Management Information
Preventative measures: In 2002, United Nation FAO's (Food and Agriculture Organisation) Interim Commission on Phytosanitary Measures imposed a global standard for treating wood packaging International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures No. 15 to stop the spread of invasives.Efforts to develop monitoring technology is underway, including pheromones, kairomones and bait/sentinel trees for monitoring adult Anoplophora glabripennis and acoustic technology for detection of beetle-infested trees. Efforts to indentify resistant host trees are also in progress.
Physical: Identification of infested trees via visual inspection (by ground survey, bucket trucks and tree climbers) for oviposition sites, emergence holes, sap and frass, followed by tree removal (including chipping and/or burning) is currently the only proven method of control.
Chemical: Systemic insecticides have been tested. Imidacloprid is currently being tested by APHIS and USFS, as well as being used operationally by APHIS in the New York and Chicago infestations (efficacy has not be published to date).
Biological: Entomopathogens, particularly fungi, are being evaluated at Cornell University and results to date are promising. Survey and identification of natural enemies in China have been conducted since 1999 (Smith and Yang). Two such parasitiods have been undergoing extensive studies and efficiacy and mass rearing results are promising (non-target studies have not yet been conducted). Identification and evaluation of potential biological control agents native to the U.S. and Europe have recently been initiated.
Location Specific Management InformationBranau am Inn (Austria)
Eradication of Anoplophora glabripennis from Branau am Inn (Austria) was started immediately following discovery in 2001. The number of newly infested trees detected during 2004 was not much lower than in 2001, although no ALB infested tree was found outside the city. All infested trees were cut, the stumps uprooted and all plant material incinerated (Herard et al. 2005). Canada
A CFIA Pest Risk Assessment (PRA) in 1998 first identified the Asian longhorn beetle as a quarantine pest of concern to Canada because of its potential negative impact on broadleaf hardwood trees in both urban and forest settings throughout their range in Canada (the PRA has since been updated in March 2004). The agency identified wood packaging, raw lumber products and import of nursery stock from areas of presence of the pest as the major pathways for the introduction of the insect pest into Canada. Strict import requirements for wood packaging, raw lumber products and nursery stock were implemented. National surveys were carried out in 1999 and 2000. .
The Asian Long-horned Beetle Infested Place Order which was established on February 13, 2004, defines the Asian longhorn beetle Regulated Area. Under the Ministerial Order, any regulated article, including nursery stock, trees, leaves, logs, lumber, wood, wood chips or bark chips of host species, and firewood of all species cannot be moved out of the regulated area unless it has been inspected by the CFIA and is accompanied by a valid Domestic Movement Certificate.
The management plan aiming at eradication of the pest ordered the removal and destruction of trees from the areas of infestation - the cities of Toronto and Vaughan, Ontario. This was scheduled to be completed by March 2004. CFIA (2005) states that the eradication of the Asian longhorn beetle will be confirmed by conducting official surveys, and will require at least two subsequent years of negative survey results to be considered successful.
Please see Plant Pest Asian Long-horned Beetle for more details.
Intensive ground and aerial surveys resulted in no new finds of Asian Long-Horned Beetle in 2006. However, a cluster of 16 trees infested with beetles were found in January 2007, within the zone currently regulated by the CFIA. Continued survey and tree removal are presently underway. The CFIA states that it is committed to achieve eradication of the beetle (National Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) Official Pest Report Feb 2007). Gien (France)
Eradication of A. glabripennis from Gien (France) was started one year after discovery, in 2003. All infested trees were cut, the stumps uprooted and all plant material incinerated (Herard et al. 2005). Neukirchen am Inn (Germany)
Eradication of A. glabripennis from Neukirchen am Inn was started immediately following discovery in 2004. All infested trees were cut, the stumps uprooted and all plant material incinerated (Herard et al. 2005). Sainte-Anne-sur-Brivet (France)
Eradication of A. glabripennis from Sainte-Anne-sur-Brivet (France) was not started until two months after discovery, although in the meantime the infested trees were sprayed twice with a contact insecticide (bifenthrin) to kill the adults emerging during summer 2004. All infested trees were then cut, the stumps uprooted and all plant material incinerated (Herard et al. 2005). United States (USA)
The recently (April 2006) published report from the United States Government Accountability Office (GAO-06-353) evaluates the federal response to three invasive forest pests--the Asian longhorn beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis), emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis), and the pathogen Phytophthora ramorum. Specifically, GAO describes (1) the status of efforts to eradicate these species, (2) the factors affecting the success of those efforts, (3) overall forest health monitoring programs, (4) coordination and communication of the three pest response efforts, and (5) USDA's use of panels of scientific experts to aid in the response efforts.
The report concludes "on the basis of the available evidence, it appears that the Asian longhorned beetle will be eradicated in the three states that have infestations, although funding reductions have extended the likely completion date. In contrast, the emerald ash borer and P. ramorum--the pathogen that causes Sudden Oak Death--are likely to continue to infest and damage forest ecosystems in the Midwest and West Coast, respectively, despite efforts to control them.
For the complete report please see GAO-06-353.
Management Resources/Links
4. GAO-06-353 Report, United States Government Accountability Office, April 21, 2006. Invasive Forest Pests: Lessons Learned from Three Recent Infestations May Aid in Managing Future Efforts.
Summary: Invasive forest pests have seriously harmed our environment and imposed significant costs upon our economy. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is the lead agency for responding to forest pests. This report evaluates the federal response to three invasive forest pests—the Asian longhorned beetle, the emerald ash borer, and the pathogen Phytophthora ramorum (P. ramorum).Specifically, GAO describes (1) the status of efforts to eradicate these species, (2) the factors affecting the success of those efforts, (3) overall forest health monitoring programs, (4) coordination and communication of the three pest response efforts, and (5) USDA’s use of panels of scientific experts to aid in the response efforts.
Available from: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06353.pdf [Accessed 20 May 2006] 5. Hérard, Franck., Hannes Krehan., Ullrich Benker., Carolin Boegel., Reiner Schrage., Ellena Chauvat., Mariangela Ciampitti., Matteo Maspero and Piotr Bialooki., 2005. Anoplophora in Europe: Infestations and Management responses. Proceedings, 16th U.S. Department of Agriculture interagency research forum on gypsy moth and other invasive species 2005 GTR-NE-337 8. Shanley, P. Ryan and Ann E. Hajek., 2008. Environmental contamination with Metarhizium anisopliae from fungal bands for control of the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology, Volume 18, Issue 2 2008 , pages 109 - 120 9. Walker, K. 2006. Asian longhorn beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) Pest and Diseases Image Library. Updated on 24/09/2006 8:07:43 AM.
Summary: PaDIL (Pests and Diseases Image Library) is a Commonwealth Government initiative, developed and built by Museum Victoria's Online Publishing Team, with support provided by DAFF (Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry) and PHA (Plant Health Australia), a non-profit public company. Project partners also include Museum Victoria, the Western Australian Department of Agriculture and the Queensland University of Technology.
The aim of the project is: 1) Production of high quality images showing primarily exotic targeted organisms of plant health concern to Australia. 2) Assist with plant health diagnostics in all areas, from initial to high level. 3) Capacity building for diagnostics in plant health, including linkage developments between training and research organisations. 4) Create and use educational tools for training undergraduates/postgraduates. 5) Engender public awareness about plant health concerns in Australia.
PaDIL is available from : http://www.padil.gov.au/aboutOverview.aspx, this page is available from: http://www.padil.gov.au/viewPestDiagnosticImages.aspx?id=266 [Accessed 6 October 2006]
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