Management Information
The eradication programme implemented by the US Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) and its cooperators hinges on several elements: rapidly delimiting new infestations, imposing quarantine, and implementing control measures within the quarantine zone. When the Asian longhorn beetle is reported, intensive visual inspections are conducted throughout the neighborhood to delimit the infestation. Infested trees and those species considered to be at high-risk of attack within a radius of 400mtrs from the edge of the known infestation (the distance varies with locality) are felled and chipped. High-risk trees within a radius of a second 400mtrs are also either removed and chipped or injected with a systemic insecticide. APHIS and US Forest Service scientists and their collaborators have developed a method of using the systemic insecticide, imidacloprid, which has been shown to kill adult beetles while feeding on twigs and leaves, thereby helping to contain the spread of the beetle. The infested area is re-surveyed at least once a year for the next five years after beetles are found (Smith and Wu 2008). The primary pathway by which the Asian longhorn beetle has reached the USA and other countries is in wood packing materials. The Asian longhorn beetle has been intercepted frequently at ports and found in warehouses throughout the United States. This pathway highlights the importance of quarantine and regulations as a first line of defense for countries against invasion by Asian longhorn beetle and other pests (Smith and Wu 2008). Please follow this link for detailed information on preventative measures, integrated management, and physical, chemical and biological control measures that can be undertaken to prevent the spread of the Asian longhorn beetle  
Location Specific Management InformationBraunau am Inn
Eradication of Anoplophora glabripennis from Branau am Inn (Austria) was started immediately following discovery in 2001. The number of newly infested trees detected during 2004 was not much lower than in 2001, although no Asian longhorn beetle infested tree was found outside the city. All infested trees were cut, the stumps uprooted and all plant material incinerated (Herard et al. 2005). Brooklyn (New York City)
Since 1996, APHIS; State and City cooperators in New York, Illinois, and New Jersey; and US Forest Service have undertaken eradication activities imposing regulated boundaries, conducting survey and control activities around confirmed sites, and removing infested trees. To date, over 8,000 infested trees have been removed in the program areas: over 6,000 in New York, 1,500 in Chicago, and 600 in New Jersey in addition to more than 13,000 high-risk host trees. APHIS and the Forest Service work with State and City agencies to replace trees that are removed because of the Asian longhorn beetle. With new control technologies and dedicated survey efforts, the number of Asian longhorn beetle-infested trees has begun to decrease, most notably in Chicago, Illinois, where only a small portion of the previously infested area remains regulated (USDA-APHIS 2005) Canada
A CFIA Pest Risk Assessment (PRA) in 1998 first identified the Asian longhorn beetle as a quarantine pest of concern to Canada because of its potential negative impact on broadleaf hardwood trees in both urban and forest settings throughout their range in Canada (the PRA has since been updated in March 2004). The agency identified wood packaging, raw lumber products and import of nursery stock from areas of presence of the pest as the major pathways for the introduction of the insect pest into Canada. Strict import requirements for wood packaging, raw lumber products and nursery stock were implemented. National surveys were carried out in 1999 and 2000. .
The Asian Long-horned Beetle Infested Place Order which was established on February 13, 2004, defines the Asian longhorn beetle Regulated Area. Under the Ministerial Order, any regulated article, including nursery stock, trees, leaves, logs, lumber, wood, wood chips or bark chips of host species, and firewood of all species cannot be moved out of the regulated area unless it has been inspected by the CFIA and is accompanied by a valid Domestic Movement Certificate.
The management plan aiming at eradication of the pest ordered the removal and destruction of trees from the areas of infestation - the cities of Toronto and Vaughan, Ontario. This was scheduled to be completed by March 2004. CFIA (2005) states that the eradication of the Asian longhorn beetle will be confirmed by conducting official surveys, and will require at least two subsequent years of negative survey results to be considered successful.
Please see Plant Pest Asian Long-horned Beetle for more details.
Intensive ground and aerial surveys resulted in no new finds of Asian Long-Horned Beetle in 2006. However, a cluster of 16 trees infested with beetles were found in January 2007, within the zone currently regulated by the CFIA. Continued survey and tree removal are presently underway. The CFIA states that it is committed to achieve eradication of the beetle (National Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) Official Pest Report Feb 2007). Canada
A CFIA Pest Risk Assessment (PRA) in 1998 first identified the Asian longhorn beetle as a quarantine pest of concern to Canada because of its potential negative impact on broadleaf hardwood trees in both urban and forest settings throughout their range in Chicago
Since 1996, APHIS; State and City cooperators in New York, Illinois, and New Jersey; and US Forest Service have undertaken eradication activities imposing regulated boundaries, conducting survey and control activities around confirmed sites, and removing infested trees. To date, over 8,000 infested trees have been removed in the program areas: over 6,000 in New York, 1,500 in Chicago, and 600 in New Jersey in addition to more than 13,000 high-risk host trees. APHIS and the Forest Service work with State and City agencies to replace trees that are removed because of the Asian longhorn beetle. With new control technologies and dedicated survey efforts, the number of Asian longhorn beetle-infested trees has begun to decrease, most notably in Chicago, Illinois, where only a small portion of the previously infested area remains regulated (USDA-APHIS 2005) Gien
Eradication of A. glabripennis from Gien (France) was started one year after discovery, in 2003. All infested trees were cut, the stumps uprooted and all plant material incinerated (Herard et al. 2005). Hudson County
Since 1996, APHIS; State and City cooperators in New York, Illinois, and New Jersey; and US Forest Service have undertaken eradication activities imposing regulated boundaries, conducting survey and control activities around confirmed sites, and removing infested trees. To date, over 8,000 infested trees have been removed in the program areas: over 6,000 in New York, 1,500 in Chicago, and 600 in New Jersey in addition to more than 13,000 high-risk host trees. APHIS and the Forest Service work with State and City agencies to replace trees that are removed because of the Asian longhorn beetle. With new control technologies and dedicated survey efforts, the number of Asian longhorn beetle-infested trees has begun to decrease, most notably in Chicago, Illinois, where only a small portion of the previously infested area remains regulated (USDA-APHIS 2005) Illinois
In April 2008 APHIS and the City of Chicago announced the official eradication of the Asian longhorn beetle from Illinois after an eradication programme spanning almost 10 years, resulting in the removal of 1551 infested and 220 high-risk host trees. For an official declaration of the Asian longhorn beetle eradication in the USA, APHIS eradication guidelines have set the standard as five years of finding no signs of an infestation. Therefore, this announcement came after years of extensive surveys for infested trees, during which no signs of attack had been found since 2003. However, an adult beetle was discovered by a Chicago citizen in August 2008 and subsequent surveys have thus far turned up no additional beetles or infested trees. Jersey City
In April 2008, the New Jersey Department of Agriculture held a press event to declare the Asian longhorn beetle eradicated in Jersey City, New Jersey. A total of 113 infested trees and 348 high-risk host trees were removed during the eradication programme. Middlesex County
Since 1996, APHIS; State and City cooperators in New York, Illinois, and New Jersey; and US Forest Service have undertaken eradication activities imposing regulated boundaries, conducting survey and control activities around confirmed sites, and removing infested trees. To date, over 8,000 infested trees have been removed in the program areas: over 6,000 in New York, 1,500 in Chicago, and 600 in New Jersey in addition to more than 13,000 high-risk host trees. APHIS and the Forest Service work with State and City agencies to replace trees that are removed because of the Asian longhorn beetle. With new control technologies and dedicated survey efforts, the number of Asian longhorn beetle-infested trees has begun to decrease, most notably in Chicago, Illinois, where only a small portion of the previously infested area remains regulated (USDA-APHIS 2005) Neukirchen am Inn
Eradication of A. glabripennis from Neukirchen am Inn was started immediately following discovery in 2004. All infested trees were cut, the stumps uprooted and all plant material incinerated (Herard et al. 2005). New Jersey
Since 1996, APHIS; State and City cooperators in New York, Illinois, and New Jersey; and US Forest Service have undertaken eradication activities imposing regulated boundaries, conducting survey and control activities around confirmed sites, and removing infested trees. To date, over 8,000 infested trees have been removed in the program areas: over 6,000 in New York, 1,500 in Chicago, and 600 in New Jersey in addition to more than 13,000 high-risk host trees. APHIS and the Forest Service work with State and City agencies to replace trees that are removed because of the Asian longhorn beetle. With new control technologies and dedicated survey efforts, the number of Asian longhorn beetle-infested trees has begun to decrease, most notably in Chicago, Illinois, where only a small portion of the previously infested area remains regulated (USDA-APHIS 2005) Sacramento
A three year survey programme led by the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) using highly attractive sentinel trees (see below under research) turned up no additional beetles and no infested trees. Sainte-Anne-sur-Brivet
Eradication of A. glabripennis from Sainte-Anne-sur-Brivet (France) was not started until two months after discovery, although in the meantime the infested trees were sprayed twice with a contact insecticide (bifenthrin) to kill the adults emerging during summer 2004. All infested trees were then cut, the stumps uprooted and all plant material incinerated (Herard et al. 2005). Union County
Canadian officials imposed stringent entry requirements in 1999 for wood packing materials originating from China and Hong Kong, but the current infestation likely began before these measures were implemented. All non-manufactured wood must undergo kiln drying, fumigation or treatment with preservatives prior to export. United States (USA)
"Since 1996, APHIS; State and City cooperators in New York, Illinois, and New Jersey; and the US Forest Service have undertaken eradication activities by imposing regulated boundaries, conducting survey and control activities around confirmed sites, removing infested trees, and planting trees to restore areas where trees were removed. To date, over 8,000 infested trees have been removed in the program areas" (USDA-APHIS 2005).The recently (April 2006) published report from the United States Government Accountability Office (GAO-06-353) evaluates the federal response to three invasive forest pests--the Asian longhorn beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis), emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis), and the pathogen Phytophthora ramorum. Specifically, GAO describes (1) the status of efforts to eradicate these species, (2) the factors affecting the success of those efforts, (3) overall forest health monitoring programs, (4) coordination and communication of the three pest response efforts, and (5) USDA's use of panels of scientific experts to aid in the response efforts.
The report concludes "on the basis of the available evidence, it appears that the Asian longhorned beetle will be eradicated in the three states that have infestations, although funding reductions have extended the likely completion date. In contrast, the emerald ash borer and P. ramorum--the pathogen that causes Sudden Oak Death--are likely to continue to infest and damage forest ecosystems in the Midwest and West Coast, respectively, despite efforts to control them.
For the complete report please see GAO-06-353. Worcester County
APHIS and state officials immediately quarantined the infested area to stop the spread of the beetle, and intrastate movement of Asian longhorn beetle-host material is restricted. Surveys are under way to determine the scope of the beetle's infestation in the area. APHIS is working cooperatively with the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, the City of Worcester, the Massachusetts Department of Agricultural Resources and the U.S. Forest Service to develop the Massachusetts Asian longhorn beetle Cooperative Eradication Program (USDA-APHIS 2008).
Management Resources/Links
3. Chen, Z., White, M.S., Keena, M.A., Poland, T.M. & Clark, E.L. 2008. Evaluation of vacuum technology to kill larvae of the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), and the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), in wood. Forest Products Journal 58(11): 87-93. 4. Dubois, T., Lund, J., Bauer, L.S. & Hajek, A.E. 2008. Virulence of entomopathogenic hypocrealean fungi infecting Anoplophora glabripennis. BioControl 53: 517-528. 6. Herard, F., Ciampitti, M., Maspero, M., Krehan, H., Benker, U., Boegel, C., Schrage, R., Bouhout-Delduc, L. & Bialooki, P. 2006. Anoplophora species in Europe: infestations and management processes. OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 36: 470-474. 7. Hérard, Franck., Hannes Krehan., Ullrich Benker., Carolin Boegel., Reiner Schrage., Ellena Chauvat., Mariangela Ciampitti., Matteo Maspero and Piotr Bialooki., 2005. Anoplophora in Europe: Infestations and Management responses. Proceedings, 16th U.S. Department of Agriculture interagency research forum on gypsy moth and other invasive species 2005 GTR-NE-337 9. Morewood, W.D., Hoover, K., Neiner, P.R., McNeil, J.R. & Sellmer, J.C. 2004. Host tree resistance against the polyphagous wood-boring beetle Anoplophora glabripennis.Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 110: 79-86. 11. Poland, T.M., Haack, R.A., Petrice, T.R., Miller, D.L. & Bauer, L.S. 2006b. Laboratory evaluation of the toxicity of systemic insecticides for control of Anoplophora glabripennis and Plectrodera scalator (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 99(1): 85-93. 12. Poland, T.M., Haack, R.A., Petrice, T.R., Miller, D.L., Bauer, L.S. & Gao, R. 2006a. Field evaluations of systemic insecticides for control of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in China. Journal of Economic Entomology 99(2): 383-392. 13. Ren, Y., Wang, Y., Barak, A.V., Wang, X., Liu, Y. & Dowsett, H.A. 2006. Toxicity of ethanedinitrile to Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) larvae. Journal of Economic Entomology 99(2): 308-312. 14. Shanley, P. Ryan and Ann E. Hajek., 2008. Environmental contamination with Metarhizium anisopliae from fungal bands for control of the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology, Volume 18, Issue 2 2008 , pages 109 - 120 15. Shanley, R.P. & Hajek, A.E. 2008. Environmental contamination with Metarhizium anisopliae from fungal bands for control of the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology 18(2): 109-120. 16. United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) GAO-06-353 Report, April 21, 2006. Invasive Forest Pests: Lessons Learned from Three Recent Infestations May Aid in Managing Future Efforts.
Summary: Invasive forest pests have seriously harmed our environment and imposed significant costs upon our economy. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is the lead agency for responding to forest pests. This report evaluates the federal response to three invasive forest pests—the Asian longhorned beetle, the emerald ash borer, and the pathogen Phytophthora ramorum (P. ramorum).Specifically, GAO describes (1) the status of efforts to eradicate these species, (2) the factors affecting the success of those efforts, (3) overall forest health monitoring programs, (4) coordination and communication of the three pest response efforts, and (5) USDA’s use of panels of scientific experts to aid in the response efforts.
Available from: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06353.pdf [Accessed 20 May 2006] 20. Walker, K. 2006. Asian longhorn beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) Pest and Diseases Image Library. Updated on 24/09/2006 8:07:43 AM.
Summary: PaDIL (Pests and Diseases Image Library) is a Commonwealth Government initiative, developed and built by Museum Victoria's Online Publishing Team, with support provided by DAFF (Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry) and PHA (Plant Health Australia), a non-profit public company. Project partners also include Museum Victoria, the Western Australian Department of Agriculture and the Queensland University of Technology.
The aim of the project is: 1) Production of high quality images showing primarily exotic targeted organisms of plant health concern to Australia. 2) Assist with plant health diagnostics in all areas, from initial to high level. 3) Capacity building for diagnostics in plant health, including linkage developments between training and research organisations. 4) Create and use educational tools for training undergraduates/postgraduates. 5) Engender public awareness about plant health concerns in Australia.
PaDIL is available from : http://www.padil.gov.au/aboutOverview.aspx, this page is available from: http://www.padil.gov.au/viewPestDiagnosticImages.aspx?id=266 [Accessed 6 October 2006]
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