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Clematis vitalba (vine, climber)   |
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Management Information
Physical: Early control in New Zealand focussed on the cutting of vines followed by chemical treatment, later introducing grazing sheep to help control regrowth (Ogle et al., 2000). Stem bases or roots can be dug out in winter, and seedlings can be manually removed (Martin, 2001). Chemical: Various methods of chemical control have been used in New Zealand to treat C. vitalba. These include cutting and treating with 2,4,5-T in the 1970s, and a combination of 2,4,5-T and multi-film penetrant. In the 1980s-1990s, the infestation of C. vitalba in Taihape was controlled using a combination of glyphosate application and sheep grazing to control regrowth. 2% glyphosate such as RoundUp™ is recommended to control new growth in spring following the cutting of vines in winter, and seedheads can be sprayed with metsulfuron methyl (Escort™) or glyphosate. Biological: Hill et al. (2001) report that, "Concern about the damage caused by C. vitalba in New Zealand grew during the 1970s, and biological control was first suggested by Syrett (1984). The search in Europe for insect biological control agents started in 1989 when the International Institute of Biological Control (IIBC) at Delemont, Switzerland, compiled a literature review, and began a field survey to identify insects that attacked Clematis species in central Europe. Eighty-one phytophagous species were recorded, including 31 insect, 4 mite, and 4 nematode species that were regarded as monophagous or oligophagous (Groppe, 1991; Wittenberg & Groppe, 1991, 1992). Four Phytomyza species (Diptera: Agromyzidae) that mine the leaves and shoots of Clematis species were included in that list. Although not the most host-specific, Phytomyza vitalbae was selected for further study because it was the only species that was sometimes common and damaging in Europe". Hill et al. (2001) further state that, "There is a risk that P. vitalbae will attack both native and ornamental Clematis species in New Zealand. C. foetida appears to be the native species most likely to be attacked in New Zealand. However, the results presented here strongly indicate that the risk of significant damage to non-target plants is negligible to low. P. vitalbae was released from quarantine in New Zealand in 1996. It is considered to be established at 20 of the 29 release sites, and populations have grown rapidly at those sites. They have spread 5 km within 15 months at one site". There is no information available in regards to any success P. vitalbae has had in damaging the aggressive populations of C. vitalba in New Zealand.  
Location Specific Management InformationHawke's Bay Region (North Island)
Ogle et al. (2000) offer a history of New Zealand control of C. vitalba up until 1996. The authors state that, "The local council [of Taihape] kept C. vitalba under control prior to 1962 but then abandoned it (West, 1992). Another 18 months of control occurred in 1972-73 until finances ran out. This control consisted of cutting vines anywhere between ground level and 1 m up and painting the cut stumps, up to 200 mm diameter, with 2,4,5-T ( Smith 1984). The same control techniques were used in 1975 for a short period but funds were soon exhausted again. Control began again in 1976 in areas of relatively light infestation. Some young vines were killed successfully by spraying with a combination of 2,4,5-T and Multi-film penetrant ( Smith 1984). Beginning in 1989-90, staff of the Manawatu Wanganui Regional Council undertook a systematic programme of C. vitalba control in the reserve. The area was divided into management units, each of about 16 ha, and one unit was targeted for C. vitalba control per year, using glyphosate spray. The use of sheep to eat C. vitalba regrowth and seedlings was a new element in this control. Ogle et al. (2000) offer their own revised strategy for C. vitalba control in New Zealand. The authors suggest removing all mature C. vitalba vines from the reserve and its surrounds and to control subsequent C. vitalba regeneration without the use of sheep. Maud Is.
C. vitalba was present on Maud Island as just a few widely separated plants which were pulled out whenever found. Since then, control has been opportunistic and the plant is difficult to identify in the increasingly dense scrub. In 2001, formal control efforts were made (Timmins and Braithwaite, 2002). Nelson
C. vitalba has been designated as a 'Progressive control pest' by the the Tasman-Nelson Regional Pest Management Strategy. The strategy has its effect over the combined area that lies within the administrative boundaries of the Tasman District Council and Nelson City Council. The objective of the strategy is to reduce the distribution and density of C. vitalba in the Golden Bay/Kaiterteri and Buller Catchment areas. For the rest of the Tasman-Nelson region, the Councils will focus on providing advice to the public on the management and control, continue investment in biocontrol agents, and carry out control at sites of high public value. The Tasman District Council will also trial different riparian management regimes including the use of poplars and controlled grazing to determine their suitability for managing C. vitalba. Please see Hierarchy of Plant Designations for an explanation of designation terminology. New Zealand
C. vitalba is probably the most publicised environmental weed in New Zealand, and community groups, government departments, local authorities, schools and paid contractors have tackled infestations over large and small areas, either mechanically or chemically (Timmins, 1995). Poland
There is a need to control the spread of this species. Some control options are: removing (digging out or cutting) all individuals in protected areas, preferably before the onset of flowering, and burning the remains outside protected areas. Taranaki Region (North Island)
C. vitalba is classified as a 'Containment pest plant' in the The Pest Management Strategy for Taranaki. 'Containment pest plants' are pest plants that are abundant in suitable habitats in a region or part of a region and for which the long-term goal is to prevent the spread of the plant to new areas or to neighbouring properties.
Each pest plant has a management programme according to its designation. These programmes are summarised in the series of bulletins 'Pest Plant Facts'. Please see old man's beard: C. vitalba for pest plant facts and management programmes. Tasman District
C. vitalba has been designated as a 'Progressive control pest' by the the Tasman-Nelson Regional Pest Management Strategy. The strategy has its effect over the combined area that lies within the administrative boundaries of the Tasman District Council and Nelson City Council. The objective of the strategy is to reduce the distribution and density of C. vitalba in the Golden Bay/Kaiterteri and Buller Catchment areas. For the rest of the Tasman-Nelson region, the Councils will focus on providing advice to the public on the management and control, continue investment in biocontrol agents, and carry out control at sites of high public value. The Tasman District Council will also trial different riparian management regimes including the use of poplars and controlled grazing to determine their suitability for managing C. vitalba. Please see Hierarchy of Plant Designations for an explanation of designation terminology.
Management Resources/Links
2. Bungard, R. A., A. Wingler, J. D. Morton, M. Andrews, M. C. Press, and J. D. Scholes. 1999. Ammonium can stimulate nitrate and nitrite reductase in the absence of nitrate in Clematis vitalba. Plant, Cell and Environment 22: 859-866.
Summary: Background information on species, and its growth patterns. 3. Environment Waikato. 2002. Old Man’s Beard (Clematis vitalba). 6. Hill, R. L., r. Wittenberg, and A. H. Gourlay. 2001. Biology and Host Range of Phytomyza vitalbae and its Establishment for the Biological Control of Clematis vitalba in New Zealand. Biocontrol Science and Technology 11: 459-473
Summary: Biological control of species. 7. Martin, T. 2001.Clematis vitalba . Wildland Invasive Species Team, The Nature Conservancy. 8. National Pest Plant Accord, 2001. Biosecurity New Zealand.
Summary: The National Pest Plant Accord is a cooperative agreement between regional councils and government departments with biosecurity responsibilities. Under the accord, regional councils will undertake surveillance to prevent the commercial sale and/or distribution of an agreed list of pest plants.
Available from: http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/pests-diseases/plants/accord.htm [Accessed 11 August 2005] 9. New Zealand Plant Conservation Network, 2005. Unwanted Organisms. Factsheet Clematis vitalba 12. Tasman District Council (TDC) 2001. Tasman-Nelson Regional Pest Management Strategy 14. Timmins, S.M. 1995. Community groups and weed control for conservation in New Zealand. In: Nature conservation 4: the role of networks (eds D Saunders, J.L. Craig & E.M. Mattiske) pp. 433-50. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney
Summary: Information and case studies on use of public in control of Clematis vitalba in NZ 15. Ward, B. and Henzell, R. 1999. Gel pruning for the control of invasive vines. ConScience, Department of Conservation, New Zealand.
Summary: Gel pruning is being investigated as an environmentally friendly and effective chemical application system for selectively killing invasive vines. Results Page: 1
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