Management Information
Mechanical: Mechanical control of Rubus niveus is difficult because the entire plant must be thoroughly removed to prevent regeneration. This is typically only successful when the plants are still small seedlings. The cutting back of plants may also be used as an initial step to chemical control (Starr et al. 2003).
Chemical: Motooka et al. (2003) found triclopyr ester in a crop oil carrier (either as drizzle applications at 1 lb./acre or as very low volume basal bark applications at a 15% concentration) to be successful in the management of R. niveus. They note that the species is supposedly resistant to triclopyr ester when water is the carrier. Applications at 1% concentration of a herbicide containing picloram and 2,4, D (commercial name Truper 101) are suggested by the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands (Fundación Charles Darwin y Dirección del Parque Nacional Galapagos 2009).
In Galapagos, tests with pre-emergent herbicides have also yielded positive results: Butarroz (active ingredient butachlor at 2.25%) and Ronstar (active ingredient oxadiazon at 0.6%). These are useful in areas to kill the seed bank, and can be used in conjunction with replanting of natives.
Biological: The use of fungal pathogens for biological control of R. niveus is being explored, with Phragmidium barclayi Dietel, Phragmidium himalense J.Y. Zhuang, Phragmidium octoloculare Barclay, Phragmidium shogranense Petr., and Pseucercospora sp. having been identified as fungal pathogens from the species' native range (Ellison and Barreto, 2004).
In Hawai'i, five species of insect were released between 1963 and 1969 to control this species. Three of the five species established, and two were successful; Schreckensteinia festaliella, which completely defoliates the plant, and Croesia zimmermani, a leaf miner. However, as these species also attack the native Rubus, the programme was stopped (Nagata y Markin, 1986).
Cultural: Due to the large seed bank, weed control needs to be carried out in tandem with a change of land use to, for example pasture. In Galapagos, competition between introduced grasses (eg Brachiaria (Urochloa decumbens), or Tanzania (Panicum maximum cultivar Tanzania) may help reduce re-invasion by R. niveus. In some cleared areas in the Galapagos National Park there have been plantings of the native Scalesia pedunculata, an endemic tree of rapid growth, with the aim to provide shade and prevent weed growth. However, the effectiveness of this management tool is not evident.  
Location Specific Management InformationFloreana Is.
Where it is carried out, management uses either glyphosate at 2%, or picloram at 1% (Fundación Charles Darwin y Dirección del Parque Nacional Galapagos 2009).
In 2007, detailed searching and control was started on Floreana to enable evaluation of the possibility of eradicating this species (Rachel Atkinson., pers.comm., July 2008). Rentería et al. (2007) documents costed eradication plans for 21 invasive species including Rubus niveus in Galapagos. The plans were developed as part of a GEF funded project ECU/00/G31 'Control of Invasive species in the Galapagos Archipelago'.
The management plans report projects at different stages of development and for species that have invaded to different extents. Three of the projects have already been finished successfully, 5 have yet to be started, and for the rest the projects have been running for between 1 and 6 years. The cost and time needed for eradication varies considerably by species and demonstrates the importance of species eradication as soon as possible after detection.
Please follow this link Rentería et al. 2006 to an illustrated guide providing practical information for the effective control of the worst invasive plant species in Galapagos. Designed for farmers and other land managers, it describes manual and chemical control methods. Rubus niveus is among 23 introduced species with descriptions and control options listed. Galapagos Islands
Where it is carried out, management uses either glyphosate at 2%, or picloram at 1% (Fundación Charles Darwin y Dirección del Parque Nacional Galapagos 2009). Hawaii (Hawai‘i) Is.
Rubus niveus is listed as a noxious weed in the state of Hawaii (USDA, NRCS, 2007). Isabela Is. (Ecuador)
Control work of R. niveus on Sierra Negra has been carried out in 2001, 2002 and 2006. (Rachel Atkinson., pers.comm., July 2008). Where it is carried out, management uses either glyphosate at 2%, or picloram at 1% (Fundación Charles Darwin y Dirección del Parque Nacional Galapagos 2009).
Rentería et al. (2007) documents costed eradication plans for 21 invasive species including Rubus niveus in Galapagos. The plans were developed as part of a GEF funded project ECU/00/G31 'Control of Invasive species in the Galapagos Archipelago'.
The management plans report projects at different stages of development and for species that have invaded to different extents. Three of the projects have already been finished successfully, 5 have yet to be started, and for the rest the projects have been running for between 1 and 6 years. The cost and time needed for eradication varies considerably by species and demonstrates the importance of species eradication as soon as possible after detection.
Please follow this link Rentería et al. 2006 to an illustrated guide providing practical information for the effective control of the worst invasive plant species in Galapagos. Designed for farmers and other land managers, it describes manual and chemical control methods. Rubus niveus is among 23 introduced species with descriptions and control options listed. Kaua`i Is.
Rubus niveus is listed as a noxious weed in the state of Hawaii (USDA, NRCS, 2007). Plants have been controlled by the Kaua'i Department of Agriculture (Starr et al. 2003). Maui Is.
Rubus niveus is listed as a noxious weed in the state of Hawaii (USDA, NRCS, 2007). San Cristobal Is. (Ecuador)
Where it is carried out, management uses either glyphosate at 2%, or picloram at 1% (Fundación Charles Darwin y Dirección del Parque Nacional Galapagos 2009).
The main constraint in the control of this species is its large and long-lived seed bank, and fast generation time (Rachel Atkinson., pers.comm., July 2008). Rentería et al. (2007) documents costed eradication plans for 21 invasive species including Rubus niveus in Galapagos. The plans were developed as part of a GEF funded project ECU/00/G31 'Control of Invasive species in the Galapagos Archipelago'.
The management plans report projects at different stages of development and for species that have invaded to different extents. Three of the projects have already been finished successfully, 5 have yet to be started, and for the rest the projects have been running for between 1 and 6 years. The cost and time needed for eradication varies considerably by species and demonstrates the importance of species eradication as soon as possible after detection.
Please follow this link Rentería et al. 2006 to an illustrated guide providing practical information for the effective control of the worst invasive plant species in Galapagos. Designed for farmers and other land managers, it describes manual and chemical control methods. Rubus niveus is among 23 introduced species with descriptions and control options listed. Santa Cruz Is. (Ecuador)
Where it is carried out, management uses either glyphosate at 2%, or picloram at 1% (Fundación Charles Darwin y Dirección del Parque Nacional Galapagos 2009).
The main constraint in the control of this species is its large and long-lived seed bank, and fast generation time (Rachel Atkinson., pers.comm., July 2008). Rentería et al. (2007) documents costed eradication plans for 21 invasive species including Rubus niveus in Galapagos. The plans were developed as part of a GEF funded project ECU/00/G31 'Control of Invasive species in the Galapagos Archipelago'.
The management plans report projects at different stages of development and for species that have invaded to different extents. Three of the projects have already been finished successfully, 5 have yet to be started, and for the rest the projects have been running for between 1 and 6 years. The cost and time needed for eradication varies considerably by species and demonstrates the importance of species eradication as soon as possible after detection.
Please follow this link Rentería et al. 2006 to an illustrated guide providing practical information for the effective control of the worst invasive plant species in Galapagos. Designed for farmers and other land managers, it describes manual and chemical control methods. Rubus niveus is among 23 introduced species with descriptions and control options listed. Santiago Is.
Where it is carried out, management uses either glyphosate at 2%, or picloram at 1% (Fundación Charles Darwin y Dirección del Parque Nacional Galapagos 2009).
It is estimated that eradication of R. niveus may still be possible if sustained effort is given, and at a total cost of 2.25 million USD over 15 years (Rachel Atkinson., pers.comm., July 2008). (Rachel Atkinson., pers.comm., July 2008).
Rentería et al. (2007) documents costed eradication plans for 21 invasive species including Rubus niveus in Galapagos. The plans were developed as part of a GEF funded project ECU/00/G31 'Control of Invasive species in the Galapagos Archipelago'.
The management plans report projects at different stages of development and for species that have invaded to different extents. Three of the projects have already been finished successfully, 5 have yet to be started, and for the rest the projects have been running for between 1 and 6 years. The cost and time needed for eradication varies considerably by species and demonstrates the importance of species eradication as soon as possible after detection.
Please follow this link Rentería et al. 2006 to an illustrated guide providing practical information for the effective control of the worst invasive plant species in Galapagos. Designed for farmers and other land managers, it describes manual and chemical control methods. Rubus niveus is among 23 introduced species with descriptions and control options listed. Tasmania
Rubus niveus is listed as a noxious weed in Tasmania (Plants For a Future, 2004).
Management Resources/Links
2. Ellison, C.A. and R.W. Barreto. 2004. Prospects for the management of invasive alien weeds using co-evolved fungal pathogens: a Latin American perspective. Biological Invasions, 6: 23–45.
Summary: This article reviews the prospects for the management of invasive alien weeds using co-evolved fungal pathogens, including the pathogens of R. niveus. 5. Rentería, Jorge Luis; Rachel Atkinson & Chris Buddenhagen., 2007. Estrategias para la erradicación de 21 especies de plantas. Fundación Charles Darwin, Departamento de Botánica. Programa de Especies Invasoras en Galápagos
potencialmente invasoras en Galápagos.
Summary: This document comprises costed eradication plans for 21 invasive species in Galapagos. The plans were developed as part of a GEF funded project
ECU/00/G31 ¨Control of Invasive species in the Galapagos Archipelago¨. The management plans report projects at different stages of development and for species that have invaded to different extents. Three of the projects have already been finished successfully, 5 have yet to be started, and for the rest the projects have been running for between 1 and 6 years. The cost and time needed for eradication varies considerably by species and demonstrates the importance of species eradication as soon as possible after detection
Resumen
El presente documento proporciona planes de manejo y el costo para la erradicación de 21 especies que se encuentran presentes en Galápagos. Los planes fueron desarrollados como parte del proyecto ECU/00/G31 "Control de las especies invasoras en el Archipiélago de las Galápagos", suscrito por el Gobierno Ecuatoriano, representado por el Ministerio del Ambiente, con el Fondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial (GEF). El Proyecto es implementado por el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (UNDP), tiene como instituciones ejecutoras al Servicio Parque Nacional Galápagos (SPNG), Instituto Nacional Galápagos (INGALA), Servicio Ecuatoriano de Sanidad Agropecuaria-Galápagos (SESA-Galápagos), y Fundación Charles Darwin (FCD). Los planes de manejo representan proyectos en diferentes estados de desarrollo y dimensión. Tres de estos proyectos ya han sido desarrollados completamente, trece están en proceso y cinco aún no se han iniciado. El costo y tiempo para la erradicación varia considerablemente según la especie y se muestra la importancia económica que implica desarrollar proyectos de erradicación tan pronto las especies son detectadas. Results Page: 1
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