Spartina densiflora (草)

生态 分布 管理 影响 参考数据 联系

管理信息 物理方法：人工或机械拔除、割除以及焚烧或覆盖法，能够有效地控制小型的密花米草(Spartina densiflora)植群，但控制大型植群时，会有困难,。 化学方法：结合水生除草剂灭草烟或草甘膦和表面活性剂，经由各种方法，直接施用在密花米草(S. densiflora)，以消除和控制此外来入侵族群。这两种除草剂是美国环境保护局和加州农药管制部目前唯一批准，可用于加利福尼亚州河口环境的水产化学品(CDPR)，请参阅旧金山河口入侵互花米草计划。              地点特有的管理信息 California The California Invasive Plant Inventory categorizes non-native invasive plants that threaten the state’s wildlands. Spartina densiflora is rated as 'High' based on an evaluation which considers ecological impacts, invasion potential and ecological distribution. (High: These species have severe ecological impacts on physical processes, plant and animal communities, and vegetation structure. Their reproductive biology and other attributes are conducive to moderate to high rates of dispersal and establishment. Most are widely distributed ecologically). S. densiflora scores a 'High' for impacts, 'Moderate' for invasiveness and 'Limited' for distribution. It has invaded the San Francisco and Humboldt Bay salt marshes. Please follow this link for California-county distributional map for Spartina densiflora Humboldt Bay Studies on Spartina densiflora have shown that mowing can be an effective method for control on a large scale while hand digging on a smaller scale (Tatum, undated) . Oregon Spartina densiflora is listed as a "A" designated' and 'Quarantine' weed in the state of Oregon. Definitions: “A” Designated Weed – a weed of known economic importance which occurs in the state in small enough infestations to make eradication or containment possible; or is not known to occur, but its presence in neighboring states make future occurrence in Oregon seem imminent. Recommended action: Infestations are subject to eradication or intensive control when and where found. Please follow this link for Oregon-county distributional map for Spartina densiflora San Francisco Bay (Estuary) The San Francisco Estuary Invasive Spartina Project has developed a management and control program that includes both mechanical and chemical treatments to the invasive Spartina densiflora. The aquatic herbicides imazapyr and glyphosate are currently being used exclusively in conjunction with other non-chemical methods. Mechanical removal of S. densiflora can be costly and time consuming but has proven to be more effective than hand removal methods. The covering or blanketing method involves draping fabric that seals out sunlight and kills off the S. densiflora trapped underneath. This method is only effective when used on smaller populations of cordgrass that are limited in area (San Fransisco Estuary Invasive Spartina Project, undated). Washington Spartina densiflora is listed as 'Class A Noxious weed' and comes under the 'Wetland and aquatic weed quarantine' in the state of Washington. (Class A noxious weeds are those noxious weeds not native to the state that are of limited distribution or are unrecorded in the state and that pose a serious threat to the state). The Wetland and aquatic weed quarantine is established against nonnative, aggressive weeds that threaten Washington waters and wetlands: Washington waters and wetlands are threatened by nonnative, aggressive weeds that destroy the commercial, aesthetic, fish and/or wildlife habitat, and recreational value of these areas. These rooted or freely floating plant species, when established, form dense stands or mats that clog irrigation systems and waterways, displace native species, alter fish and wildlife habitat, and/or seriously impact recreational use of the waterways.          管理资源 /链接 1. Ayres, Debra R.; Debra L. Smith, Katy Zaremba, Shannon Klohr & Donald R. Strong., 2004. Spread of exotic cordgrasses and hybrids (Spartina sp.) in the tidal marshes of San Francisco Bay, California, USA Biological Invasions 6: 221–231, 2004.         摘要： A study that looked at the spread of Spartina densiflora and other non-native Spartina species. The researchers also examined the ability of the non-natives to colonize a given habitat. 2. Cal-IPC. 2006. California Invasive Plant Inventory. Cal-IPC Publication 2006-02. California Invasive Plant Council: Berkeley, CA. Available: www.cal-ipc.org.         摘要： Available from: http://www.cal-ipc.org/ip/inventory/pdf/Inventory2006.pdf [Accessed 19 May 2008] 3. Collins, J.N, May M, Grosso C. 2003. Dense-flowered cordgrass Spartina densiflora. Practical Guidebook to the Control of Invasive Aquatic and Wetland Plants of the San Francisco Bay - Delta Region.         摘要： Information on description, economic importance, distribution, habitat, history, growth, and impacts and management of species. Available from: http://legacy.sfei.org/nis/densecordgrass.html [Accessed 22 May 2010]. The Guidebook is available from: http://legacy.sfei.org/nis/index.html 4. Daehler, Curtis C. & Donald R. Strong., 1996. Status, prediction and prevention of introduced cordgrass Spartina spp. invasions in Pacific estuaries, USA. Biological Conservation Volume 78, Issues 1-2, October-November 1996, Pages 51-58         摘要： A study that analyzed the ways in which Spartina species invade in order to make predictions about ways to protect habitat from the invasives. 5. Kittelson, Pamela M.; Milton J. Boyd ., 1997. Mechanisms of Expansion for an Introduced Species of Cordgrass, Spartina densiflora, in Humboldt Bay, California. Estuaries, Vol. 20, No. 4. (Dec., 1997), pp. 770-778.         摘要： A study done in Humboldt Bay, California that looked at the mechanisms for expansion for Spartina densiflora.          结果页： 1