Management Information
For details on preventative measures, physical control, biological control, integrated management options, please see management information.
Location Specific Management InformationArgentina
Starting in 1992, several countries in South America (to our knowledge, Venezuela, Chile, Bermuda, Costa Rica, Argentina and Brazil) have dictated embargoes on used tire importations, in an attempt to not only prevent mosquito introduction, prevent outbreaks of Dengue if A. aegypti is already present and to protect local industries as well (Eritja et al. 2005). Argentina
Starting in 1992, several countries in South America (to our knowledge, Venezuela, Chile, Bermuda, Costa Rica, Argentina and Brazil) have dictated embargoes on used tire importations, in an attempt to not only prevent mosquito introduction, prevent outbreaks of Dengue if A. aegypti is already present and to protect local industries as well (Eritja et al. 2005). Australia
Quarantine and inspection measures in Australia detected 17 larval introductions between 1997 and 2001 and five more interceptions in seaports since 2001. As immediate control measures have been applied, A. albopictus has not yet become established in the continent (R. Russell, pers. comm., in Eritja et al. 2005). Australia
Quarantine and inspection measures in Australia detected 17 larval introductions between 1997 and 2001 and five more interceptions in seaports since 2001. As immediate control measures have been applied, A. albopictus has not yet become established in the continent (R. Russell, pers. comm., in Eritja et al. 2005). Bermuda
Starting in 1992, several countries in South America (to our knowledge, Venezuela, Chile, Bermuda, Costa Rica, Argentina and Brazil) have dictated embargoes on used tire importations, in an attempt to not only prevent mosquito introduction, prevent outbreaks of Dengue if A. aegypti is already present and to protect local industries as well (Eritja et al. 2005). Bermuda
Starting in 1992, several countries in South America (to our knowledge, Venezuela, Chile, Bermuda, Costa Rica, Argentina and Brazil) have dictated embargoes on used tire importations, in an attempt to not only prevent mosquito introduction, prevent outbreaks of Dengue if A. aegypti is already present and to protect local industries as well (Eritja et al. 2005). Brazil
Starting in 1992, several countries in South America (to our knowledge, Venezuela, Chile, Bermuda, Costa Rica, Argentina and Brazil) have dictated embargoes on used tire importations, in an attempt to not only prevent mosquito introduction, prevent outbreaks of Dengue if A. aegypti is already present and to protect local industries as well (Eritja et al. 2005). Brazil
Starting in 1992, several countries in South America (to our knowledge, Venezuela, Chile, Bermuda, Costa Rica, Argentina and Brazil) have dictated embargoes on used tire importations, in an attempt to not only prevent mosquito introduction, prevent outbreaks of Dengue if A. aegypti is already present and to protect local industries as well (Eritja et al. 2005). Chile
Starting in 1992, several countries in South America (to our knowledge, Venezuela, Chile, Bermuda, Costa Rica, Argentina and Brazil) have dictated embargoes on used tire importations, in an attempt to not only prevent mosquito introduction, prevent outbreaks of Dengue if A. aegypti is already present and to protect local industries as well (Eritja et al. 2005). Chile
Starting in 1992, several countries in South America (to our knowledge, Venezuela, Chile, Bermuda, Costa Rica, Argentina and Brazil) have dictated embargoes on used tire importations, in an attempt to not only prevent mosquito introduction, prevent outbreaks of Dengue if A. aegypti is already present and to protect local industries as well (Eritja et al. 2005). Costa Rica
Starting in 1992, several countries in South America (to our knowledge, Venezuela, Chile, Bermuda, Costa Rica, Argentina and Brazil) have dictated embargoes on used tire importations, in an attempt to not only prevent mosquito introduction, prevent outbreaks of Dengue if A. aegypti is already present and to protect local industries as well (Eritja et al. 2005). Costa Rica
Starting in 1992, several countries in South America (to our knowledge, Venezuela, Chile, Bermuda, Costa Rica, Argentina and Brazil) have dictated embargoes on used tire importations, in an attempt to not only prevent mosquito introduction, prevent outbreaks of Dengue if A. aegypti is already present and to protect local industries as well (Eritja et al. 2005). France
Chemical control actions undertaken in 2001 by health authorities apparently eradicated the mosquito from these sites in France (Schaffner 2002, in Eritja et al. 2005). However, the presence of A. albopictus was detected the same year in a new continental location and in Corsica as well by 2002 (F. Schaffner, pers. comm., in Eritja et al. 2005). France
Chemical control actions undertaken in 2001 by health authorities apparently eradicated the mosquito from these sites in France (Schaffner 2002, in Eritja et al. 2005). However, the presence of A. albopictus was detected the same year in a new continental location and in Corsica as well by 2002 (F. Schaffner, pers. comm., in Eritja et al. 2005). Grand Cayman (Cayman Islands)
Intensive monitoring, eradication / control efforts ongoing by CI Government's Mosquito Research & Control Unit. A high level of control being achieved. There appears to be no potential for disease vector activity (Burton, 2003 in Varnham, 2006). Greece
Sporadic data on other mosquito species in Corfu show the presence of several species, e.g. Anopheles maculipennis s.l., Ochlerotatus caspius, Culex pipiens, etc, and the usual control measures are restricted in spraying local marshes. No special measures for the control of A. albopictus have been started yet (A. Samanidou, pers.comm., 2006). Greece
Sporadic data on other mosquito species in Corfu show the presence of several species, e.g. Anopheles maculipennis s.l., Ochlerotatus caspius, Culex pipiens, etc, and the usual control measures are restricted in spraying local marshes. No special measures for the control of A. albopictus have been started yet (A. Samanidou, pers.comm., 2006). Italy
Local laws on the quarantining of used tires have been passed in Italy, but no tire legislation exists at the national level (Romi et al. 1999, in Eritja et al. 2005).
Larvae were tested for susceptibility to temephos and to the conventional diagnostic dosages of chlorpyrifos and fenthion proposed by the World Health Organization for Aedes aegypti. Adults were exposed to the diagnostic dosages of deltamethrin and permethrin. Overall, all of the populations tested in 2002 were still susceptible to temephos. These populations were also fully susceptible to chlorpyrifos and fenthion, and adults were susceptible to deltamethrin and permethrin. Previous studies that have shown that larval A. albopictus are less susceptible than A. aegypti to organophosphate insecticides (Romi et al. 2003). Italy
Local laws on the quarantining of used tires have been passed in Italy, but no tire legislation exists at the national level (Romi et al. 1999, in Eritja et al. 2005).
Larvae were tested for susceptibility to temephos and to the conventional diagnostic dosages of chlorpyrifos and fenthion proposed by the World Health Organization for Aedes aegypti. Adults were exposed to the diagnostic dosages of deltamethrin and permethrin. Overall, all of the populations tested in 2002 were still susceptible to temephos. These populations were also fully susceptible to chlorpyrifos and fenthion, and adults were susceptible to deltamethrin and permethrin. Previous studies that have shown that larval A. albopictus are less susceptible than A. aegypti to organophosphate insecticides (Romi et al. 2003). Rome (Italy)
Infestation information is gathered through a geographical territorial system (GIS) that allows real-time locating the degree of infestation and effectiveness of interventions, allowing the display of trends over time and the development of plans of action in urban territory. In parallel to this methodology operational, the Municipality of Rome has put in an information campaign designed to involve citizens in the fight against this insect. Today the situation in the city is under control, in case of emergency due to the spread of the virus Chikungunya is possible identify in advance the areas at greatest risk of infestation. Using this methodology work has enabled to contain operating costs and minimize the environmental impact by limiting interventions only to areas found positive (Cignini et al, 2008). Switzerland
Its distribution in Switzerland is probably still restricted to southern Ticino. Most of Switzerland may be too cold for A.albopictus, but warm areas such as the Ticino and the Lac de Genève are more at risk. Switzerland
Its distribution in Switzerland is probably still restricted to southern Ticino. Most of Switzerland may be too cold for A.albopictus, but warm areas such as the Ticino and the Lac de Genève are more at risk. United States (USA)
During the summer of 2001, containerised shipments from China of the plant known as lucky bamboo (Dracaena spp.) were found to contain A. albopictus on inspection by quarantine officers on arrival at Los Angeles (Linthicum 2001, in Eritja et al. 2005). This route of spread became an issue only after traders swapped from dry freight to low cost shipping routes (which required the plants to be shipped in standing water to preserve them for the longer voyage). US authorities dictated an embargo on this type of shipment, replacing it with the type of dried airfreight that would reduce (but not eliminate) the possibility of the transfer of tiger mosquito eggs and larvae. United States (USA)
During the summer of 2001, containerised shipments from China of the plant known as lucky bamboo (Dracaena spp.) were found to contain A. albopictus on inspection by quarantine officers on arrival at Los Angeles (Linthicum 2001, in Eritja et al. 2005). This route of spread became an issue only after traders swapped from dry freight to low cost shipping routes (which required the plants to be shipped in standing water to preserve them for the longer voyage). US authorities dictated an embargo on this type of shipment, replacing it with the type of dried airfreight that would reduce (but not eliminate) the possibility of the transfer of tiger mosquito eggs and larvae. Venezuela
Starting in 1992, several countries in South America (to our knowledge, Venezuela, Chile, Bermuda, Costa Rica, Argentina and Brazil) have dictated embargoes on used tire importations, in an attempt to not only prevent mosquito introduction, prevent outbreaks of Dengue if A. aegypti is already present and to protect local industries as well (Eritja et al. 2005). Venezuela
Starting in 1992, several countries in South America (to our knowledge, Venezuela, Chile, Bermuda, Costa Rica, Argentina and Brazil) have dictated embargoes on used tire importations, in an attempt to not only prevent mosquito introduction, prevent outbreaks of Dengue if A. aegypti is already present and to protect local industries as well (Eritja et al. 2005).
Management Resources/Links
1. Cancrini, G., di Regalbono, A., Frangipane, Ricci, I., Tessarin, C., Gabrielli, S. and M., Pietrobelli. 2003. Aedes albopictus is a natural vector of Dirofilaria immitis in Italy, Veterinary Parasitology 118(3-4): abstract. 2. Cancrini, G., di Regalbono, A., Frangipane, Ricci, I., Tessarin, C., Gabrielli, S. and M., Pietrobelli. 2003. Aedes albopictus is a natural vector of Dirofilaria immitis in Italy, Veterinary Parasitology 118(3-4): abstract. [Accessed 20 February 2006, from Biological Abstracts (online database)] 3. Center for Disease Control. 2004. Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases. Arboviral Encephalitides. Atlanta, Georgia.
Summary: Discusses the mosquito as a vector for diseases and the probable spread of them throughout the United States. 4. Facchinelli, L., Koenraadt, C.J.M., Fanello, C., Kijchalao, U., Valerio, L., Jones, J.W., Scott, T.W. & Della Torre, A. 2008 Evaluation of a sticky trap for collectingAedes (Stegomyia) adults in a dengue-endemic area in Thailand. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 78(6): 904-909. 5. Insects and Infectious Diseases. 2006. Accessed 12 December 2008 from: http://www.pasteur.fr/recherche/RAR/RAR2006/Imi-en.html 6. Lounibos, L.P. 2002. Invasions by Insect Vectors of Human Disease, Annual Review of Entomology 47. 7. Meeraus, W.H., Armistead, J.S. & Arias, J.R. 2008. Field comparison of novel and gold standard traps for collecting Aedes albopictus in Northern Virginia. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 24(2): 244–248. 8. Romi, R., Toma, L., Severini, F., Di Luca, M. 2003. Susceptibility of Italian populations of Aedes albopictus to temephos and to other insecticides, Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 19(4): abstract.
9. Scholte, E., Takken, W. & Knols, B.G.J. 2007. Infection of adult Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Acta Tropica 102: 151-158. 11. Walker, K. 2006. Asian Tiger Mosquito (Aedes albopictus) Pest and Diseases Image Library. Updated on 29/08/2006 2:40:04 PM.
Summary: PaDIL (Pests and Diseases Image Library) is a Commonwealth Government initiative, developed and built by Museum Victoria's Online Publishing Team, with support provided by DAFF (Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry) and PHA (Plant Health Australia), a non-profit public company. Project partners also include Museum Victoria, the Western Australian Department of Agriculture and the Queensland University of Technology.
The aim of the project is: 1) Production of high quality images showing primarily exotic targeted organisms of plant health concern to Australia. 2) Assist with plant health diagnostics in all areas, from initial to high level. 3) Capacity building for diagnostics in plant health, including linkage developments between training and research organisations. 4) Create and use educational tools for training undergraduates/postgraduates. 5) Engender public awareness about plant health concerns in Australia.
PaDIL is available from : http://www.padil.gov.au/aboutOverview.aspx, this page is available from: http://www.padil.gov.au/viewPestDiagnosticImages.aspx?id=83 [Accessed 6 October 2006]
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