Rhamnus cathartica (喬木)

生態 分佈 管理 影響 參考資料 聯繫

一般影響 Mehrhoff等人, 2003年報告說：鼠李(Rhamnus cathartica)喜歡形成緻密，等齡的樹叢，排擠和遮蔭本地灌木和草本植物，往往完全消滅他們。鼠李幼苗會防礙原生樹種和灌木的再生。在熱帶草原和草原生態系統，鼠李會使其下方的植被減少，僅少林火發生的機會。控制鼠李也符合小型糧食生產者的利益，此灌木是燕麥冠銹病的一個替代宿主，影響燕麥產量和品質。施密特和惠蘭(1999)進行的一項在外來灌木上築巢的鳴禽的影響研究，並得出結論認為，外來鼠李(Rhamnus cathartica)會在兩個方面影響鳴禽築巢成功。在美國羅賓斯，外來種灌木會直接提高鳥巢被捕食率(主要由大型哺乳動物)，也許是由於巢的高度較低，缺乏尖銳的刺，和一個分枝結構，很方便捕食者移動。Gale(2000)報告說：較長的生長期，可能使鼠李(Rhamnus cathartica)對原生植物具有競爭優勢。哈靈頓等人(1989，in Gale 2000)，鼠李(Rhamnus cathartica)樹葉留在樹上的平均時間超過 58天，超過本地的Cornus racemosa 與 Prunus serotina。它的葉片較早長出，較晚衰老。在兩種情形下，上層樹冠沒有枝葉。鼠李顯著地有較大的光合作用所需的高光照條件，比原生灌木樹種。鼠李(Rhamnus cathartica)是宿主的大豆作物害蟲大豆蚜蟲Aphis glycines的宿主(拉格斯Tisdale等人, 2003)。Converse(1984)報告說：鼠李(Rhamnus cathartica)會迅速形成緻密，等齡的樹叢。在一個開放的地方，鼠李(Rhamnus cathartica)會使用橫向根冠蔓延建立族群。這個擴展會一直持續到樹枝碰到鄰近的灌木。葉片大，持續創造濃密樹冠遮蔭。在濕地和林地下層都可見到等齡的樹叢。 鼠李(Rhamnus cathartica)的枯落物會迅速分解，也會促進鄰近的森林地面枯枝落葉層迅速分解(赫尼根等人, 2002)。鼠李會被改變下面土壤的養分循環，氮和碳的含量會提高，植株被移除後，影響仍可能持續(赫尼根等人, 2004)。          地點特有的影響： Nova Scotia (Canada)   改變林火機制: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "In fire-adapted ecosystems such as savannas and prairies, the lack of vegetation under buckthorn prohibits fires." 農業: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "Buckthorn control is also of interest to small grain producers; the shrub is an alternate host of the crown rust of oats, which affects oat yield and quality." 降低本地生物多樣性: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "R. cathartica tends to form dense, even-aged thickets, crowding and shading out native shrubs and herbs, often completely obliterating them." Saskatchewan (Canada)   改變林火機制: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "In fire-adapted ecosystems such as savannas and prairies, the lack of vegetation under buckthorn prohibits fires." 農業: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "Buckthorn control is also of interest to small grain producers; the shrub is an alternate host of the crown rust of oats, which affects oat yield and quality." 降低本地生物多樣性: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "R. cathartica tends to form dense, even-aged thickets, crowding and shading out native shrubs and herbs, often completely obliterating them." Chicago (United States (USA))   競爭: Schmidt and Whelan (1999) conducted a study on the effects of exotic shrubs on songbird nests and concluded that the, "Data show that exotic R. cathartica affected songbird nest success in two ways. First, exotic shrubs directly enhanced nest predation (primarily by large mammals) in American Robins, perhaps through a combination of lower nest height, the absence of sharp thorns, and a branch architecture that may facilitate predator movement." Connecticut (United States (USA))   改變林火機制: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "In fire-adapted ecosystems such as savannas and prairies, the lack of vegetation under buckthorn prohibits fires." 農業: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "Buckthorn control is also of interest to small grain producers; the shrub is an alternate host of the crown rust of oats, which affects oat yield and quality." 降低本地生物多樣性: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "R. cathartica tends to form dense, even-aged thickets, crowding and shading out native shrubs and herbs, often completely obliterating them." Maine (United States (USA))   改變林火機制: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "In fire-adapted ecosystems such as savannas and prairies, the lack of vegetation under buckthorn prohibits fires." 農業: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "Buckthorn control is also of interest to small grain producers; the shrub is an alternate host of the crown rust of oats, which affects oat yield and quality." 降低本地生物多樣性: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "R. cathartica tends to form dense, even-aged thickets, crowding and shading out native shrubs and herbs, often completely obliterating them." Massachusetts (United States (USA))   改變林火機制: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "In fire-adapted ecosystems such as savannas and prairies, the lack of vegetation under buckthorn prohibits fires." 農業: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "Buckthorn control is also of interest to small grain producers; the shrub is an alternate host of the crown rust of oats, which affects oat yield and quality." 降低本地生物多樣性: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "R. cathartica tends to form dense, even-aged thickets, crowding and shading out native shrubs and herbs, often completely obliterating them." New Hampshire (United States (USA))   改變林火機制: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "In fire-adapted ecosystems such as savannas and prairies, the lack of vegetation under buckthorn prohibits fires." 農業: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "Buckthorn control is also of interest to small grain producers; the shrub is an alternate host of the crown rust of oats, which affects oat yield and quality." 降低本地生物多樣性: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "R. cathartica tends to form dense, even-aged thickets, crowding and shading out native shrubs and herbs, often completely obliterating them." Rhode Island (United States (USA))   改變林火機制: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "In fire-adapted ecosystems such as savannas and prairies, the lack of vegetation under buckthorn prohibits fires." 農業: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "Buckthorn control is also of interest to small grain producers; the shrub is an alternate host of the crown rust of oats, which affects oat yield and quality." 降低本地生物多樣性: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "R. cathartica tends to form dense, even-aged thickets, crowding and shading out native shrubs and herbs, often completely obliterating them." Vermont (United States (USA))   改變林火機制: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "In fire-adapted ecosystems such as savannas and prairies, the lack of vegetation under buckthorn prohibits fires." 農業: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "Buckthorn control is also of interest to small grain producers; the shrub is an alternate host of the crown rust of oats, which affects oat yield and quality." 降低本地生物多樣性: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "R. cathartica tends to form dense, even-aged thickets, crowding and shading out native shrubs and herbs, often completely obliterating them."