Management Information
Preventative measures: The use of potentially invasive alien species for aquaculture and their accidental release/or escape can have negative impacts on native biodiversity and ecosystems. Hewitt et al, (2006) Alien Species in Aquaculture: Considerations for responsible use aims to first provide decision makers and managers with information on the existing international and regional regulations that address the use of alien species in aquaculture, either directly or indirectly; and three examples of national responses to this issue (Australia, New Zealand and Chile). The publication also provides recommendations for a ‘simple’ set of guidelines and principles for developing countries that can be applied at a regional or domestic level for the responsible management of Alien Species use in aquaculture development. These guidelines focus primarily on marine systems, however may equally be applied to freshwater. Copp et al, (2005) Risk identification and assessment of non-native freshwater fishes presents a conceptual risk assessment approach for freshwater fish species that addresses the first two elements (hazard identification, hazard assessment) of the UK environmental risk strategy. The paper presents a few worked examples of assessments on species to facilitate discussion. The electronic Decision-support tools- Invasive-species identification tool kits that includes a freshwater and marine fish invasives scoring kit are made available on the Cefas (Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science) page for free download (subject to Crown Copyright (2007-2008)). Physical: Several methods of physical removal of Salvelinus fontinalis have been utilized to allow for recovery of affected native species. These methods result in little if any effects on non-target organisms or detriment to surrounding environments. They are very effective in small areas but prove somewhat inefficient on a grander scale. Methods include the use of depletion electrofishing, capture with monofilament gill nets, and underwater angling. Electrofishing and removal has been employed in several instances and has replaced the use of ichthyocides in many locations. Treatment methods include backpack and boat mounted shockers. In the Colorado River Basin, USA, brook trout were removed to successfully promote severely diminished Colorado River Basin cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki pleuriticus) populations using three pass depletion-removal electrofishing. Similarly, brook trout were eradicated from several creeks in Montana, USA to study the effects on failing, native westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki lewisii). Another electofishing removal study was successfully conducted in Colorado, USA to investigate the effects of brook trout on native cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) (Peterson et al. 2004; Thompson & Rahel 1996; Shepard, 2004). The removal of S. fontinalis using monofilament gill nets was successful recovering endangered mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa) in the 60 Lakes Basin of Kings Canyon National Park in the Sierra Nevada, USA. Another study in the Sierra Nevada in Maul Lake found the use of gill nets to be effective and more cost efficient than the use of piscicide Rotenone in small lakes. In Mount Rainer Park, Washington, USA, nets were employed to remove brook trout from a mountain lake, which yielded a successful recovery of northwestern salamander (Ambystoma gracile). Finally, the same method was used in Bighorn Lake, Alberta, Canada to study eradication of non-native fish to study their effects cascading trophic interactions. Conclusions found eradication to provide a partial to full recovery of lake flora and fauna (Vrendenburg, 2004; Knapp & Matthews, 1998; Hoffman et al. 2004; Parker & Schindler, 2006). Underwater angling using live invertebrate bait is a primitive yet effective method used in Elk Creek, Montana, USA to eradicate S. fontinalis and successfully recover threatened native bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) (Nakano et al. 1998). Chemical: The use of toxic piscicides for the removal S. fontinalis, and fish in general, has dramatically declined as a result of improved understanding of its ecological effects and mortality of nontarget organisms. The use of piscicides is effective, especially in large areas were physical removal methods prove inefficient. However, most eradications are done to aid threatened native organisms which is difficult when considering their probable harm as a result of piscicide use. Treatment methods include drip stations and backpack and helicopter mounted sprayers. Successful eradication of brook trout using antimycin was performed in Yellowstone Lake tributary Arinca Creek in Wyoming, USA to allow for cutthroat trout recovery. Rotenone is another effective piscicide in eradicating brook trout (Gresswell, 1991; Knapp & Matthews, 1998). 
Location Specific Management InformationCalifornia
Ecological effects of nonnative fishes have resulted the decline of amphibians in many areas of California. Successful experimental removal of Salvelinus fontinalis from lakes in the Sixty Lakes Basin, Kings Canyon Park in the Sierra Nevada from 1996-2003 using 35 hand-deployed gill nets resulted in a rapid recovery of endangered mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) populations. A similar eradication study of the removal of Salvelinus fontinalis from Maul Lake in the Sierra Nevada was performed using monofilament gill nets from 1992-1994 (Vrendenburg, 2004; Knapp & Matthews 1998). Canada
Salvelinus fontinalis was successfully eradicated from previously fish-less Bighorn Lake, Alberta, Canada from 1997-2000 using continuously fished mixed-mesh monofilament nylon gill nets, to study the effects of removal on cascading trophic interactions, resulting in significant recovery towards fish-less lake ecology (Parker & Schindler 2006). Colorado
An electrofishing removal study was performed in northern Colorado to study population suppression of cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) by nonative brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) (Peterson et al. 2004). John Muir Wilderness Study Area
Ecological effects of nonnative fishes have resulted the decline of amphibians in many areas of California. Successful experimental removal of Salvelinus fontinalis from lakes in the Sixty Lakes Basin, Kings Canyon Park in the Sierra Nevada from 1996-2003 using 35 hand-deployed gill nets resulted in a rapid recovery of endangered mountain yellow-legged frog (see Rana muscosa in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) populations. A similar eradication study of the removal of Salvelinus fontinalis from Maul Lake in the Sierra Nevada was performed using monofilament gill nets from 1992-1994 (Vrendenburg, 2004; Knapp & Matthews 1998). Kings Canyon National Park
Ecological effects of nonnative fishes have resulted the decline of amphibians in many areas of California. Successful experimental removal of Salvelinus fontinalis from lakes in the Sixty Lakes Basin, Kings Canyon Park in the Sierra Nevada from 1996-2003 using 35 hand-deployed gill nets resulted in a rapid recovery of endangered mountain yellow-legged frog (see Rana muscosa in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) populations. A similar eradication study of the removal of Salvelinus fontinalis from Maul Lake in the Sierra Nevada was performed using monofilament gill nets from 1992-1994 (Vrendenburg, 2004; Knapp & Matthews 1998). Klamath River
Ecological effects of nonnative fishes have resulted the decline of amphibians in many areas of California. Successful experimental removal of Salvelinus fontinalis from lakes in the Sixty Lakes Basin, Kings Canyon Park in the Sierra Nevada from 1996-2003 using 35 hand-deployed gill nets resulted in a rapid recovery of endangered mountain yellow-legged frog (see Rana muscosa in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) populations. A similar eradication study of the removal of Salvelinus fontinalis from Maul Lake in the Sierra Nevada was performed using monofilament gill nets from 1992-1994 (Vrendenburg, 2004; Knapp & Matthews 1998). Lake Tahoe
Ecological effects of nonnative fishes have resulted the decline of amphibians in many areas of California. Successful experimental removal of Salvelinus fontinalis from lakes in the Sixty Lakes Basin, Kings Canyon Park in the Sierra Nevada from 1996-2003 using 35 hand-deployed gill nets resulted in a rapid recovery of endangered mountain yellow-legged frog (see Rana muscosa in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) populations. A similar eradication study of the removal of Salvelinus fontinalis from Maul Lake in the Sierra Nevada was performed using monofilament gill nets from 1992-1994 (Vrendenburg, 2004; Knapp & Matthews 1998). Montana
A removal study was conducted in Elk Creek in which brook trout were removed by underwater angling with live invertebrate bait. The removal of Salvelinus fontinalis caused an increase in populations of threatened native bull trout (see Salvelinus confluentus in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) and cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) (Nakano et al. 1998). Conservation efforts to preserve westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki lewisii) removed brook trout by electrofishing removal treatments in Cottonwood, Craver, Muskrat, Spring, and Staubach Creeks in Montana from 2001-2003. Electrofishing required the removal of riparian vegetation and underwater woody debris to reach all fish. Eradication took at least six removal treatments of two to three passes per treatment and was estimated at $3,000-$4,000 per km and $8,000-$9,000 per km when clearing was necessary (Shepard, undated). Poland
Salvelinus fontinalis is reported to be managed in Tatrzanski National Park, Poland with the use of selective piscicides (FishBase, 2001). Washington
Introduced Salvelinus fontinalis was removed from study lakes in Mount Rainier National Park using monofilament gill nets to study the response of native northwestern salamander (Ambystoma gracile) (Hoffman et al. 2004). Wyoming
Research management in Wyoming using three-pass depletion electrofishing to remove Salvelinus fontinalis from the Colorado River Basin was successfully conducted to promote population growth in failing native Colorado River Basin cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki pleuriticus). This method has replaced the previous use of piscicides to remove brook trout. One such example is the use of Antimycin to remove brook trout from Yellowstone Lake tributary Arnica Creek in 1985 and 1986 (Thompson & Rahel 1996; Gresswell, 1991).
Management Resources/Links
1. Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)., 2008. Decision support tools-Identifying potentially invasive non-native marine and freshwater species: fish, invertebrates, amphibians.
Summary: The electronic tool kits made available on the Cefas page for free download are Crown Copyright (2007-2008). As such, these are freeware and may be freely distributed provided this notice is retained. No warranty, expressed or implied, is made and users should satisfy themselves as to the applicability of the results in any given circumstance. Toolkits available include 1) FISK- Freshwater Fish Invasiveness Scoring Kit (English and Spanish language version); 2) MFISK- Marine Fish Invasiveness Scoring Kit; 3) MI-ISK- Marine invertebrate Invasiveness Scoring Kit; 4) FI-ISK- Freshwater Invertebrate Invasiveness Scoring Kit and AmphISK- Amphibian Invasiveness Scoring Kit. These tool kits were developed by Cefas, with new VisualBasic and computational programming by Lorenzo Vilizzi, David Cooper, Andy South and Gordon H. Copp, based on VisualBasic code in the original Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) tool kit of P.C. Pheloung, P.A. Williams & S.R. Halloy (1999).
The decision support tools are available from: http://cefas.defra.gov.uk/our-science/ecosystems-and-biodiversity/non-native-species/decision-support-tools.aspx [Accessed 13 October 2011]
The guidance document is available from http://www.cefas.co.uk/media/118009/fisk_guide_v2.pdf [Accessed 13 January 2009]. 5. Gascon, C., Collins, J. P., Moore, R. D., Church, D. R., McKay, J. E. and Mendelson, J. R. III (eds). 2007. Amphibian Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 64pp.
Summary: The Amphibian Conservation Action Plan (ACAP) is designed to provide guidance for implementing amphibian conservation and research initiatives at all scales from global down to local.
Available from:
http://www.amphibians.org/newsletter/ACAP.pdf [Accessed 9 June 2008] 6. Gresswell, R.E. 1991. Use of antimycin for removal of brook trout from a tributary of Yellowstone Lake. North American Journal of Fisheries Management. Vol. 11:83-90.
Summary: A study on the removal of brook trout from a stream in Wyoming, USA using a piscicide to allow for Yellowstone cutthroat trout recovery. 7. IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4.
Summary: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species provides taxonomic, conservation status and distribution information on taxa that have been globally evaluated using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. This system is designed to determine the relative risk of extinction, and the main purpose of the IUCN Red List is to catalogue and highlight those taxa that are facing a higher risk of global extinction (i.e. those listed as Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable). The IUCN Red List also includes information on taxa that are categorized as Extinct or Extinct in the Wild; on taxa that cannot be evaluated because of insufficient information (i.e. are Data Deficient); and on taxa that are either close to meeting the threatened thresholds or that would be threatened were it not for an ongoing taxon-specific conservation programme (i.e. are Near Threatened).
Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/ [Accessed 25 May 2011] 8. Jansson, K., 2008. NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet – Salvelinus fontinalis.
Summary: The North European and Baltic Network on Invasive Alien Species (NOBANIS) is a gateway to information on alien and invasive species in North and Central Europe. The participating countries are Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Faroe Islands, Germany, Greenland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, European part of Russia, Sweden. The NOBANIS project will provide fact sheets on 60 of the most invasive alien species of the region, covering both animals and plant as well as microorganisms. We intend to upload 60 fact sheets - so please visit this page regularly.
NOBANIS is available from: www.nobanis.org, this page is available from: http://www.nobanis.org/files/factsheets/Salvelinus%20fontinalis.pdf [Accessed 16 August 21 2008] 9. Knapp, R.A. and Matthews, K.R. 1998. Eradication of nonnative fish by gill netting from a small mountain lake in California. Restoration Ecology. Vol. 6, No. 2: 207-213.
Summary: A study on the removal of Salvelinus fontinalis from a lake by gill netting. 10. Mendoza, R.E.; Cudmore, B.; Orr, R.; Balderas, S.C.; Courtenay, W.R.; Osorio, P.K.; Mandrak, N.; Torres, P.A.; Damian, M.A.; Gallardo, C.E.; Sanguines, A.G.; Greene, G.; Lee, D.; Orbe-Mendoza, A.; Martinez, C.R.; and Arana, O.S. 2009. Trinational Risk Assessment Guidelines for Aquatic Alien Invasive Species. Commission for Environmental Cooperation. 393, rue St-Jacques Ouest, Bureau 200, Montréal (Québec), Canada. ISBN 978-2-923358-48-1.
Summary: In 1993, Canada, Mexico and the United States signed the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC) as a side agreement to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The NAAEC established the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) to help the Parties ensure that improved economic efficiency occurred simultaneously with
trinational environmental cooperation. The NAAEC highlighted biodiversity as a key area for trinational cooperation. In 2001,
the CEC adopted a resolution (Council Resolution 01-03), which created the Biodiversity Conservation Working Group (BCWG),
a working group of high-level policy makers from Canada, Mexico and the United States. In 2003, the BCWG produced
the “Strategic Plan for North American Cooperation in the Conservation of Biodiversity.” This strategy identified responding to
threats, such as invasive species, as a priority action area. In 2004, the BCWG, recognizing the importance of prevention in addressing
invasive species, agreed to work together to develop the draft CEC Risk Assessment Guidelines for Aquatic Alien Invasive
Species (hereafter referred to as the Guidelines). These Guidelines will serve as a tool to North American resource managers
who are evaluating whether or not to introduce a non-native species into a new ecosystem. Through this collaborative
process, the BCWG has begun to implement its strategy as well as address an important trade and environment issue. With increased
trade comes an increase in the potential for economic growth as well as biological invasion, by working to minimize the potential adverse
impacts from trade, the CEC Parties are working to maximize the gains from trade while minimizing the environmental costs.
Available from: English version: http://www.cec.org/Storage/62/5516_07-64-CEC%20invasives%20risk%20guidelines-full-report_en.pdf [Accessed 15 June 2010]
French version: http://www.cec.org/Storage/62/5517_07-64-CEC%20invasives%20risk%20guidelines-full-report_fr.pdf [Accessed 15 June 2010]
Spanish version: http://www.cec.org/Storage/62/5518_07-64-CEC%20invasives%20risk%20guidelines-full-report_es.pdf [Accessed 15 June 2010]. 11. Nakano, S., Kitano, S., Nakai, K., and Fausch, K.D. 1998. Competitive interactions for foraging microhabitat among introduced brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis, and native bull charr, S.confluentus, and westslope cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi, in a Montana stream. Environmental Biology of Fishes. Vol. 52: 345-355.
Summary: This study involves the competitive interactions between native westslope cutthroat trout and introduced brook trout in Montana. 12. Parker, B.R. and Schindler, D.W. 2006. Cascading trophic interactions in an oligotrophic species-poor alpine lake. Ecosystems. Vol. 9: 157-166.
Summary: This journal article concerns the resultant trophic effects of introduced fish. 13. Shepard, B.B. 2004. Factors that may be influencing nonnative brook trout invasion and their displacement of native westslope cutthroat trout in three adjacent southwestern Montana streams. North American Journal of Fisheries Management. Vol 24, No. 3:1088-1100.
Summary: This abstract discusses effects of brook trout on native westslope cutthroat trout in Montana. 14. Thompson, P.D. and Rahel, F.J. 1996. Evaluation of depletion-removal electrofishing of brook trout in small Rocky Mountain streams. North American Journal of Fisheries Management. Vol. 16: 332-339.
Summary: This study evaluated the use of three-pass depletion electrofishing in removing brook trout to allow for recovery of cutthroat trout. 15. Vredenburg, V.T. 2004. Reversing introduced species effects: experimental removal of introduced fish leads to rapid recovery of a declining frog. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Vol. 101, No. 20: 7646-7650.
Summary: A removal study of Salvelinus fontinalis and the recovery of endangered Rana muscosa. Results Page: 1
|
