Islands and to identify high-risk species used in horticulture and forestry which would greatly reduce future pest-plant problems and allow entry of most nonpests. 3. Hughes, C. E. 1998. Leucaena. A Genetic Resources Handbook. Tropical Forestry Papers 37. Oxford Forestry Institute, Oxford. 274pp. 4. Hughes, C. E. and Jones, R. J. 1999. Environmental hazards of Leucaena. In Shelton, H. M., Gutteridge, R. C., Mullen, B. F. and Bray, R. A. (eds.). Leucaena - Adaptation, Quality and Farming Systems, Proceedings of a Workshop, Hanoi, Vietnam, Feb. 1998. ACIAR. 5. Jones, R. J. and Jones, R. M. 1996. Thickening up of Leucaena stands in Australia - a caution. LEUCNET News 3: 19-20. 6. Kueffer, C. and Mauremootoo, J., 2004. Case Studies on the Status of Invasive Woody Plant Species in the Western Indian Ocean. 3. Mauritius (Islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues). Forest Health & Biosecurity Working Papers FBS/4-3E. Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 7. Neser, S. 1994. Conflicts of interest? The Leucaena controversy. Plant Protection News South Africa 6: 8. 8. Neser, S. 1996. Acanthoscelides of Leucaena in South Africa. LEUCNET News 3: 16-18. 12. Rentería, Jorge Luis; Rachel Atkinson & Chris Buddenhagen., 2007. Estrategias para la erradicación de 21 especies de plantas. Fundación Charles Darwin, Departamento de Botánica. Programa de Especies Invasoras en Galápagos
potencialmente invasoras en Galápagos.
Summary: This document comprises costed eradication plans for 21 invasive species in Galapagos. The plans were developed as part of a GEF funded project
ECU/00/G31 ¨Control of Invasive species in the Galapagos Archipelago¨. The management plans report projects at different stages of development and for species that have invaded to different extents. Three of the projects have already been finished successfully, 5 have yet to be started, and for the rest the projects have been running for between 1 and 6 years. The cost and time needed for eradication varies considerably by species and demonstrates the importance of species eradication as soon as possible after detection
Resumen
El presente documento proporciona planes de manejo y el costo para la erradicación de 21 especies que se encuentran presentes en Galápagos. Los planes fueron desarrollados como parte del proyecto ECU/00/G31 "Control de las especies invasoras en el Archipiélago de las Galápagos", suscrito por el Gobierno Ecuatoriano, representado por el Ministerio del Ambiente, con el Fondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial (GEF). El Proyecto es implementado por el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (UNDP), tiene como instituciones ejecutoras al Servicio Parque Nacional Galápagos (SPNG), Instituto Nacional Galápagos (INGALA), Servicio Ecuatoriano de Sanidad Agropecuaria-Galápagos (SESA-Galápagos), y Fundación Charles Darwin (FCD). Los planes de manejo representan proyectos en diferentes estados de desarrollo y dimensión. Tres de estos proyectos ya han sido desarrollados completamente, trece están en proceso y cinco aún no se han iniciado. El costo y tiempo para la erradicación varia considerablemente según la especie y se muestra la importancia económica que implica desarrollar proyectos de erradicación tan pronto las especies son detectadas. 14. Sheil, D. 1994. Naturalized and invasive plant species in the evergreen forests of the East Usumbara Mountains, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 32: 66-71. 15. Smith, C. W. 1985. Impact of alien plants on Hawaii's native biota. In Stone C. P. and Scott J. M. (eds.) Hawai'i's Terrestrial Ecosystems: Preservation and Management. University of Hawaii: 60-69. 19. Wilson, Colin, Wildlife Management Officer, Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Environment, Parks & Wildlife Service, Northern Territory, Australia.
Summary: Compilor of original GISD profile of Chromoleana odorata. Results Page: 1
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