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General Impact Mustela vison (American mink) is a voracious predator which kills in excess of its needs due to the phenomenon of surplus killing. As a result an individual mink may decimate entire colonies of ground nesting birds (Clode 2002). Overall mink have large impacts on prey populations. The near extinction of the water vole (see Arvicola terrestris in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) in the UK can attest to this. There is also evidence that mink could account for a large proportion of salmonid mortality in some river systems (Heggenes and Borgstrøm 1988, in CCS Undated). In Europe, mink predation has caused the decimation of seabird colonies and reduction of some waterfowl populations. For example, mink almost certainly have a serious adverse effect on the native biodiversity of the Western Isles (UK) and pose a threat to the many internationally important populations of ground-nesting birds. While terns and other seabirds are also impacted by mink predation the effect on riparian bird species is less clear but may potentially be high (Macdonald and Harrington 2003). Native rodents in South America are also affected (Woodroffe et al. 1990). The Mustelid family is well represented throughout the countries where American mink have been introduced. This invading species may therefore pose a risk to these species through competition for food and territories. Aggressive interactions between American mink and the highly endangered European mink (please see Mustela lutreola in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) have been observed, with European mink often driven from their territories (Sidorovich and Macdonald 2001, in CCS Undated). American mink are not, however, the sole cause of the decline in European mink as many populations were in decline due to habitat loss and overhunting before their arrival. Polecat populations also appear to be have been negatively affected by the spread of American mink in Belarus (Sidorovich and Macdonald 2001, in CCS Undated, Maran et al. 1995). South American mustelids are also affected (Woodroffe et al. 1990). A recent survey (Mañas 2001) identified the presence of Aleutian mink disease parvovirus (ADV) in free-ranging mustelids including both the European and American mink and the Eurasian otter (please see Lutra lutra in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species ). American mink may also impact various economic sectors such as trout and salmon farms and hatcheries, poultry farms and sheep farms by preying on fish, chickens and farm birds and newborn lambs (Macdonald and Harrington 2003; Macdonald et al. Undated). European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden identifies mustelids (including ferrets, mink and wild mustelids) among cats, dogs, horses, humans, marine mammals and pigs as propagating hosts of influenza viruses (those species that are infected by a particular influenza, where it seems that the viruses are better adapted and are transmitted). Some influenza types that infect mustelids are H3N2, H10N4 and H5N1 viruses (EuroSurveillance 2006).          Location Specific Impacts: Patagonia (Argentina) (Argentina)   Agricultural: Mustela vison is said to kill poultry and newborn lambs. Competition: Mustela vison may compete with the huillin (see Lontra provocax in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) or the coastal feline otter (please see Lontra felina in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) due to it's apparent dependence on water and aquatic diet in South America (Delibes et al 2003). Disease transmission: Mink are susceptible to Aleutian disease, which could also affect other species of mustelid, such as the poorly known lesser grison (see Galictis cuja in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (Manas et al 2001; in Delibes et al 2003). Predation: Mustela vison is said to kill native waterfowl, mammals and fish (Jaksic et al 2002). Reduction in native biodiversity: Mustela vison threaten the conservation of endemic rodents and mustelids in Argentina (Previtali et al 1998; Aued et al in press). The American mink is considered to be responsible for the decline of the South American river otter (please see Lontra provocax in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) and the coypu (Myocastor coypus) (Jaksic et al 2002). Tierra del Fuego (Argentina) (Argentina)   Competition: Mustela vison competes with otters in Tierra del Fuego. Economic/Livelihoods Human nuisance Interaction with other invasive species Predation Gorodok Nature Reserve (Belarus)   Predation: American mink compete with the endangered European mink (see Mustela lutreola in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species). Lovat River (Belarus)   Competition: The appearance of the Mustela vison in 1988 coincided with the documented decline of the European mink (see Mustela lutreola in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species). There is considerable overlap in the diet of the two species. Predation: The arrival of the Mustela vison in the Lovat River in Belarus is associated with significant declines in the water vole (see Arvicola terrestris in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) population (Macdonald et al., 2002). Belarus   Competition: The appearance of Mustela vison in the Lovat River in 1988 coincided with the documented decline of the European mink (see Mustela lutreola in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species). There is considerable overlap in the diet of the two species. Predation: It appears that Mustela vison in Belarus may limit the population of the water vole. Lanz Is. (Canada)   Predation: Mink have been observed killing Cassin's auklets (see Ptychoramphus aleuticus in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) on Lanz Island. Scott Is. (Canada)   Predation: Mink have been observed killing Cassin's auklets (see Ptychoramphus aleuticus in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) on Lanz Island. British Columbia (Canada)   Predation: The introduction of Mustela vison impacted on the populations of Cassin's auklets (see Ptychoramphus aleuticus in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) and rhinoceros auklets (see Cerorhinca monocerata in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species). Patagonia (Chile) (Chile)   Competition: Mustela visonmay compete with the huillin (see Lontra provocax in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) or the coastal feline otter (please see Lontra felina in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) due to it's apparent dependence on water and aquatic diet in South America (Delibes et al 2003). Disease transmission: Mink are susceptible to Aleutian disease, which could also affect other species of mustelid, such as the poorly known lesser grison (see Galictis cuja in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (Manas et al 2001; in Delibes et al 2003). Chile   Predation: There is anecdotal evidence that Mustela vison preys on native fauna in Chile (Jaksic, 1998). State Forest District (Bornholm) (Denmark)   Disease transmission: 4.3% of examined mink in a Danish study tested postive for antibodies to Aleutian disease virus (ADV) (Hammershoj, 2004). State Forest District (Thy) (Denmark)   Disease transmission: 4.3% of examined mink in a Danish study tested postive for antibodies to Aleutian disease virus (ADV) (Hammershoj, 2004). Denmark   Disease transmission: 4.3% of examined mink in a Danish study tested postive for antibodies to Aleutian disease virus (ADV) (Hammershoj, 2004). Predation: Mustela vison are having a serious impact on ground-nesting birds along coasts and on islands in the Baltic Sea (Walday and Kroglund, undated). Kolindsund (Denmark)   Disease transmission: 4.3% of examined mink in a Danish study tested postive for antibodies to Aleutian disease virus (ADV) (Hammershoj, 2004). Estonia   Competition: European mink (please see Mustela lutreola) in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species disappeared from Estonia in 1995, within a decade of the expansion of American mink. The two species appeared to share similar habitat, and it is possible, although unproven, that the American mink aggressively ousted the European mink from its preferred habitat. There is also considerable overlap in the diet of the two species. Predation: Mustela vison are having a serious impact on ground-nesting birds along coasts and on islands in the Baltic Sea (Walday and Kroglund, undated). Finland   Predation: Mustela vison are having a serious impact on ground-nesting birds along coasts and on islands in the Baltic Sea (Walday and Kroglund, undated). American mink are affecting indigenous biota in the south-west archipelago of Finland. They predate heavily upon black guillemot (see Cepphus grylle in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) and razorbill (see Alca torda in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) which are not adapted to this type of predator, as well as smaller species of waterfowl, such as tufted duck (see Aythya fuligula in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) and velvet scoter (see Melanitta fusca in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (Nordstrom et al 2002; in Nordstrom et al 2003). The presence of mink also affects the distribution of species richness and abundance in bird populations in the archipelago (Nordstrom and Korpimaki, 2004). Archipelago National Park (Finland)   Predation: Mustela vison are affecting indigenous biota in the south-west archipelago of Finland. They predate heavily upon black guillemot (see Cepphus grylle in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) and razorbill (see Alca torda in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) which are not adapted to this type of predator, as well as smaller species of waterfowl, such as tufted duck (see Aythya fuligula in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) and velvet scoter (see Melanitta fusca in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (Nordstrom et al 2002; in Nordstrom et al 2003). The presence of mink also affects the distribution of species richness and abundance in bird populations in the archipelago (Nordstrom and Korpimaki, 2004). Germany   Predation: Mustela visonhave a damaging effect on fisheries, fish farming and tourism, either directly or indirectly. Iceland   Disease transmission: 3.6% of a sample of the feral mink population in Iceland tested postive for antibodies to Aleutian disease virus (ADV) (Skírnisson et al 1990; in Hammershoj, 2004). Economic/Livelihoods: There is concern that Mustela vison threaten the eiderdown harvest in Iceland. Predation: The spread of tMustela vison in Iceland has induced changes in the nesting distribution of the black guillemot (see Cepphus grylle in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species), and their largest nesting colonies are now on inaccessible offshore islands. The water rail (see Rallus aquaticus in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) and the Slavonian grebe (see Podiceps auritus in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) have also been negatively affected (Hersteinsson, 1999; in Moore et al 2003). Lithuania   Competition: The spread of the Mustela vison is associated with the decline of the European mink (see Mustela lutreola in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) in the former USSR. There is considerable overlap in the diet of the two species in some parts of their range (MacDonald and Harrington, 2003). Norway   Predation: Mustela vison are having a serious impact on ground-nesting birds along coasts and on islands in the Baltic Sea (Walday and Kroglund, undated). Poland   Predation: The colonisation of mink throughout Poland has coincided with a decline in muskrat and waterfowl populations (Brzezinski and Marzec, 2003). At the Masurian Lakes, a decline in muskrat (see Ondatra zibethicus in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species), coot (see Fulica atra in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) and some duck species has been observed, and at the Slonsk Reserve in western Poland, the breeding success of geese is lower than it was prior to the arrival of mink. Masurian Lakes (Poland)   Predation: After twenty years of mink occurrence at the Masurian Lakes, a decline in muskrat (see Ondatra zibethicus in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species), coot (see Fulica atra in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) and some duck species was observed. Slonsk Reserve (Poland)   Predation: The breeding success of geese at Slonsk Reserve is lower than it was prior to the arrival of mink. Russian Federation   Competition: The spread of the Mustela vison is associated with the decline of the European mink (see Mustela lutreola in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) in the former USSR. There is considerable overlap in the diet of the two species in some parts of their range. Northern Urals (Russian Federation)   Reduction in native biodiversity: It has been noted that Mustela vison replace native species (presumably European mink (see Mustela lutreola in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) in many reservoirs (Tjurnin, 1998; in Markov, undated). Spain   Disease transmission: Aleutian mink disease parvovirus (ADV) has been identified in American mink in Spain. It is possible that the introduction of ADV by American mink is one of the factors responsible for the decline of European mink (Manas et al., 2001). Threat to endangered species: Mustela vison threatens the remaining population of the endangered European mink (see Mustela lutreola in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) in Spain (Moore et al., 2003). Sweden   Predation: Mustela vison in Baltic Sweden have eliminated many small seabird colonies, and caused the concentration of the remainder onto small offshore islands. Species affected include the herring gull (see Larus argentatus in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) and the razorbill (see Alca torda in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species). Other species which are declining within the minks established range, despite remaining stable in mink-free areas include the velvet scoter (see Melanitta fusca in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species), red-breasted merganser (see Mergus serrator in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) and black guillemot (see Cepphus grylle in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (Andersson, 1999; in Moore et al 2003). American mink are also affecting breeding bird populations in important bird areas in mainland Sweden (Lindell et al undated). Stigfjorden Fjord (Sweden)   Predation: Mustela vison pose a threat to breeding birds. Batafjorden Fjord (Sweden)   Predation: Mustela vison pose a threat to breeding birds. Lake Asnen (Sweden)   Predation: Mustela vison pose a threat to breeding birds. Dannskar-Orskar islands (Sweden)   Predation: Mustela vison are a threat to breeding birds in the Dannskar-Orskar islands. The breeding success of Caspian tern (see Sterna caspia in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) has been severely reduced in recent years as a direct result of mink predation. St Anna archipelago (Sweden)   Predation: Mustela vison are a threat to breeding birds in the St Anna archipelago, especially terns and auks. The breeding success of Caspian tern (see Sterna caspia in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) has been severely reduced in recent years as a direct result of mink predation. Bullerö-Långviksskär (Sweden)   Predation: There has been a substantial decrease in the numbers of eider ducks (see Somateria mollissima in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) in areas where mink have reached high densities. The presence of mink has also led to a change in the nesting habitat of eiders - they are abandoning bushy and wooded islands in favour of gull colonies or joining solitarily nesting gulls on small open islets. Bay of Skalderviken (Sweden)   Predation: Mustela vison pose a threat to breeding birds. Kullaberg (Sweden)   Predation: Mustela vison pose a threat to breeding birds. Stockholm Archipelago (Sweden)   Predation: Mustela vison are a threat to breeding birds in the outer Stockholm archipelago. The breeding success of the Caspian tern (see Sterna caspia in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) has been severely reduced in recent years as a direct result of mink predation. Bjorn archipelago (Sweden)   Predation: The expanding Mustela vison population poses a major threat to breeding birds. Dannemora (Sweden) (Sweden)   Predation: Mustela vison threaten bird populations. Graso archipelago (Sweden)   Predation: American mink pose a threat to breeding birds. Lake Hjalstaviken (Sweden)   Predation: Mustela vison pose a threat to breeding birds. Lake Tamnaren (Sweden)   Predation: Mustela vison pose a threat to breeding birds. Ledskar-Karlholm Bay (Sweden)   Predation: Mustela vison pose a threat to breeding birds Bay of Kilsviken (Sweden)   Predation: Mustela vison pose a threat to breeding birds. United Kingdom (UK)   Agricultural: Mustela vison pose threats to crofting in the Western Isles (HMP, 2004a, b). Disease transmission: There is evidence of Aleutian disease in feral American mink in the UK. Economic/Livelihoods: Mustela vison impact on salmonid fisheries, trout farms, salmon farms and commercial carp ponds (especially exotic koi carp) (Macdonald et al., undated). Predation: Mustela vison impacts on ground-nesting birds in freshwater systems and in the marine environment on offshore islands. Burrow-nesting shelduck are vulnerable to the arrival of mink on the islands of Loch Lomond, as are puffins and shearwaters (Bignal, 1978). The decline of white-clawed crayfish (see Austropotamobius pallipes in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) may be accelerated by mink predation (Smal, 1991). Mink may affect the numbers of the common scoter (see Melanitta nigra in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) by predation (Underhill et al., 1998; in Cranswick, undated). American mink are thought to be one of the main factors contributing to the decline of the European water vole (see Arvicola terrestris in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) in the UK. Water voles are an important species in the diet of colonising mink (MacDonald and Harrington, 2003). In southern Britain, mink appear to negatively impact on coot coot (see Fulica atra in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) populations (Ferreras and MacDonald, 1999). North Yorkshire Moors National Park (United Kingdom (UK))   Predation: The spread of Mustela vison coincided with the decline of water voles (see Arvicola terrestris in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) in the North Yorkshire Moors National Park. Loch Lomond (United Kingdom (UK))   Predation: Burrow-nesting shelduck, puffins and shearwaters are vulnerable to the arrival of mink on the islands of Loch Lomond. Oban (United Kingdom (UK))   Predation: Many tern and gull colonies have been deserted or wiped out in the Oban area (Craik, 1993), due to the presence of American mink. Western Isles (United Kingdom (UK))   Agricultural: Mustela vison pose threats to crofting in the Western Isles (HMP, 2004a, b). Economic/Livelihoods: Mustela vison have a damaging effect on fisheries, fish farming and tourism, either directly or indirectly (HMP, 2004a, b). Predation: Mink almost certainly have a serious adverse effect on the native biodiversity of the Western Isles (UK) and pose a threat to the many internationally important populations of ground-nesting birds. In their continuous search for food they will readily take eggs, chicks and adult birds. The recent spread of mink into North Uist Benbecula and South Uist threatens the continued existence of many bird populations, particularly in the European Special Protection Areas, though control of these populations is well underway. The principal species considered to be at serious risk are Arctic tern (see Sterna paradisaea in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) , common tern (see Sterna hirundo in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species), little tern (see Sterna albifrons in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species), black throated diver (see Gavia arctica in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) , red throated diver (see Gavia stellata in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species), corncrake (see Crex crex in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species), dunlin (see Calidris alpina in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) and ringed plover (see Charadrius hiaticula in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (Moore et al 2003). England (United Kingdom (UK))   Disease transmission: There is evidence of Aleutian disease in feral American mink in the UK. Yamaguchi and Macdonald (2001) found antibodies to Aleutian disease virus (ADV) in 51.9% of a sample of mink in southern England (in Hammershoj, 2004). Economic/Livelihoods: Mustela vison impact on salmonid fisheries, trout farms, salmon farms and commercial carp ponds (especially exotic koi carp) (Macdonald et al., undated). Predation: Mustela vison impact on ground-nesting birds in freshwater systems and in the marine environment on offshore islands. Burrow-nesting shelduck are vulnerable to the arrival of mink on the islands of Loch Lomond, as are puffins and shearwaters (Bignal, 1978). The decline of white-clawed crayfish (see Austropotamobius pallipes in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) may be accelerated by mink predation (Smal, 1991). Mink may affect the numbers of the common scoter (see Melanitta nigra in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) by predation (Underhill et al., 1998; in Cranswick, undated). American mink are thought to be one of the main factors contributing to the decline of the European water vole (see Arvicola terrestris in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) in the UK. Water voles are an important species in the diet of colonising mink (MacDonald and Harrington, 2003). In southern Britain, mink appear to negatively impact on coot coot (see Fulica atra in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) populations (Ferreras and MacDonald, 1999). Northern Ireland (United Kingdom (UK))   Threat to endangered species: In Northern Ireland the common scoter (see Melanitta nigra in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) is now extinct as a breeding species. This dramatic decline in numbers has been caused by factors such as predation, pollution and reduced food availability. Feral mink are a danger to birds during the breeding season when they move onto favoured moorland heather nesting sites (WWT 2008). Scotland (United Kingdom (UK))   Predation: During the 1990s, the Mustela vison has seriously affected the nesting success of several ground-nesting bird species on the west coast of Scotland, such as the black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus, 52% decline), common gull (Larus canus, 30%), and common tern (Sterna hirundo, 37%) (Craik 1990, 1993, 1995, 1997). Wales (United Kingdom (UK))   Predation: Mustela vison impact on ground-nesting birds in freshwater systems and in the marine environment on offshore islands. Burrow-nesting shelduck are vulnerable to the arrival of mink on the islands of Loch Lomond, as are puffins and shearwaters (Bignal, 1978). The decline of white-clawed crayfish (see Austropotamobius pallipes in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) may be accelerated by mink predation (Smal, 1991). Mink may affect the numbers of the common scoter (see Melanitta nigra in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) by predation (Underhill et al., 1998; in Cranswick, undated). American mink are thought to be one of the main factors contributing to the decline of the European water vole (see Arvicola terrestris in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) in the UK. Water voles are an important species in the diet of colonising mink (MacDonald and Harrington, 2003). In southern Britain, mink appear to negatively impact on coot (see Fulica atra in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) populations (Ferreras and MacDonald, 1999). Benbecula (United Kingdom (UK))   Agricultural: Mustela vison pose threats to crofting in the Western Isles (HMP, 2004a, b). Economic/Livelihoods: Mustela visonhave a damaging effect on fisheries, fish farming and tourism, either directly or indirectly (HMP, 2004a, b). Predation: Mustela vison eat eggs, chicks and adult birds from internationally important bird sites in the Western Isles (HMP, 2004a, b). Mink kill in excess of their immediate needs, and hence can wipe out entire tern colonies in some years (Moore et al., 2003). Berneray (United Kingdom (UK))   Agricultural: Mustela vison pose threats to crofting in the Western Isles (HMP, 2004a, b). Economic/Livelihoods: Mustela vison have a damaging effect on fisheries, fish farming and tourism, either directly or indirectly (HMP, 2004a, b). Predation: Mustela vison eat eggs, chicks and adult birds from internationally important bird sites in the Western Isles (HMP, 2004a, b). Mink kill in excess of their immediate needs, and hence can wipe out entire tern colonies in some years (Moore et al., 2003). Wader species declined considerably on Berneray following the introduction of American mink. Harris (United Kingdom (UK))   Agricultural: The American mink poses a threat to crofting in the Western Isles (HMP, 2004a, b), making the keeping of outdoor poultry almost impossible. This has resulted in a net annual cost to the crofting economy of Harris and Lewis of approximately £586,000 (M.C. Swan, unpubl. analysis; in Macdonald et al., undated). Economic/Livelihoods: American mink have a damaging effect on fisheries, fish farming and tourism, either directly or indirectly. Predation: American mink eat eggs, chicks and adult birds from internationally important bird sites in the Western Isles (HMP, 2004a, b). Mink kill in excess of their immediate needs, and hence can wipe out entire tern colonies in some years (Moore et al., 2003). Lewis (United Kingdom (UK))   Agricultural: Mustela vison poses a threat to crofting in the Western Isles (HMP, 2004a, b), making the keeping of outdoor poultry almost impossible. This has resulted in a net annual cost to the crofting economy of Harris and Lewis of approximately £586,000 (M.C. Swan, unpubl. analysis; in Macdonald et al., undated). Economic/Livelihoods: Mustela vison have a damaging effect on fisheries, fish farming and tourism, either directly or indirectly (HMP, 2004a, b). Predation: Mustela vison eat eggs, chicks and adult birds from internationally important bird sites in the Western Isles (HMP, 2004a, b). Mink kill in excess of their immediate needs, and hence can wipe out entire tern colonies in some years (Moore et al., 2003). North Uist (United Kingdom (UK))   Agricultural: Mustela vison pose threats to crofting in the Western Isles. Economic/Livelihoods: Mustela vison have a damaging effect on fisheries, fish farming and tourism, either directly or indirectly. Predation: Mustela vison eat eggs, chicks and adult birds from internationally important bird sites in the Western Isles (HMP, 2004a, b). Mink kill in excess of their immediate needs, and hence can wipe out entire tern colonies in some years (Moore et al., 2003). Sound of Harris islands (United Kingdom (UK))   Agricultural: Mustela vison pose threats to crofting in the Western Isles. Economic/Livelihoods: Mustela vison have a damaging effect on fisheries, fish farming and tourism, either directly or indirectly. Predation: Mustela vison eat eggs, chicks and adult birds from internationally important bird sites in the Western Isles (HMP, 2004a, b). Mink kill in excess of their immediate needs, and hence can wipe out entire tern colonies in some years (Moore et al., 2003). South Uist (United Kingdom (UK))   Agricultural: Mustela vison pose threats to crofting in the Western Isles. Economic/Livelihoods: Mustela vison have a damaging effect on fisheries, fish farming and tourism, either directly or indirectly. Predation: Mustela vison eat eggs, chicks and adult birds from internationally important bird sites in the Western Isles (HMP, 2004a, b). Mink kill in excess of their immediate needs, and hence can wipe out entire tern colonies in some years (Moore et al., 2003). Montague Is. (Alaska) (United States (USA))   Predation: Mink may affect populations of the Montague Island vole (see Microtus oeconomus elymocetes in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) through predation pressure, although this remains unclear.