Management Information
Preventative measures: Nyberg and Wallentinus (2005) state that Caulerpa taxifolia is one of five top risk species in Europe. The authors study quantitatively ranked species traits which facilitate introduction and predominance using interval arithmetic to search for common patterns among 113 marine macroalgae introduced in Europe. From the abstract Nyberg and Wallentinus (2005) “Three main categories were used: dispersal, establishment and ecological impact. These were further subdivided into more specific categories, a total of 13. Introduced species were compared with the same number of native species randomised from the same families as the introduced. Invasive species (i.e. species having a negative ecological or economical impact) were also compared with non-invasive introductions, separately for the three algal groups. In many categories, as well as when adding all species, the introduced species ranked more hazardous than the native species and the invasive species ranked higher than the non-invasive ones. The ranking within the three main categories differed, reflecting different strategies between the species within the three algal groups. When all categories (excluding salinity and temperature) were summed, the top five risk species, all invasive, were, in descending order, C. fragile spp. tomentosoides, Caulerpa taxifolia, Undaria pinnatifida, Asparagopsis armata and Grateloupia doryphora, while Sargassum muticum ranked eight and Caulerpa racemosa ten. Fifteen of the twenty-six species listed as invasive were among the twenty highest ranked”.Chemical: Colonies of C. taxifolia that were discovered in Southern California were eradicated by covering and sealing them with PVC tarpaulins and injecting liquid chlorine underneath. Subsequent treatments at another location used solid chlorine formulations (Anderson & Keppner, 2001). Costs of the Southern Californian eradication were $US2.33 million from 2000-01 for control and monitoring (Carlton, 2001), with an ongoing annual surveillance cost of $US1.2 million until 2004 (Anderson, 2004).
Application of coarse sea salt at a concentration of ~50kg/m² has been used with moderate success in Australia, eradicating C. taxifolia from an area almost 5200 m² in one case, although in another case an area of 3000 m² showed a reduction in algal density but eradication was not achieved. The use of this method in the cooler months, when C. taxifolia naturally dies back, was recommended. Salting has so far only been succesfully used on soft sediments in water <6m in depth (Glasby et. Al, 2004). Physical: Simply covering C. Taxifolia colonies with black PVC plastic was found to be reasonably successful in Croatia. A total area of 512 m² was treated, with either no or sporadic regrowth occurring after treatment (McEnnulty et. Al, 2001).
Manual removal by scuba divers was successful in eradicating a small patch of C. Taxifolia, around 3.4 m², in the French Mediterranean. The use of a suction pump to remove all fragments has also met with moderate success in other areas. Clearance rates for manual removal are from <1 m² to ~3 m² per diver per hour (McEnnulty et.al, 2001).  
Location Specific Management InformationAdelaide
Freshwater was pumped into the lakes to eradicate C. taxifolia at a cost of $AUS 6-8 million. Agua Hedionda lagoon
Chemical: Caulerpa is killed using tarps and chlorine. Continued survellience to detect any re-introduction.
Preventative measures: The possession or sale of C. taxifolia is banned in California. Auckland Region (North Island)
A small amount of C. taxifolia was recently found in a saltwater aquarium in Auckland. NIWA ((National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research) collected a sample of C. taxifolia from the Auckland aquarium, extracted its DNA, and compared its sequence with the sequences of C. taxifolia strains recorded at GenBank – the international repository of DNA sequence data. The ITS sequence from the Auckland sample was identical to that in samples from the Caribbean, and from the Red Sea, and was clearly different from that in the invasive Mediterranean and Californian aquarium strain. MFish, New Zealand (Ministry of Fisheries) has launched an education programme aimed at aquarium enthusiasts which explains the risks to New Zealand from C. taxifolia and how to identify it. is one of the seven key species that MFish is targeting through its biosecurity research contract with NIWA on the surveillance of ports and harbours around New Zealand (NIWA Science, 2002). C. taxifolia has been designated as a Surveillance Pest by the Auckland Regional Pest Management Pest Management Strategy 2002-2007. Please see Hierarchy of Plant Designations for an explanation of designation terminology. California
Chemical: Plants are sealed under PVC tarps and liquid chlorine injected. Solid chlorine tablets are used later. Costs for control will exceed $US 1 million, including post-treatment monitoring.
Preventative measures: The possession or sale of C. taxifolia is banned in California. Dolin Is.
Eradication was carried out in 1996 using manual removal, but C. taxifolia reappeared in 2001. Elba Is.
No control strategy has been implemented. Huntington Harbour
Preventative measures: The possession or sale of C. taxifolia is banned in California. Hvar Is.
Isolated colonies were covered with black plastic sheets on an annual basis. This has not been effective in preventing further spread. Imperia
No control strategy has been implemented. Liguria
No control strategy has been implemented. Malinska
A benthic vacuum is used annually to remove plants. This has not been effective in preventing further spread. Mallorca Is.
The use of a benthic vacuum and exposure to copper ions are used by regional authorities to slow the rate of spread. We are experiencing technical difficulties and unable to complete your request. Please try later.
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