Interim profile, incomplete information
Management Information
Physical: To monitor for Toumeyella parvicornis, it is suggested to look for ants (seeking honeydew), honeydew, and sooty mold near branch terminals. In the spring the large female T. parvicornis are found at the base of needles on twigs (Bishop & Bristow, 2003). Fire is also being explored as a tool for management, potentially extinguishing Pine Scale numbers, whilst encouraging new P. caribaea var. bahamensis growth (KEW Community Poster, 2010). Chemical: Dormant oil sprays are effective in reducing overwintering populations. Summer rate of horticultural oil or insecticidal soap sprays may be used in late June to kill crawlers. If infestations are very heavy, a contact insecticide may be used in April to mid May (Malinoski & Clements, 2003). Work by Smirnoff and Valero (1975) showed that pines treated with urea N fertilizer increased total pine tortoise scale populations, whereas potassium treated plots decreased infestations from 42% to 21% (as seen in Scheffer & Williams, 1987) Scheffer & Williams (1987) also mention that the use of insecticides has the potential to increase scale populations due to the reduction of predators, reduction of intraspecific competition for food and increased plant growth leading to increased nutritional value of the host plant. Biological: Within the P. caribaea var. bahamensis nursery, work is also being conducted to propagate individuals immune to the Pine Scale threat (KEW Connections, 2010). Integrated management: On the Turks and Caicos Islands government services (TCI, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, US Forest Service, Department of Environment and Coastal Resources) and non-government organizations (Turks and Caicos National Trust, TNC) are working together on creation of nurseries, the mapping and monitoring of the T. parvicornis infestation and developing an international pine scale working group, the TCI Pine Recovery Project has been established to deal with preventing and managing the spread and impacts of pine scale (KEW, 2010; Salamanca et al, 2010). Nurseries and seed collection of P. caribaea var. bahamensis are intended to establish sources in case there's desecration of natural populations due to T. parvicornis infestation (Hamilton, 2007). Cultural: Public awareness campaigns using posters and other tools have been initiated in an effort to raise public knowledge of the problem amonsgt the general public and in schools.
Location Specific Management InformationMiddle Caicos
As part of the Pine Recovery Program established by KEW, a native pine nursery has been set up on Middle Caicos in order to help protect the threatened Caribean Pine Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis. This nursery was established in May 2008, but however was destroyed due to extreme natural events. A replacement nursery is being constructed. Seeds were collected from Middle Caicos and Pine Cay to plant in the nursery. Furthering this, GIS work is being conducted to map and monitor the extent of Toumeyella parvicornis infestation across the Caicos Islands. In March 2009 a GIS officer was appointed. Transects have been proposed across islands for exploration whilst also a genetic study is underway to establish the relationship between Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands populations of P. carabaea var. bahamensis.The development of an International pine scale working group is the final stage of this Program. Currently joint effort work between The Nature Conservancy, Bahamas National Trust, US Forest Service, and Bahamas Department of Agriculture with RBG Kew, TCNT and DECR is trying to establish a fire history of The Caicos Islands to see whether this may be a potential management method. A fire started in Ready Money pine-yard on North Caicos in 2009 by agricultural activity swept through large areas of dead pine. This is being used to help establish information on the use of fire management on T. parvicornis. All 3 steps were funded for a year from 2008-2009, ending September 2009, with no funding further as of 2010 (Hamilton, 2007; Manco 2010). Public support and awareness has also been created with this project through community and school posters which can be seen at the following links Community Poster and School Poster. North Caicos
As part of the Pine Recovery Program established by KEW, a native pine nursery has been set up on Middle Caicos in order to help protect the threatened Caribean Pine Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis. This nursery was established in May 2008, but however was destroyed due to extreme natural events. A replacement nursery is being constructed. Seeds were collected from Middle Caicos and Pine Cay to plant in the nursery. Furthering this, GIS work is being conducted to map and monitor the extent of Toumeyella parvicornis infestation across the Caicos Islands. In March 2009 a GIS officer was appointed. Transects have been proposed across islands for exploration whilst also a genetic study is underway to establish the relationship between Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands populations of P. carabaea var. bahamensis.The development of an International pine scale working group is the final stage of this Program. Currently joint effort work between The Nature Conservancy, Bahamas National Trust, US Forest Service, and Bahamas Department of Agriculture with RBG Kew, TCNT and DECR is trying to establish a fire history of The Caicos Islands to see whether this may be a potential management method. A fire started in Ready Money pine-yard on North Caicos in 2009 by agricultural activity swept through large areas of dead pine. This is being used to help establish information on the use of fire management on T. parvicornis. All 3 steps were funded for a year from 2008-2009, ending September 2009, with no funding further as of 2010 (Hamilton, 2007; Manco 2010). Public support and awareness has also been created with this project through community and school posters which can be seen at the following links Community Poster and School Poster. Pine Cay (Caicos Is.)
As part of the Pine Recovery Program established by KEW, a native pine nursery has been set up on Middle Caicos in order to help protect the threatened Caribean Pine Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis. This nursery was established in May 2008, but however was destroyed due to extreme natural events. A replacement nursery is being constructed. Seeds were collected from Middle Caicos and Pine Cay to plant in the nursery. Furthering this, GIS work is being conducted to map and monitor the extent of Toumeyella parvicornis infestation across the Caicos Islands. In March 2009 a GIS officer was appointed. Transects have been proposed across islands for exploration whilst also a genetic study is underway to establish the relationship between Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands populations of P. carabaea var. bahamensis.The development of an International pine scale working group is the final stage of this Program. Currently joint effort work between The Nature Conservancy, Bahamas National Trust, US Forest Service, and Bahamas Department of Agriculture with RBG Kew, TCNT and DECR is trying to establish a fire history of The Caicos Islands to see whether this may be a potential management method. A fire started in Ready Money pine-yard on North Caicos in 2009 by agricultural activity swept through large areas of dead pine. This is being used to help establish information on the use of fire management on T. parvicornis. All 3 steps were funded for a year from 2008-2009, ending September 2009, with no funding further as of 2010 (Hamilton, 2007; Manco 2010). Public support and awareness has also been created with this project through community and school posters which can be seen at the following links Community Poster and School Poster.
Management Resources/Links
2. IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)., 2010. A Compilation of Information Sources for Conservation Managers.
Summary: This compilation of information sources can be sorted on keywords for example: Baits & Lures, Non Target Species, Eradication, Monitoring, Risk Assessment, Weeds, Herbicides etc. This compilation is at present in Excel format, this will be web-enabled as a searchable database shortly. This version of the database has been developed by the IUCN SSC ISSG as part of an Overseas Territories Environmental Programme funded project XOT603 in partnership with the Cayman Islands Government - Department of Environment. The compilation is a work under progress, the ISSG will manage, maintain and enhance the database with current and newly published information, reports, journal articles etc. 10. Ross, Michael S., Joseph J O'Brien, R Glenn Ford, Keqi Zhang, Anne Morkill, 2009. Disturbance and the rising tide: the challenge of biodiversity management on low-island ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment: Vol. 7, No. 9, pp. 471-478. Results Page: 1
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