一般影响
E. crassipes是世界最严重的杂草之一。人们把它传播到世界上大多数的热带和亚热带地区，形成厚厚的垫子覆盖稻田，堵塞灌溉渠道，阻碍导航，阻碍捕捞活动，洪灾时扫除建筑物，也提供转递疾病的蚊子产卵所。每6至18天生物量增加一倍，视地区与月份而定，此杂草迅速侵入水道，造成世界各地人类的问题。族群沿着非洲维多利亚湖是的消极影响的杂草堵塞水的方式，导致关闭水力发电厂Jinga和增加案件经由蚊虫传播的疾病。(Williams Undated). 在巴布亚新几内亚，布袋莲扰乱独木舟、小艇与大船的水上运输系统，阻隔人们到学校、保健中心、政府部门、农地、渔场与当地市场的通路。入侵植物理论曾预言，因水文改变而解除环境的限制，往往可以导致一个成功的入侵(Galatowitsch et al.1999, 在 Toft 2000) 换句话说：人类破坏或改变环境，铺平了侵入物种建立族群的道路。人类的灌溉水渠，水电设施和人工湖泊，破坏湿地生态系统，使得该地区特别容易受到布袋莲入侵。(Barret 1989, in Toft 2000). 在加州的萨克拉门托河/ 圣约昆河三角州的水坝受布袋莲充溢的影响，哪里的布袋莲在1947出现 ，但是直到 1980 年代才开始阻碍船舶交通 (Toft 2000). 布袋莲在温暖的地方带来环境的问题，它会全年度生长而且发展成密集大型、自由漂浮、单一植物的岛屿状或垫状植群，与其它水生物种竞争阳光，养分和氧气。(Gopal 1987, in Batcher Undated; FDEP Undated; Toft 2000) 这些垫会荫遮住本土水生植物，根除本土水下物种 (FDEP Undated) 。他们减少溶氧量与光线，严重改变生态系统，也改变植物和动物社群。低溶氧量危害本地鱼类 (FDEP Undated)鱼类产卵区也可能会减少，重要的水鸟栖息地也会退化。(Schmitz et al.1993, in Batcher Undated) 这些垫也存放大量有机质，增加沉积物的有机物质，并且严重加速更替模式，让水下、河岸的植物拓展开来。(Penfound 与 Earle 1948, Trivedy et al.1978, Gopal 1987 ，Woods 1997, in Toft 2000) E. crassipes对人类用水，产生不利的影响。它会减少排水沟渠的流动，造成洪水泛滥与对渠岸与结构的伤害。它妨碍灌溉水渠的流动，妨碍抽水机泵水灌溉。公用冷却水库的水流模式也会被破坏。布袋莲干扰娱乐和商业的航行，负面地影响渔民、钓客与娱乐运动水域中的滑水者和游泳者。水的使用被限制会降低房地产与观光事业的价值 (Batcher Undated) 。尝试控制此杂草的结果可能会导致经济的损失。光中国一个国家，手动清除杂草就要每年花费约100万人民币（约合1200万美元），既不经济，也没有效果。(Jianqing et al.2001)
地点特有的影响：Guam 
生态系统变化: Eichhornia crassipes can quickly cover bodies of water, creating shade and restricting oxygen exchange at the surface. Florida (USA) (United States (USA))
物理干扰: Boat traffic on several rivers was halted; hundreds of lakes and ponds were covered from shore to shore with up to 200 tons of water hyacinths per acre.
生态系统变化: Pennywort is a common native that functionally occupies similar habitats as hyacinth. Differences between pennywort and hyacinth habitats highlight the role of water hyacinth as an invasive "ecosystem engineer". Research specific to hyacinth and pennywort (Hydrocotyle umbellata) in Florida has shown that overall dry biomass of hyacinth is 259% greater than pennywort (Reddy 1984, in Toft 2000). Other research in Florida on hyacinth and a different species of pennywort (Hydrocotyle ranunculodies) has shown that overall dry biomass of hyacinth is 161% greater, and the maximum root length of hyacinth is 164% greater (Jantrarotai 1990, in Toft 2000). The roots of hyacinth can be important habitat for epiphytic macroinvertebrates (aquatic invertebrates living on macrophytes) which illustrates just one of the changes brought about by the invasion of native habitats by water hyacinth (Hutchinson 1967, Schramm et al. 1987, in Toft 2000), especially amphipods (Schramm et al. 1987, Bailey et al. 1993, Bryan 1993, in Toft 2000). Texas (United States (USA))
改变自然底栖生物群落: Eichhornia crassipes has the lowest dissolved oxygen levels as compared to milfoil, hydrilla, pondweed, and a native mix of submersed plants in Texas, and was the only plant to have averages below 5 mg/L (Madsen 1997, in Toft 2000). 5 mg/L represents the level at which fishes start to experience oxygen stress (Madsen 1997, in Toft 2000).
|
