Rhamnus cathartica (乔木)

生态 分布 管理 影响 参考数据 联系

一般影响 Mehrhoff等人, 2003年报告说：鼠李(Rhamnus cathartica)喜欢形成致密，等龄的树丛，排挤和遮荫本地灌木和草本植物，往往完全消灭他们。鼠李幼苗会防碍原生树种和灌木的再生。在热带草原和草原生态系统，鼠李会使其下方的植被减少，仅少林火发生的机会。控制鼠李也符合小型粮食生产者的利益，此灌木是燕麦冠锈病的一个替代宿主，影响燕麦产量和质量。施密特和惠兰(1999)进行的一项在外来灌木上筑巢的鸣禽的影响研究，并得出结论认为，外来鼠李(Rhamnus cathartica)会在两个方面影响鸣禽筑巢成功。在美国罗宾斯，外来种灌木会直接提高鸟巢被捕食率(主要由大型哺乳动物)，也许是由于巢的高度较低，缺乏尖锐的刺，和一个分枝结构，很方便捕食者移动。Gale (2000)报告说：较长的生长期，可能使鼠李(Rhamnus cathartica)对原生植物具有竞争优势。哈灵顿等人(1989，in Gale 2000)，鼠李(Rhamnus cathartica)树叶留在树上的平均时间超过 58天，超过本地的Cornus racemosa 与 Prunus serotina。它的叶片较早长出，较晚衰老。在两种情形下，上层树冠没有枝叶。鼠李显著地有较大的光合作用所需的高光照条件，比原生灌木树种。鼠李(Rhamnus cathartica)是宿主的大豆作物害虫大豆蚜虫Aphis glycines的宿主(拉格斯Tisdale等人, 2003)。Converse(1984)报告说：鼠李(Rhamnus cathartica)会迅速形成致密，等龄的树丛。在一个开放的地方，鼠李(Rhamnus cathartica)会使用横向根冠蔓延建立族群。这个扩展会一直持续到树枝碰到邻近的灌木。叶片大，持续创造浓密树冠遮荫。在湿地和林地下层都可见到等龄的树丛。 鼠李(Rhamnus cathartica)的枯落物会迅速分解，也会促进邻近的森林地面枯枝落叶层迅速分解(赫尼根等人, 2002)。鼠李会被改变下面土壤的养分循环，氮和碳的含量会提高，植株被移除后，影响仍可能持续(赫尼根等人, 2004)。          地点特有的影响： Nova Scotia (Canada)   农业: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "Buckthorn control is also of interest to small grain producers; the shrub is an alternate host of the crown rust of oats, which affects oat yield and quality." 改变林火机制: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "In fire-adapted ecosystems such as savannas and prairies, the lack of vegetation under buckthorn prohibits fires." 降低本地生物多样性: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "R. cathartica tends to form dense, even-aged thickets, crowding and shading out native shrubs and herbs, often completely obliterating them." Saskatchewan (Canada)   农业: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "Buckthorn control is also of interest to small grain producers; the shrub is an alternate host of the crown rust of oats, which affects oat yield and quality." 改变林火机制: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "In fire-adapted ecosystems such as savannas and prairies, the lack of vegetation under buckthorn prohibits fires." 降低本地生物多样性: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "R. cathartica tends to form dense, even-aged thickets, crowding and shading out native shrubs and herbs, often completely obliterating them." Chicago (United States (USA))   竞争: Schmidt and Whelan (1999) conducted a study on the effects of exotic shrubs on songbird nests and concluded that the, "Data show that exotic R. cathartica affected songbird nest success in two ways. First, exotic shrubs directly enhanced nest predation (primarily by large mammals) in American Robins, perhaps through a combination of lower nest height, the absence of sharp thorns, and a branch architecture that may facilitate predator movement." Connecticut (United States (USA))   农业: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "Buckthorn control is also of interest to small grain producers; the shrub is an alternate host of the crown rust of oats, which affects oat yield and quality." 改变林火机制: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "In fire-adapted ecosystems such as savannas and prairies, the lack of vegetation under buckthorn prohibits fires." 降低本地生物多样性: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "R. cathartica tends to form dense, even-aged thickets, crowding and shading out native shrubs and herbs, often completely obliterating them." Maine (United States (USA))   农业: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "Buckthorn control is also of interest to small grain producers; the shrub is an alternate host of the crown rust of oats, which affects oat yield and quality." 改变林火机制: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "In fire-adapted ecosystems such as savannas and prairies, the lack of vegetation under buckthorn prohibits fires." 降低本地生物多样性: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "R. cathartica tends to form dense, even-aged thickets, crowding and shading out native shrubs and herbs, often completely obliterating them." Massachusetts (United States (USA))   农业: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "Buckthorn control is also of interest to small grain producers; the shrub is an alternate host of the crown rust of oats, which affects oat yield and quality." 改变林火机制: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "In fire-adapted ecosystems such as savannas and prairies, the lack of vegetation under buckthorn prohibits fires." 降低本地生物多样性: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "R. cathartica tends to form dense, even-aged thickets, crowding and shading out native shrubs and herbs, often completely obliterating them." New Hampshire (United States (USA))   农业: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "Buckthorn control is also of interest to small grain producers; the shrub is an alternate host of the crown rust of oats, which affects oat yield and quality." 改变林火机制: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "In fire-adapted ecosystems such as savannas and prairies, the lack of vegetation under buckthorn prohibits fires." 降低本地生物多样性: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "R. cathartica tends to form dense, even-aged thickets, crowding and shading out native shrubs and herbs, often completely obliterating them." Rhode Island (United States (USA))   农业: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "Buckthorn control is also of interest to small grain producers; the shrub is an alternate host of the crown rust of oats, which affects oat yield and quality." 改变林火机制: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "In fire-adapted ecosystems such as savannas and prairies, the lack of vegetation under buckthorn prohibits fires." 降低本地生物多样性: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "R. cathartica tends to form dense, even-aged thickets, crowding and shading out native shrubs and herbs, often completely obliterating them." Vermont (United States (USA))   农业: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "Buckthorn control is also of interest to small grain producers; the shrub is an alternate host of the crown rust of oats, which affects oat yield and quality." 改变林火机制: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "In fire-adapted ecosystems such as savannas and prairies, the lack of vegetation under buckthorn prohibits fires." 降低本地生物多样性: Mehrhoff et al (2001) states that, "R. cathartica tends to form dense, even-aged thickets, crowding and shading out native shrubs and herbs, often completely obliterating them."