Management Information
Monitoring: Methods such as visual analysis and trapping of males using captive live virgin females have been utilised in the past with limited success (Gonzalez-Gaona et al., 2010). On the other hand, the use of sex pheremones inside delta-style traps has been shown to be effective for specific monitoring and determining the geographic distribution of M. hirsutus (Gonzalez-Gaona et al., 2010). Preventative measures: Improvement of legislation and quarantine systems showed limited success in the Caribbean, with M. hirsutus still managing to spread to over 20 islands since 1994 (Kairo et al., 2000). Various quarantine security methods have shown promising results, including methyl bromide, irradiation, heat vapour treatment and hot water immersion (Zettler et al., 2002; Jacobsen & Hara, 2003; Follett, 2004; Hara & Jacobsen, 2005). Chemical control: Use of pesticides in controlling M. hirsutus is generally ineffective partly because of its habit of hiding in crevices (EPPO, 2005) and because pesticides cannot penetrate the heavy layers of wax that shield the body (Kairo et al., 2000). Furthermore, rapid recolonisation and an extremely large host range and large host size in some cases makes it almost impossible to have a spraying program capable of bearing the cost and coping with the practicalities of treating the whole range of infested plants in an affected area (Sagarra & Peterkin, 1999). Physical control: Physical control methods such as pruning and burning of infested hosts have been ineffective in slowing the spread of M. hirsutus (Sagarra & Peterkin, 1999). Biological control: Biological control is seen as the most effective method of control (Kairo et al., 2000). A number of different parasitoids and predators have been trialled, the most effective of these being the parasitoid wasp Anagyrus kamali (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) from China, and the generalist predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from Australia (Kairo et al., 2000). Please follow this link for more details on the management and control of Maconellicoccus hirsutus.
Location Specific Management InformationAnguilla
According to the Anguilla invasive species strategy, Maconellicoccus hirsutus is an invasive species that has been recommended for eradication on Anguilla pending committee determination (Connor, 2008). The strategy has aims that include; the education of the public, the identification and evaluation the effects of exsting invasive species for prioritisation of action, the development of control and eradication plans and the implementation of continued surveillance (Connor, 2008). In 1999, 2850 individuals of the parisitoid, Anagyrus kamali (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) were released on Anguilla as part of a regional biological control program in the Caribbean (Kairo et al., 2000). Although A. kamali has been successful in reducing M. hirsutus abundance in other areas, it is unknown whether establishment on Anguilla was successful or whether biological control efforts are still underway at present (Kairo et al., 2000; Varnham, 2006). Kairo et al. (2000) state that within a short time, pest populations in the Caribbean were brought under control and results were replicated in each country which became infested, but further details regarding Anguilla are not given. Barbados
Four different biological control agents were introduced to Barbados from 2000 - 2003, to control Maconellicoccus hirsutus populations: three Encyrtid wasps, Anagyrus kamali, Gyranusoidea indica and Leptomastix dactylopii and a Coccinellid beetle, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Gibbs & Taylor). Of these, A. kamali and C. montrouzieri have become well established, whereas G. indica has been rare and no field recoveries of L. dactylopii have been made since (Gibbs & Taylor). The biological control of the M. hirsutus in Barbados has proven to be effective as evidenced by a significant reduction in the incidence, levels of infestation and damage seen on crops and ornamentals throughout the island (GIbbs & Taylor). Furthermore, new sites of infestation are usually accompanied by the presence of C. montrouzieri and/or A. kamali (Gibbs & Taylor). A new breeding lab has recently been completed on the island and will be used primarily for the mass rearing of A. kamali (Gibbs & Taylor). Belize
Gyranusoidea indica (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was reported to have been released and established in Belize (Kairo et al., 2000), however more specific information could not found. Culebra
Anagyrus kamali (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was released in Culebra in 1998 as part of the regional biological control program for Maconellicoccus hirsutus in the Caribbean (Kairo et al., 2000). A. Kamali managed to establish and while no specific information could be found for Culebra, the Caribbean biological control program in general was considered a tremendous success (Kairo et al., 2000). Dominica
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) was released prior to the establishment of Maconellicoccus hirsutus as a preventative measure, however this was not successful as M. hirsutus managed to establish regardless (Kairo et al., 2000). No further information was given regarding any subsequent biological control attempts. Florida (USA)
Vitullo et al. (2009) determined that different Hibiscus cultivars exhibited different symptoms with different latencies when infested with varying numbers of Maconellicoccus hirsutus, with some not displaying symptoms at all. As well as this, some cultivars were shown to be not suitable for the development and reproduction of M. hirsutus. This is important for the monitoring and timing of management actions. Furthermore, selection of plants that are tolerant to pink hibiscus mealybug feeding symptoms may make it possible to create low management input landscapes for M. hirsutus infested areas, especially in conjunction with biocontrol programs (Vitullo et al. 2009). Grand Cayman
As conventional chemical control measures have proven ineffective in controlling Maconellicoccus hirsutus, the local Department of Agriculture has launched an integrated pest management plan and is working diligently to delineate the situation, raise public awareness and work towards eradication (NAPPO, 2006) with biological control employed on detection (Varnham, 2006). However, M. hirsutus has so far remained persistent in the area, requiring ongoing control efforts (Varnham, 2006). Notice of new sources of potentially infested plant material is critical in keeping new introductions and spread of M. hirsutus at bay (NAPPO, 2006). Grenada
A biological control effort for Maconellicoccus hirsutus was initiated in 1995 when the FAO funded a project for Grenada. As M. hirsutus spread across through the Caribbean, the FAO with assistance from CABI Bioscience, the Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI) and later the USDA-APHIS implemented a regional biological control program for 13 independent Caribbean Community (CARICOM) member countries (Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Commonwealth of Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago) as well as Cuba, Venezuela and later Puerto Rico and St. Thomas (US Virgin Island (Kairo et al., 2000). Four different biological control agents were introduced to Grenada from 1996 - 1998. Of these, Anagyrus kamali (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) managed to establish whereas it is unknown whether Scymnus coccivora (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Gyranusoidea indica (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) managed to do so (Kairo et al., 2000). Guadeloupe
Although biological control agents have been released to control Maconellicoccus hirsutus on Guadeloupe as part of the regional biological control program for the Caribbean, no further details are available (Kairo et al., 2000). However, the Caribbean biological control program in general was considered a tremendous success (Kairo et al., 2000). Guam
At the time of writing, economic damage by Maconellicoccus hirsutus is not a concern in the Mariana Islands, and additional parasitoids therefore need not be introduced (Reddy et al., 2009). Imperial County
The Encyrtid waps Anagyrus kamali, Gyranusoidea indica and Allotropa sp. near mecrida were released into the Imperial Valley to control Maconellicoccus hirsutus populations (Roltsch et al., 2006). Populations of M. hirsutus were reduced by 95 % in the first year with A. kamali being the most predominant parasitoid while G. indica was rare from spring to early fall but made up 40 % of the parasitoid species composition in winter. A. sp. near mecrida did not appear to establish after numerous releases in 2003 and 2004 (Roltsch et al., 2006). Jalisco
Usually, the monitoring methods for Maconellicoccus hirsutus in new localities involve visual inspections and the analysis of samples from potential host plants, followed by the taxonomic determination of collected individuals (Gonzalez-Gaona et al., 2010). However, this process only can be used to detect infestations which are already present (Gonzalez-Gaona et al., 2010). Using isolated female sex pheromone traps as a monitoring tool in various commercial orchards within Valle de Banderas, Gonzalez-Gaona et al. (2010) demonstrated an effective alternative method. It was found that the mixture of lavandulyl and maconellyl in a 1:5 ratio significantly attracted males of M. hirsutus and was very specific (Gonzalez-Gaona et al., 2010). With the use of this pheromone it was possible to map the distribution of this species on a regional scale (Gonzalez-Gaona et al., 2010). Karnataka
At present an integrated pest management (IPM) package has been developed for use in India, utilising physical, chemical (spraying of 0.2% dichlorvos (DDVP) in 0.5% soap solution) and biological control methods (Srinivas et al., 2007). Srinivas et al. (2007) trialled four neem-based products as an alternative to dichlorvos. It was shown that neem kernel extract and a commercially produced neem extract based product (Rakshak) induced mild ovicidal action and appreciable nymphal and adult mortality of M. hirsutus, comparable to the effect of dichlorvos (Srinivas et al., 2007). Montserrat
Two species of biologcial control agent were introduced to Montserrat in 1997 / 1998 as part of a regional strategy to control Maconellicoccus hirsutus in the Caribbean: Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Anagyrus kamali (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) (Kairo et al., 2000). While A. kamali managed to establish successfully, results regarding the C. montrouzieri introduction is unknown (Kairo et al., 2000). While specific information for Montserrat was not available, Kairo et al. (2000) state that in general, the biological control of M. hirsutus in the Caribbean has been a tremendous success, with the speed with which positive results were achieved being remarkable. Nayarit
While physical and chemical control methods have had limited success in controlling Maconellicoccus hirsutus, on the basis of the successful results of biological control programs in other countries, the Mexican government released a number of biocontrol agents into the area (Garcia-Valente et al., 2009). These included the predator, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from Australia, the parasitoids, Anagyrus kamali from China and Gyranusoidea indica from India (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) (Garcia-Valente et al., 2009). Garcia-Valente et al. (2009) studied the effects of A. kamali on M. hirsutus in a young teak plantation (Tectona grandis) and found the average reduction of the pest was 96.5 % in 30 days. Netherlands Antilles
Although biological control agents have been released to control Maconellicoccus hirsutus on Netherlands Antilles, no further details are available (Kairo et al., 2000). However, Kairo et al. (2000) state that the biological control of M. hirsutus in the Caribbean has been a termendous success. Puerto Rico
Anagyrus kamali (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were released at Puerto Rico in 1998 as part of the regional biological control program for Maconellicoccus hirsutus in the Caribbean (Kairo et al., 2000). Both species managed to establish successfully in this area, with the Caribbean biological control program generally considered a a tremendous success (Kairo et al., 2000). About 80% of affected shrubs in the original infestations no longer support live M. hirsutus populations (Michaud & Evans, 2000). The limited economic impact and spread of M. hirsutus in the area could possibly be an effect of the early release of biological control agents (Michaud & Evans, 2000). Rota Is.
At the time of writing, economic damage by Maconellicoccus hirsutus is not a concern in the Mariana Islands, and additional parasitoids therefore need not be introduced (Reddy et al., 2009). Saint Kitts and Nevis
Four different biological control agents were introduced to St. Kitts from 1996 - 1998 as part of a regional biological control program for Maconellicoccus hirsutus in the Caribbean. Of these, Anagyrus kamali (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Gyranusoidea indica (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) managed to establish whereas Scymnus coccivora (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) which was only introduced in 1996, failed to do so (Kairo et al., 2000). The biologcial control program here was considered to be successful (Kairo et al., 2000). Saint Lucia
Anagyrus kamali (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were released at St. Lucia from 1996 - 1998 as part of the regional biological control program for Maconellicoccus hirsutus in the Caribbean (Kairo et al., 2000). Both species managed to establish successfully in this area, with the Caribbean biological control program generally considered a a tremendous success (Kairo et al., 2000). Saint Martin (France)
Although biological control agents have been released to control Maconellicoccus hirsutus on St. Maritn, no further details are available (Kairo et al., 2000). However, the Caribbean biological control program in general was considered a tremendous success (Kairo et al., 2000). Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Anagyrus kamali (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were released in St. Vincent and the Grenadines from 1996 - 1998 as part of the regional biological control program for Maconellicoccus hirsutus in the Caribbean (Kairo et al., 2000). Both species managed to establish successfully in this area, with the Caribbean biological control program generally considered a a tremendous success (Kairo et al., 2000). Saipan Is.
At the time of writing, economic damage by Maconellicoccus hirsutus is not a concern in the Mariana Islands, and additional parasitoids therefore need not be introduced (Reddy et al., 2009). Sind
Ujjan & Shahzad (2007) tested 3 strains of the pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum on M. hirsutus populations in the lab. Adults were shown to be infected within 2 days with 90 % mortality by the 8th day while 100 % of instar mortality was achieved by the 4th day. While the use of M. anisopliae shows promise, more studies are needed regarding its biology and application (Ujjan & Shahzad, 2007). Texas
The Texas Department of Agriculture has been working on the release of parasitoid wasps as a biological control (see "Management Info" for more information). Bográn & Ludwig (2007) write that if discovered by the public, broad-spectrum insecticides should not be used on M. hirsutus infestatations as thy may instead kill any biocontrol agents present. The public is also warned not to remove infested plants or plant material, as this may spread the infestation to new areas (Bográn & Ludwig, 2007). Tinian Is.
At the time of writing, economic damage by Maconellicoccus hirsutus is not a concern in the Mariana Islands, and additional parasitoids therefore need not be introduced (Reddy et al., 2009). Tortola Is.
Three biological control agents were released on Tortola in 1998 as part of a regional strategy to control Maconellicoccus hirsutus in the Caribbean: Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Scymnus coccivora (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and Anagyrus kamali (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) (Kairo et al., 2000). While C. montrouzieri and A. kamali have established, S. coccivora has not. While specific information for Tortula was not available, Kairo et al. (2000) state that in general, the biological control of M. hirsutus in the Caribbean has been a tremendous success, with the speed with which positive results were achieved being remarkable. Trinidad and Tobago
The early short-term containment strategy for Maconellicoccus hirsutus involved an insecticide spray, cut and burn protocol later replaced by a more effective biological control program (McComie, 1996a). Four different biological control agents were introduced to Trinidad in 1996 as part of a regional biological control program for M. hirsutus in the Caribbean. Of these Anagyrus kamali (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and the fortuitously introduced Gyranusoidea indica (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) managed to establish, whereas it is unknown whether Scymnus coccivora (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) managed to do so (Morais, 1997; Kairo et al., 2000). Initial tests on A. kamali proved to be successful with reductions in the numbers of the various stages of M. hirsutus being recorded (Morais, 1997). Furthermore, the public also played a key role in the redistribution of the biological control agents, particularly C. montrouzieri (Kairo et al., 2000). Kairo et al. (2000) state that the general biological control of M. hirsutus in the Caribbean has been a tremendous success, with the speed with which positive results were achieved being remarkable. Plant quarantine regulations have been amended to prevent the spread of M. hirsutus to Tobago (McComie, 1996a). Vieques Is.
Gyranusoidea indica (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was released in Vieques in 1998 as part of the regional biological control program for Maconellicoccus hirsutus in the Caribbean (Kairo et al., 2000). G. indica managed to establish and while no specific information could be found for Vieques, the Caribbean biological control program in general was considered a tremendous success (Kairo et al., 2000). Virgin Islands, USA
A number of biological control agents were released over the period 1997 - 1999 on the affected US Virgin Islands as part of a regional control program for Maconellicoccus hirsutus in the Caribbean. Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) was released and established on St. Criox and St. Thomas, Gyranusoidea indica (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was released and established on St. John and Anagyrus kamali (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was released and established on all three islands (Kairo et al., 2000). Kairo et al. (2000) state that in general, the biological control of M. hirsutus in the Caribbean has been a tremendous success.
Management Resources/Links
1. Amalin, Divina M., Kenneth A. Bloem, Dale Meyerdirik, and Ru Nguyen, 2003. Biological Control of Pink Hibiscus Mealybug in South FloridaI: A One-year Assessment. 2. Baskaran, R. K. Murali; Mahendhiran, G.; Suresh, K., 2007. Field evaluation of Scymnus coccivora Ayyar for the management of guava mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green. Journal of Entomological Research (New Delhi). 31(2). JUN 2007. 137-140. 4. Etienne, J., Matile-Ferrero, D., LeBlanc, F., Marival, D., 1998. First record of the mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) from Guadeloupe; present state of this pest of crops in the French Caribbean (Hem., Pseudococcidae). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 6. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO), 2006. Diagnostic Maconellicoccus hirsutus 7. Follett, Peter A., 2004. Generic vapor heat treatments to control Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 97(4). August 2004. 1263-1268. 8. Francis, Antonio; Bloem, Kenneth A.; Roda, Amy L.; Lapointe, Stephen L.; Zhang, Aijun; Onokpise, Oghenekome., 2007. Development of trapping methods with a synthetic sex pheromone of the pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera : Pseudococcidae). Florida Entomologist. 90(3). SEP 2007. 440-446. 10. Gautam, R. D., Pilgrim, R. N., Stewart, V. E., 2000. The pink mealybug. Protocols for the protection of agricultural production and trade: the systems approach (SA) 14. Hall, David G.; Roda, Amy; Lapointe, Stephen L.; Hibbard, Ken, 2008. Phenology of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera : Pseudococcidae) in Florida based on attraction of adult males to pheromone traps. Florida Entomologist. 91(2). JUN 2008. 305-310 15. Hara, Arnold H.; Jacobsen, Christopher M., 2005. Hot water immersion for surface disinfestation of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 98(2). APR 05. 284-288 16. IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)., 2010. A Compilation of Information Sources for Conservation Managers.
Summary: This compilation of information sources can be sorted on keywords for example: Baits & Lures, Non Target Species, Eradication, Monitoring, Risk Assessment, Weeds, Herbicides etc. This compilation is at present in Excel format, this will be web-enabled as a searchable database shortly. This version of the database has been developed by the IUCN SSC ISSG as part of an Overseas Territories Environmental Programme funded project XOT603 in partnership with the Cayman Islands Government - Department of Environment. The compilation is a work under progress, the ISSG will manage, maintain and enhance the database with current and newly published information, reports, journal articles etc. 17. Jacobsen, Christopher M.; Hara, Arnold H., 2003. Irradiation of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) for phytosanitation of agricultural commodities. Journal of Economic Entomology. 96(4). August 2003. 1334-1339. 18. Lai, Yi-Chun; Chang, Niann-Tai, 2007. The association of pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) with bigheaded ant, Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius) on hibiscus. Formosan Entomologist. 27(3). SEP 2007. 229-243 19. Mani, M.; Krishnamoorthy, A., 2008. Field efficacy of Australian ladybird beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant in the suppression of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) on Sapota. Journal of Biological Control. 22(2). 2008. 471-473 20. McComie, Lilory D. 1996b. Incidence and treatment of the hibiscus mealybug (Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green) one year after its discovery in Trinidad. Regional Symposium on the Pink Mealybug, (Grenada), 24-27 Jun 1996 23. Morais, Michael, 1997. Releases of the parasitic wasp Anagyrus kamali (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in the field to control the pink mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green (Hemiptera: Pseudoccidae) and preliminary results on efficacy. Proceedings of the 1st Seminar on the Hibiscus Mealybug, Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Marine Resources, Centeno (Trinidad and Tobago). Research Division.- Centeno (Trinidad and Tobago): MALMR, 1997. 1. Seminar on the Hibiscus Mealybug,1. Seminar on the Hibiscus Mealybug, Farmers' Training Centre, Centeno (Trinidad and Tobago),12 Apr 1996 24. Moses T.K. Kairo, Gene V. Pollard, Dorothy D. Peterkin & Vyjayanthi F. Lopez, 2000. Biological control of the hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in the Caribbean. Integrated Pest Management Reviews 5: 241–254, 2000. 26. Ram, P.,Cooper, B., Lopez, V.F., Morais, M., Peterkin, D., 1998. A perspective on the release of Anagyrus kamali (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) for the biological control of the Hibiscus or Pink Mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) by the Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Marine Resources. Management Strategies for the Control of the Hibiscus Mealybug, Centeno (Trinidad and Tobago), 12 Apr 1998 27. Reddy, G. V. P.; Muniappan, R.; Cruz, Z. T.; Naz, F.; Bamba, J. P.; Tenorio, J., 2009. Present Status of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in the Mariana Islands and Its Control by Two Fortuitously Introduced Natural Enemies. Journal of Economic Entomology. 102(4). AUG 2009. 1431-1439. 28. Roltsch, William J.; Ertle, Lawrence R.; Meyerdirk, Dale E., 2007. No-choice host range tests for Allotropa sp near mecrida, a parasitoid of the pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera : Pseudococcidae). Biocontrol Science & Technology. 17(9-10). 2007. 977-981. 29. Roltsch, William J.; Meyerdirk, Dale E.; Warkentin, Richard; Andress, Earl R.; Carrera, Karina., 2006. Classical biological control of the pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), in southern California. Biological Control. 37(2). MAY 2006. 155-166. 30. Shen, Hsiu-Mei; Wu, Huai-hai; Chang, Niann-Tai, 2007. Population fluctuation of the pink mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), and the ants associated with it in Pingtung, Taiwan. Formosan Entomologist. 27(3). SEP 2007. 245-260. 31. Srinivas, T.; Prasad, K. Sathya; Shekhar, M. A.; Manjunath, D., 2007. Evaluation on neem based formulations vis-a-vis Dichlorvos against Maconellicoccus hirsutus. Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology. 27(1). APR 2007. 13-20. 32. Ujjan, Aziz Ahmed; Shahzad, Saleem, 2007. Pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae var acridum strains on pink hibiscus mealy bug (Maconellicoccus hirsutus) affecting cotton crop. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 39(3). JUN 2007. 967-973. 33. Vitullo, Justin; Wang, Shifa; Zhang, Aijun; Mannion, Catharine; Bergh, J. Christopher., 2007. Comparison of sex pheromone traps for monitoring pink hibiscus mealybug (Hemiptera : Pseudococcidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 100(2). APR 2007. 405-410. 34. Williams, D. J., 1996. A brief account of the hibiscus mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), a pest of agriculture and horticulture, with descriptions of two related species from southern Asia. Bulletin of Entomological Research (1996) 86, 617-628 35. Zettler, J.L., Follett, P.A., & Gill, R.F. (2002). Susceptibility of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) to methyl bromide. Journal of Economic Entomology, 95(6), 1169-1173. Results Page: 1
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