Management Information
Preventative measures: Well maintained fences can give adequate protection from cattle to areas of native woody vegetation (Courchamp et al. 2003). A fence was used on Amsterdam Island in the Indian Ocean to prevent cattle damaging the breeding grounds of the 'critically endangered' Amsterdam albatross (see Diomedea amsterdamensis in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species). Cattle were restricted to a small part of the island and eradicated from the rest (Micol and Jouventin, 1995).
Physical: Dogs and shooting are a standard method of control (SPREP, 2000).
Location Specific Management InformationAlaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge (United States (USA))
Ideally, introduced ungulates such as cattle would be excluded from refuge areas by fences, but control proposals have caused controversy among the local residents in the past. In 1985, an attempt was made at live capture of cattle from Simeonof Island before the remaining individuals were shot, and incurred negative publicity. Public education and acceptance of the need to remove large herbivores from the islands must be accomplished before eradication can be considered. Amsterdam Is. (sub-Antarctic) (French Southern Territories)
In 1987, the number of cattle was reduced and a fence erected to seal off part of the island. In 1992, a second fence was erected with the aim of providing complete protection for the high plateau from possible incursions by cattle (BirdLife International 2007). Amsterdam Is. (sub-Antarctic) (French Southern Territories) 
The rehabilitation of Amsterdam Island began in 1987 with the elimination of livestock in most parts of the island and containing the remaining herd in an area bounded by an 8 km fence in the north of the island (Micol and Jouventin, 1995). Thereafter, between 1989 and 1994, as part of a programme to restore vegetation in the sector protected from cattle, 10,000 locally grown plants (Phylica nitida) have been replanted. In the northern part of the island, the herd is culled to keep it at low densities. Anegada Is. (Lesser Antilles)
It is recommended for Anegada Is.: that people who wish to maintain cattle manage them in enclosures; and to remove them from the rest of the island (Veitch, 1998 in Varnham, 2006). Bay Cay (Cayman Islands)
The 1995 report recommends preventing the introduction of feral animals to more islands, removing them from uninhabited islands, controlling feral animals and restricting the movement of livestock on inhabited islands, and educating the public on the destruction caused by non-natives (Gerber, 1995 in Varnham, 2006). East Caicos (Turks and Caicos Islands)
The 1995 report recommends preventing the introduction of feral animals to more islands, removing them from uninhabited islands, controlling feral animals and restricting the movement of livestock on inhabited islands, and educating the public on the destruction caused by non-natives (Gerber, 1995 in Varnham, 2006). Falkland Islands (Malvinas) (sub-Antarctic)
Some removal from offshore islands is reported. It is recommended that to eliminate cattle due to bovine TB risk. Also to avoid further introductions to sensitive sites (e.g. tussac islands). Grand Turk (Turks and Caicos Islands)
The 1995 report recommends preventing the introduction of feral animals to more islands, removing them from uninhabited islands, controlling feral animals and restricting the movement of livestock on inhabited islands, and educating the public on the destruction caused by non-natives (Gerber, 1995 in Varnham, 2006). Hog Cay (Cayman Islands)
The 1995 report recommends preventing the introduction of feral animals to more islands, removing them from uninhabited islands, controlling feral animals and restricting the movement of livestock on inhabited islands, and educating the public on the destruction caused by non-natives (Gerber, 1995 in Varnham, 2006). Salt Cay (Cayman Islands)
The 1995 report recommends preventing the introduction of feral animals to more islands, removing them from uninhabited islands, controlling feral animals and restricting the movement of livestock on inhabited islands, and educating the public on the destruction caused by non-natives (Gerber, 1995 in Varnham, 2006). Santa Cruz Is. (Ecuador) (Ecuador)
Cattle were removed from Santa Cruz Island in 1988, with the exception of a remnant herd which remains for historical reasons. South Caicos (Turks and Caicos Islands)
The 1995 report recommends preventing the introduction of feral animals to more islands, removing them from uninhabited islands, controlling feral animals and restricting the movement of livestock on inhabited islands, and educating the public on the destruction caused by non-natives (Gerber, 1995 in Varnham, 2006). Turks and Caicos Islands
The 1995 report recommends preventing the introduction of feral animals to more islands, removing them from uninhabited islands, controlling feral animals and restricting the movement of livestock on inhabited islands, and educating the public on the destruction caused by non-natives (Gerber, 1995 in Varnham, 2006). Wenderholm Regional Park (New Zealand)
In the late 1960s, the headland was fenced to exclude cattle and sheep from the forested area. Since then, the understorey has recovered considerably.
Management Resources/Links
1. Aston, B. C. 1912. Some effects of imported animals on the indigenous vegetation. Transactions and Proceedings of the NZ Institute 44: 19-24. 3. Baldwin, P. H. and Fagerlund, G. O. 1943. The effect of cattle grazing on koa reproduction in Hawaii National Park. Ecology 24: 118–122. 6. Courchamp, F., Chapuis, J.-L., and Pascal, M. 2003. Mammal invaders on islands: impact, control and control impact. Biological Reviews, 78: 347-383.
Summary: Comprehensive review of impacts of mammals on islands using rabbits as a case study 10. Snowcraft, P. G. 1983. Tree cover changes in mammane (Sophora chrysophylla) forests grazed by sheep and cattle. Pacific Science 37: 109–119. 11. Taylor, R. H. 1990. Feral cattle. In King, C. M. (ed.) The Handbook of New Zealand Mammals, Oxford University Press, New Zealand: 373-379. 14. Wodzicki, K. A. 1950. Introduced mammals of New Zealand. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 98. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wellington. Results Page: 1
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