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   Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides (藻類) English   
生態 分佈 管理 影響 參考資料 聯繫


         一般影響

    Begin 和 Scheibling(2003)發現,大葉藻(Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides)成功入侵西北大西洋,可以歸因於此藻類的各種生活史和生理生態特色。本種展現多種繁殖方式,這是許多入侵者一個共同的特點。它可以行有性繁殖,孤雌生殖和無性繁殖。水流可以將這個物種遠距離傳播到新的地方。大葉藻還能容忍很寬的鹽度和水溫範圍。它茂盛地生長在人類製造的遮蔽的棲息地(Begin 和 Scheibling, 2003)。

    普羅旺等人(2005)報告說:大葉藻(Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides)對水產養殖業造成嚴重的經濟問題。實際上,此物種會長滿牡蠣苗床而將之窒息,使它得到一個綽號「牡蠣小偷」(奈洛爾等人, 2001)。底棲生態實驗室(2001)發現,在大葉藻追求一個穩定的基底時,常常會使把貝殼牡蠣,扇貝,文蛤當作家。這可能會導致問題,因為一個附著的成株會阻礙貝類移動和覓食。如果附著植物相當大,而且波動風險高,貝類可能會被淘汰掉。

    特羅布里奇(1999)報告說:大葉藻(Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides)最不利的影響是污染貝殼類,尤其是在西北大西洋海岸。它的附著幾個直接的影響(特羅布里奇 1998a),其中包括:(1)窒息貽貝和扇貝,防礙貝類開瓣,堵塞扇貝挖掘 ,並干擾了蛤蜊採集工作。大葉藻(Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides)也會污染魚網,更換魚網或從貝類上清除和藻類,會增加漁民收割和加工的勞力成本。作者還報告說,主要不利的社會影響是,藻類大量生長會污染碼頭樁,繩索和海灘與沿海地區,因而減少了市民使用。此外,在西北大西洋,地中海和紐西蘭,累積的大葉藻(Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides)植群在沙灘上腐爛產生惡臭趕走遊客。

    底棲生物生態實驗室(2001)報告說:大葉藻的形態結構可能會增加沉積。大葉藻(Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides)是一個“低窪”的藻類,一些大型無脊椎動物和魚類很難在此藻類之間移動,生活。在海帶床,很多物種可以自由在葉片下移動,因為海帶的莖(葉柄)很狹窄,間距很大。他們依靠這種葉片下的環境覓食,和保護免於被掠食。更換成大葉藻,無疑會影響到這些物種。




         地點特有的影響:
    Nova Scotia (Canada) English 
    改變自然底棲生物群落: On the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, local populations are extremely dense, and Codium fragile may be able to replace native kelp (Laminariales) in the subtidal zone (Chapman 1999, Chapman et al 2002) (Hubbard and Garbary, 2002).

    經濟 /民生: “Changes in the ecology of the subtidal community will likely have an impact on some of the commercially important species of Nova Scotia. Kelp is the primary food source of sea urchins, which are harvested for their roe. While it has been shown that sea urchins will consume C. fragile ssp. tomentosoides when they come into contact with it (Prince and LeBlanc 1992), sea urchins fed C. fragile ssp. tomentosoides do not produce high quality roe (Scheibling and Anthony 2001)” (Benthic Ecology Lab 2001). “Furthermore, it is possible that the low lying structure of C. fragile ssp. tomentosoides meadows will inhibit the movements of seabed foraging species such as lobster” (Benthic Ecology Lab 2001)

    降低本地生物多樣性: On the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, local populations are extremely dense, and Codium fragile may be able to replace native kelp (Laminariales) in the subtidal zone (Chapman 1999, Chapman et al 2002) (Hubbard and Garbary, 2002).
    Canada English 
    與其他入侵物種相互作用: In addition to Codium fragile, shores of eastern Canada are undergoing major invasions of the green crab, Carcinus maenas (Gillis et al 2000) and the bryozoan kelp epiphyte, Membranipora membranacea (Chapman 1999, Scheibling et al 1999). Interactions among these species and the native biota will change the ecology of intertidal and subtidal marine communities in coming years (Hubbard and Garbary, 2002).
    Ireland English 
    降低本地生物多樣性: On the west-cast shores of the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland Codium fragile has encroached on the range of the native congener C. tomentosum.
    Western North Atlantic Ocean (North America) English 
    經濟 /民生: Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides is regarded as a serious ecological and economic pest on North West Atlantic shores, particularly for the shellfish industry (Trowbridge, 1999).
    England (United Kingdom (UK)) English 
    降低本地生物多樣性: “On shores of S England and W Ireland, the alga is not considered a pest but has reputedly replaced the native congener C. tomentosum; whether this change was due to a competitive displacement or to a temporal replacement has never been investigated” (Trowbridge, 1999).
    Northern Ireland (United Kingdom (UK)) English 
    降低本地生物多樣性: On the west-coast shores of the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland Codium fragile has encroached on the range of the native congener C. tomentosum.

    “On shores of S England and W Ireland, the alga is not considered a pest but has reputedly replaced the native congener C. tomentosum; whether this change was due to a competitive displacement or to a temporal replacement has never been investigated” (Trowbridge, 1999).




ISSG Landcare Research NBII IUCN University of Auckland