Management Information
Location Specific Management InformationChina
In China heavily infested branches are cut and burnt and a mixture of dieldrin and kerosene are injected into the frass holes to kill the larvae. Chemical control of A. chinensis in citrus orchards was found to be unnecessary when colonies of the ant Oecophylla smaragdina were present (Yang 1984, in EPPO undated). Europe
The Commission Of The European Communities drafted new emergency measures to prevent the introduction and spread of Anoplophora chinensis in Europe. These included regulations on the import of the specified plants, the movement of specified plants within the European community, surveys (monitoring), demarcated areas (or buffer zones around the infestation area) and compliance (“Member States should, if necessary, adapt their legislation in order to comply with this Decision.”) (Commission Of The European Communities 2008). Regulated plants in the European Community under these emergency directives include: Acer spp., Aesculus hippocastanum, Alnus spp., Betula spp., Carpinus spp., Citrus spp., Corylus spp., Cotoneaster spp., Fagus spp., Lagerstroemia spp., Malus spp., Platanus spp., Populus spp., Prunus spp., Pyrus spp., Salix spp., and Ulmus spp. In 2008 the Commission of the European Communities Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General (Safety of the Food Chain) on behalf of the European Community countries issued a “Notification of Emergency Measures” to the World Trade Organisation. The rational for this is that consignments of imported host plants of Anoplophora chinensis (Forster) have been repetitively found to be infested with this organism. Recent outbreaks in the EC territory indicate that the citrus longhorn beetle has the potential to establish within EC. Therefore, specific measures to protect the host plants from attack of this harmful organism are urgently needed within the EC. A survey to check for the presence and for the evidence of infestation by the specified organism will be carried out on host plants in the EC Member States. The measures will be reviewed after one year. The citrus longhorned beetle is recorded in the A1 list of quarantine pests of European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO), and regulated according to EU directive (Jucker et al. 2006). Note that EPPO is an intergovernmental organization responsible for European cooperation in plant protection in the European and Mediterranean region. Under the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), EPPO is the regional plant protection organization (RPPO) for Europe. EPPO recommends its member countries to regulate A1 and A2 listed pests as quarantine pests (A1 pests are absent from the EPPO region while A2 pests are locally present in the EPPO region). The European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) recommends growing all high risk imported plants for at least two years in an insect-proof enclosure prior to dispatch, inspecting plants at least 6 times a year for the presence of A. malasiaca and/or A. chinensis. Japan
In citrus orchards in Japan three treatments per season with the pesticide methidathion (Komazaki et al. 1989, in EPPO undated) are used against A. malasiaca (A. malasiaca is thought to be the same species as A. chinensis). Biological control of A. malasiaca has been trialled in Japan with the nematode Steinernema feltiae (Kashio, 1982, 1986), and with the fungi Beauveria bassiana and B. brongniartii (Kashio & Ujiye 1988, in EPPO undated). Parabiago (Italy)
The insect has been found in 13 villages, all relatively close to the first point of detection in Parabiago (province of Milano), covering an area of approximately 60 km2 in which quarantine measures have been adopted. "In 2004 the Lombardy Region issued a Decree of Control and Eradication (B.U.R.L. – 2 February 2004). During monitoring for the beetle trees showing any evidence of the pest were cut down, and the plant parts removed and destroyed, in accordance with Phytosanitary measures (B.U.R.L. – 2 February 2004). Stumps were removed or killed with chemicals, and covered with a wire mesh cage for a period of two years, in order to capture any adults that might emerge. The wire mesh cages were also placed on the ground around the stumps, to cover a surface equivalent to the projection area of the tree crown. At very low infestation rates on valuable trees, an exception was permitted by the Phytosanitary Service. Such trees were left uncut, but a wire mesh cage was placed around the base of each. During 2004, intensified monitoring by the LPPS (Lombardy Plant Protection service, Milan) allowed the detection of 741 infested trees spread across 13 municipalities. The infested area covered 57 kilometers2 inside a 15 kilometer radius. All infested sites were included in a polygon delimited by the 4 cities Gallarate, Inveruno, Pogliano Milanese, and Saronno. Out of the 741 infested trees detected, only 30 trees were fully destroyed, 348 trees were cut and the stump treated with herbicides and covered with wire mesh screen, and 63 trees were not cut, but their base of trunk was wrapped in a sleeve cage of wire mesh screen, according to the directions of the LPPS.
During 2005, in Italy, the monitoring effort was continued ; 16 municipalities in the north-western suburb of Milan are now affected by the pest problem. The monitoring is not complete yet, but the total number of fully destroyed trees increased to 165, and 205 more trees were cut.
The A. chinensis infestation affects 16 municipalities over more than 60 km2. By summer 2005, tree-cutting of more than 1000 trees had been planned for winter 2005-06.
A research project (‘Biology, ethology, and control of Anoplophora chinensis ’ Research & Development Plan 2005), to investigate the potential of biological control organisms in Italy was funded jointly by the Department of Agriculture of Regione Lombardia, Italy and the USDA-ARS, European Biological Control Laboratory, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France.
In February 2002 at Parabiago (the site of the first reported occurrence of A. chinensis in Italy and Europe two eggs of A. chinensis were found which had been attacked and damaged by a gregarious parasitoid Aprostocetus anoplophorae n. sp. (Hym: Eulophidae). Morphological studies have shown this parasitoid to belong to a previously un-described species and the authors speculate that this parasitoid originates from the pests native range probably in Japan (Delvare et al. 2004).
A grant from the Regione Lombardia Research Project ‘Record of exotic pests in Lombardy’ has allowed preliminary scientific research to be initiated on the ecology of this pest. Eggs, larvae, pupae and adults were collected to study the development of the pest in the area under quarantine. It was found that adults flew from the end of May until the end of August, with peak numbers in the middle of June. Males occurred earlier than females. In Italy the citrus longhorn beetle is believed to require one to two years for a single generation to develop. Exit holes have been found only at the base of trees and on surface roots. Up to 90 citrus longhorn beetles per tree have been recorded. United Kingdom (UK)
In response to recent findings in the UK and elsewhere (particularly Netherlands and Germany) emergency measures have recently been agreed by the European Commission’s Standing Committee on Plant Health. The measures include restrictions on the import of a wide range of plants from countries where the beetle is known to be present, which requires plants to have been grown in a pest free area or a pest free production site, and monitored for at least two years.
The relevant plant health authorities have been informed that consignments will have to have the necessary additional declaration on the phytosanitary certificate and that some destructive sampling will be necessary (as this pest is very difficult to detect without actually cutting the plant open).Defra (the United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs) are now asking that members of the public look out for this beetle. Anybody finding one of these distinctive beetles should isolate the beetle (best in a sealed glass jar) and contact their local Plant Health and Seeds Inspector (PHSI) or telephone the PHSI Head Quarters, York, on 01904 455174. The PHSI should also be notified if there is other evidence of CLB infestation. The Defra Helpline is available on 08459 33 55 77 or by emailing helpline@defra.gsi.gov.uk United States (USA)
The citrus longhorn beetle is given a relative Risk Rating of “Very High Risk” by the North American Forest Commission. It is given an establishment potential of “High Risk”. The insect is likely to establish at most North American ports of entry, especially humid regions. It has a high likelihood of reproducing after entry. Its broad host range ensures that it would easily adapt to trees indigenous to North America (NAFC 2001). An integrated approach including extensive surveys, surveillance, tree removal, chemical treatment, and regulated movement of potential host plant species out of the quarantine areas is required for a successful citrus longhorn eradication program. Since the citrus longhorn is a regulated pest, any suspect sample should be sent to the local State Department of Agriculture or USDA-APHIS for advice and action. Local Cooperative Extension Services can assist with identification. In Florida, specimens should be submitted to the Division of Plant Industry (Thomas 2004, in Gyeltshen and Hodges 2005). Washington (United States (USA))
In November 2001, Washington State instituted a quarantine extending a half mile around the Tukwila infestation site. The quarantine prohibits the movement of potentially infested plant material out of the area. This includes untreated wood, firewood, deadwood, stumps and tree trunks and cuttings of hardwood species. The shipment of almost 400 bonsai trees from Korea (source of the infestation) was destroyed. Note that the trees were being quarantined under a two-year disease quarantine, a protocol designed to reduce the likelihood of an uncontained outbreak of an insect pest or other plant pest (NPPO 2008).
The USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) and the Washington State Department of Agriculture cut and chipped 1,000 trees in hopes of eradicating this dangerous pest (USDA APHIS 2002, J. Lundberg pers. comm. 2004, in Nature Conservancy 2004).
Management Resources/Links
1. Cocquempot, Christian., 2006. Alien longhorned beetles (Coleoptera Cerambycidae): Original interceptions and introductions in Europe, mainly in France, and notes about recently imported species. Redia. 89 2006. 35-50.
Summary: Abstract: Interceptions of eighteen species of longhorned beetles in Europe, mainly in France, are reported and information about their origin, biology, host plants, potential damage, and economical impact are given. Notes about the updated situation of the most recently imported pest species are presented.
" 2. Cocquempot, Christian; Prost, Monique; Carmignac, David., 2003. Interceptions and introductions to France of Asian longhorn beetles: Case of Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) and A. chinensis (Forster) (Coleoptera Cerambycidae). Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon. 72(8). Octobre 2003. 273-278.
Summary: Abstract: Interceptions and introductions to France of cerambycid beetles have been increasing for some years. Two species of the Asian genus Anoplophora have been found recently in Ain, Ardeche, Loiret and Marne. A. chinensis has been accidentally imported with bonsai trees, and one introduction has hitherto been detected. A. glabripennis was introduced into Gien (Loiret) where success in its eradication is not guaranteed. A. glabripennis and A. chinensis were predicted to appear in France following their introduction into Austria and Italy. These are designated quarantine species under strict law, since they are formidable pests of healthy trees and bushes in their countries of origin. Their continued establishment in France is not assured, but the uncertainty of the eradication programme and overlooked introductions make their likely continued presence in the short-term irreversible. The genus Anoplophora contains 36 species, some of which can be confused with glabripennis and chinensis, themselves difficult to separate without careful examination. At least two other species could be imported and acclimatise to conditions in France. 4. Delvare, Gérard , Marie-Claude Bon, Franck Herard, Christian Cocquempot, Matteo Maspero & Mario Colombo. 2004. Description of Aprostocetus anoplophorae n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a new egg parasitoid of the invasive pest Anoplophora chinensis (Förster) (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae). Ann. Soc. entomol. Fr. (n.s.), 2004, 40 (3-4) : 227-233. 6. EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization). 2006. Distribution of Quarantine Pests of Europe : Anoplophora chinensis 7. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO), 2007. Anoplophora chinensis - Eradication programme in Lombardia (Italy) Prepared for EPPO by Matteo Maspero, Guglielmo Cavaliera, Giovanni D’Angelo, Costanza Jucker, Marta Valentini, Mario Colombo, Franck Herard, Jaime Lopez, Nathalie Ramualde, Mariangela Ciampitti, Gualtiero Caremi and Beniamino Cavagna (updated in September 2007)
Summary: Available from: http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/anoplophora_chinensis/chinensis_IT_2007.htm [Accessed 13 November 2008] 10. Forest Research Institute. 2007. Alien Invasive Species and International Trade. Forest Research Institute: Warsaw. 12. Hérard, F.; Ciampitti, M.; Maspero, M.; Krehan, H.; Benker, U.; Boegel, C.; Schrage, R.; Bouhot-Delduc, L.; Bialooki, P., 2006. Anoplophora species in Europe: infestations and management processes1 (p 470-474) 15. Jucker, Costanza, Maspero, Matteo, Colombo, Mario, Valentini, Marta, Herard ,Franck, Lopez, Jaime, Cocquempot, Christian, Delvare, Gerard, Cavalieri, Guglielmo, D'Angelo, Giovanni, 2006. Biological Notes on Anoplophora chinensis and Control Techniques in Italy. Work published with a grant of Lombardia Region (Italy) Research Project “Biology, ethology and control of Anoplophora chinensis Forster - BETOTAC” financed in the plan for research and development 2004-2006.
Summary: Available from: http://www.agricoltura.regione.lombardia.it/admin/rla_Documenti/1-3502/poster_smirne.pdf [Accessed 13 November 2008] 17. Kimoto, Troy, Marnie Duthie-Holt & Louise Dumouchel., 2006. Guide des insectes forestiers exotiques. Agence canadienne d’inspection des aliments. French language version
Summary: Available from: http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/ento/clbalert.html [Accessed 13 November 2008] 18. Krehan, Hannes. 2002. Asian Longhorned Beetle in Austria: Critical Comments on Phytosanitary Measures and Regulations. In: Proceedings U.S. Department of Agriculture Interagency Research Forum on Gypsy Moth and Other Invasive Species January 15-18, 2002. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. 20. Maspero, M, C Jucker, M Colombo, M Ciampitti, B Cavagna and G Caremi. Undated. The longhorn beetle Anoplophora chinensis (form malasiaca), a new pest of woody ornamentals in Italy. 29. The North American Forest Commission Exotic Forest Pest Information System (NAFC-ExFor). 2001. Pest Reports ExFor Database 32. Xu, Qi., 1997. Habits of Anoplophora chinensis which causes harm to Casuarina equisetifolia and its control. Forest Research. 10(5). Oct., 1997. 551-555.
Summary: Abstract: In 1989-1992, the research results showed that Anoplophora chinensis has one generation a year, but in the whole, about 15% of them has two generations in three years. its damage degree is obviously correlated with the plant age, stand density and stand condition. The total accumulated temperature of 1200 C was needed in the period when after overwintering,the larva after recovering is changed into adults. Its emergence peak day(time) was obviously coincided with in full bloom day (time) of Casuarina equiselifolia in the stand. Through the investigation of 8263 sample trees and about one hundred thousand plants checked, a chance of 100% can be reached of its emergence hole distributed in 25 cm above the ovipositing slot. A mortality above 90% can be reached by daubing trunks at above the egg hole about at 25 cm with 40% omethoate in 1:4 time solution of kerosine and the technical points in the synthetical control were suggested. Results Page: 1
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