Management Information
Preventative measures: Starting in 1992, several countries in South America (Venezuela, Chile, Bermuda, Costa Rica, Argentina and Brazil) have dictated embargoes on used tire importations, in an attempt to prevent mosquito and dengue introduction into areas where a potential vector, A. aegypti, is already present (Eritja et al. 2005).
Source reduction strategies (such as larval or adult control within tire dumps) have proven to be difficult and relatively inefficient due to the shape and abundance of the water surfaces (Eritja et al. 2005).
Quarantine and inspection measures in Australia have allowed detection of larval introductions of the tiger mosquito (Eritja et al. 2005). As immediate control measures have been applied, Ae. albopictus has not as of yet become established on the continent (R. Russell, pers. comm., in Eritja et al. 2005).
In the Netherlands horticultural companies have taken steps to reduce the risk, for instance, by treating shipments before they leave China (Enserink, 2008).
Predicting the potential spread of the tiger mosquito may be important in alerting the appropriate authorities to take preventative action. Areas at risk in Europe would have mean winter temperatures higher than 0°, at least 500mm rainfall per year and a warm month mean temperature of 20°. It is believed that less than 300mm rainfall per year would make establishment extremely unlikely. (Eritja et al. 2005). Physical Control: Ae. albopictus is not readily captured by most traps, even those that catch other mosquito species. However, recently there are new traps being developed: BG-SentinelTM and the Collapsible Mosquito Trap (CMT-20TM). These traps use ammonia, fatty acids and lactic acids to produce a smell similar to that of a human body in an upward air current. The addition of carbon dioxide greatly improves the number of mosquitoes captured. When carbon dioxide is added these traps collect about 33 times more than standard light traps (Meeraus et al. 2008). Biological Control: Bioengineering is a major focus of research in agricultural and public health entomology. Oxford Insect Technologies (http://www.oxitec.com/) have created a strain of Ae. aegypti with a dominant tetracycline-repressible gene. The aim is to release transgenic males in the field; the progeny of matings with wild females will die. Ultimately we will select a sex-linked strain that will kill only female progeny, providing a “driver” for the lethal gene in the field. Current research is studying the ‘fitness’ of such transgenic strains and will also attempt to engineer strains of Ae. albopictus (Insects and Infectious Diseases, 2006).
Another form of biological control that is currently being investigated is use of an entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisoplia. Results from laboratory studies showed that longevity of M. anisopliae-infected Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus is significantly lower than that of uninfected mosquitoes. The challenge is to find and apply an effective methodology that will result in reduced vectorial capacity of mosquitoes in the field (Scholte et al. 2008). Integrated Management: In Switzerland, monitoring systems consisted of over 300 strategically positioned oviposition traps along main traffic axes, including parking lots within industrial complexes, border crossings and shopping centres.. Bi-weekly control visits to all traps were conducted between April and November 2007. As soon as eggs were detected, the surrounding vegetation within a perimeter of about 100 metres was sprayed with permethrin against adult mosquitoes. Stagnant water was treated with Bacillus thuringiensis and in some cases with diflubenzuron to control the larval stages (Wymann et al. 2008).  
Location Specific Management InformationArgentina
Starting in 1992, several countries in South America (to our knowledge, Venezuela, Chile, Bermuda, Costa Rica, Argentina and Brazil) have dictated embargoes on used tire importations, in an attempt to not only prevent mosquito introduction, prevent outbreaks of Dengue if A. aegypti is already present and to protect local industries as well (Eritja et al. 2005). Australia
Quarantine and inspection measures in Australia detected 17 larval introductions between 1997 and 2001 and five more interceptions in seaports since 2001. As immediate control measures have been applied, A. albopictus has not yet become established in the continent (R. Russell, pers. comm., in Eritja et al. 2005). Bermuda
Starting in 1992, several countries in South America (to our knowledge, Venezuela, Chile, Bermuda, Costa Rica, Argentina and Brazil) have dictated embargoes on used tire importations, in an attempt to not only prevent mosquito introduction, prevent outbreaks of Dengue if A. aegypti is already present and to protect local industries as well (Eritja et al. 2005). Brazil
Starting in 1992, several countries in South America (to our knowledge, Venezuela, Chile, Bermuda, Costa Rica, Argentina and Brazil) have dictated embargoes on used tire importations, in an attempt to not only prevent mosquito introduction, prevent outbreaks of Dengue if A. aegypti is already present and to protect local industries as well (Eritja et al. 2005). Chile
Starting in 1992, several countries in South America (to our knowledge, Venezuela, Chile, Bermuda, Costa Rica, Argentina and Brazil) have dictated embargoes on used tire importations, in an attempt to not only prevent mosquito introduction, prevent outbreaks of Dengue if A. aegypti is already present and to protect local industries as well (Eritja et al. 2005). Costa Rica
Starting in 1992, several countries in South America (to our knowledge, Venezuela, Chile, Bermuda, Costa Rica, Argentina and Brazil) have dictated embargoes on used tire importations, in an attempt to not only prevent mosquito introduction, prevent outbreaks of Dengue if A. aegypti is already present and to protect local industries as well (Eritja et al. 2005). France
Chemical control actions undertaken in 2001 by health authorities apparently eradicated the mosquito from these sites in France (Schaffner 2002, in Eritja et al. 2005). However, the presence of A. albopictus was detected the same year in a new continental location and in Corsica as well by 2002 (F. Schaffner, pers. comm., in Eritja et al. 2005). Greece
Sporadic data on other mosquito species in Corfu show the presence of several species, e.g. Anopheles maculipennis s.l., Ochlerotatus caspius, Culex pipiens, etc, and the usual control measures are restricted in spraying local marshes. No special measures for the control of A. albopictus have been started yet (A. Samanidou, pers.comm., 2006). Italy
Local laws on the quarantining of used tires have been passed in Italy, but no tire legislation exists at the national level (Romi et al. 1999, in Eritja et al. 2005).
Larvae were tested for susceptibility to temephos and to the conventional diagnostic dosages of chlorpyrifos and fenthion proposed by the World Health Organization for Aedes aegypti. Adults were exposed to the diagnostic dosages of deltamethrin and permethrin. Overall, all of the populations tested in 2002 were still susceptible to temephos. These populations were also fully susceptible to chlorpyrifos and fenthion, and adults were susceptible to deltamethrin and permethrin. Previous studies that have shown that larval A. albopictus are less susceptible than A. aegypti to organophosphate insecticides (Romi et al. 2003). Rome
Infestation information is gathered through a geographical territorial system (GIS) that allows real-time locating the degree of infestation and effectiveness of interventions, allowing the display of trends over time and the development of plans of action in urban territory. In parallel to this methodology operational, the Municipality of Rome has put in an information campaign designed to involve citizens in the fight against this insect. Today the situation in the city is under control, in case of emergency due to the spread of the virus Chikungunya is possible identify in advance the areas at greatest risk of infestation. Using this methodology work has enabled to contain operating costs and minimize the environmental impact by limiting interventions only to areas found positive (Cignini et al, 2008). Switzerland
In some countries monitoring systems have been set up to detect incursions of Ae. albopictus early on. In Switzerland, the monitoring system consisted of strategically positioned oviposition traps along main traffic axes, including parking lots within industrial complexes, border crossings and shopping centres. In 2007, this monitoring system consisted of over 70 checkpoints with a total of 300
traps. Bi-weekly control visits to all traps were conducted between April and November 2007. As soon as eggs were detected, the surrounding vegetation within a perimeter of about 100 metres was sprayed with permethrin against adult mosquitoes. Stagnant water was treated with Bacillus thuringiensis and in some cases with diflubenzuron to control the larval stages (Wymann et al. 2008). United States (USA)
During the summer of 2001, containerised shipments from China of the plant known as lucky bamboo (Dracaena spp.) were found to contain A. albopictus on inspection by quarantine officers on arrival at Los Angeles (Linthicum 2001, in Eritja et al. 2005). This route of spread became an issue only after traders swapped from dry freight to low cost shipping routes (which required the plants to be shipped in standing water to preserve them for the longer voyage). US authorities dictated an embargo on this type of shipment, replacing it with the type of dried airfreight that would reduce (but not eliminate) the possibility of the transfer of tiger mosquito eggs and larvae. Venezuela
Starting in 1992, several countries in South America (to our knowledge, Venezuela, Chile, Bermuda, Costa Rica, Argentina and Brazil) have dictated embargoes on used tire importations, in an attempt to not only prevent mosquito introduction, prevent outbreaks of Dengue if A. aegypti is already present and to protect local industries as well (Eritja et al. 2005).
Management Resources/Links
1. Cancrini, G., di Regalbono, A., Frangipane, Ricci, I., Tessarin, C., Gabrielli, S. and M., Pietrobelli. 2003. Aedes albopictus is a natural vector of Dirofilaria immitis in Italy, Veterinary Parasitology 118(3-4): abstract. 2. Cancrini, G., di Regalbono, A., Frangipane, Ricci, I., Tessarin, C., Gabrielli, S. and M., Pietrobelli. 2003. Aedes albopictus is a natural vector of Dirofilaria immitis in Italy, Veterinary Parasitology 118(3-4): abstract. [Accessed 20 February 2006, from Biological Abstracts (online database)] 3. Center for Disease Control. 2004. Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases. Arboviral Encephalitides. Atlanta, Georgia.
Summary: Discusses the mosquito as a vector for diseases and the probable spread of them throughout the United States. 4. Facchinelli, L., Koenraadt, C.J.M., Fanello, C., Kijchalao, U., Valerio, L., Jones, J.W., Scott, T.W. & Della Torre, A. 2008 Evaluation of a sticky trap for collectingAedes (Stegomyia) adults in a dengue-endemic area in Thailand. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 78(6): 904-909. 5. Insects and Infectious Diseases. 2006. Accessed 12 December 2008 from: http://www.pasteur.fr/recherche/RAR/RAR2006/Imi-en.html 6. IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)., 2010. A Compilation of Information Sources for Conservation Managers.
Summary: This compilation of information sources can be sorted on keywords for example: Baits & Lures, Non Target Species, Eradication, Monitoring, Risk Assessment, Weeds, Herbicides etc. This compilation is at present in Excel format, this will be web-enabled as a searchable database shortly. This version of the database has been developed by the IUCN SSC ISSG as part of an Overseas Territories Environmental Programme funded project XOT603 in partnership with the Cayman Islands Government - Department of Environment. The compilation is a work under progress, the ISSG will manage, maintain and enhance the database with current and newly published information, reports, journal articles etc. 7. Lounibos, L.P. 2002. Invasions by Insect Vectors of Human Disease, Annual Review of Entomology 47. 8. Meeraus, W.H., Armistead, J.S. & Arias, J.R. 2008. Field comparison of novel and gold standard traps for collecting Aedes albopictus in Northern Virginia. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 24(2): 244–248. 9. Romi, R., Toma, L., Severini, F., Di Luca, M. 2003. Susceptibility of Italian populations of Aedes albopictus to temephos and to other insecticides, Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 19(4): abstract.
10. Scholte, E., Takken, W. & Knols, B.G.J. 2007. Infection of adult Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Acta Tropica 102: 151-158. 12. Walker, K. 2006. Asian Tiger Mosquito (Aedes albopictus) Pest and Diseases Image Library. Updated on 29/08/2006 2:40:04 PM.
Summary: PaDIL (Pests and Diseases Image Library) is a Commonwealth Government initiative, developed and built by Museum Victoria's Online Publishing Team, with support provided by DAFF (Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry) and PHA (Plant Health Australia), a non-profit public company. Project partners also include Museum Victoria, the Western Australian Department of Agriculture and the Queensland University of Technology.
The aim of the project is: 1) Production of high quality images showing primarily exotic targeted organisms of plant health concern to Australia. 2) Assist with plant health diagnostics in all areas, from initial to high level. 3) Capacity building for diagnostics in plant health, including linkage developments between training and research organisations. 4) Create and use educational tools for training undergraduates/postgraduates. 5) Engender public awareness about plant health concerns in Australia.
PaDIL is available from : http://www.padil.gov.au/aboutOverview.aspx, this page is available from: http://www.padil.gov.au/viewPestDiagnosticImages.aspx?id=83 [Accessed 6 October 2006]
13. Zhang, L.Y. & Lei, C.L. 2008. Evaluation of sticky ovitraps for the surveillance of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) and the screening of oviposition attractants from organic infusions. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 102(5): 399-407. Results Page: 1
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