一般影響
在澳洲，紅狐已將大陸上剩餘的一些原生齧齒類與有袋類物種消滅了，證據也指出牠們造成其他小型/中型齧齒類與有袋類物種數目的下降或滅絕。在北美，入侵的紅狐對在地面築巢的鳥類，如鴨與松雞帶來威脅。在加州，入侵的紅狐必須逐年控制，以保護許多瀕臨絕種鳥類的地面巢穴。 入侵的紅狐同時也對原生的較小犬科動物有負面影響，像是瀕臨絕種的聖荷亞金敏狐以及原生的紅狐亞種。 在加拿大，證據指出入侵紅狐可能已經取代許多原生亞種了。 紅狐對於牲畜也是一項威脅，因牠們會捕食家禽，羔羊甚至小孩。 紅狐的高密度族群也會經由傳遞狂犬病、犬瘟熱、小病毒以及獸疥癬等疾病，對人類與寵物的健康造成威脅。
地點特有的影響：Australia 
人類健康: In Australia the red fox carries no disease of serious economic or public health significance. However, recently foxes have been found to harbour the hydatid parasite (Saunders et al. 1995).
傳播疾病: The disease most commonly associated with the red fox in Europe and North America is rabies. The potential of foxes to act as a wild reservoir for the virus in Australia is uncertain (Saunders et al. 2007). The possibility of rabies developing as an established disease in fox populations cannot be dismissed (Saunders et al. 1995). Many other infectious diseases occur in foxes, although little is known of their incidence in Australia. These include mange, canine distemper, parvovirus, toxoplasmosis, canine hepatitis, tularaemia, leptospirosis, staphylococcal infections and encephalitis (Saunders et al. 1995). Like most carnivores that feed on a wide range of prey, foxes also carry a variety of endoparasites (Saunders et al. 1995). The incidence of helminth parasites in foxes has been intensively surveyed in southeastern Australia because of their potential transmission to domestic animals (Saunders et al. 1995).
威脅瀕危物種: European foxes are considered a threat to 14 birds, 48 mammals, 12 reptiles and 2 amphibians listed under the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. This includes three critically endangered birds, one critically endangered mammal and one critically endangered reptile. Foxes in Australia are a real or perceived threat to the following critically endangered birds: Spotted quail-thrush (Mt Lofty Ranges) (Cinclosoma punctatum anachoreta); Orange bellied parrot (Neophema chrysogaster); and Herald petrel (Pterodroma heraldica). In Australia red foxes are a threat to the following endangered birds: Eastern bristlebird (Dasyornis brachypterus); Night parrot (Pezoporus occidentalis); Western ground parrot (Pezoporus wallicus flaviventris); Gould’s petrel (Pterodroma leucoptera leucoptera); and Southern emu-wren (Fleurieu Peninsula) (Stipiturus malachurus). In Australia red foxes are a threat to the following critically endangered mammal: - Gilbert’s potoroo (Potorous gilbertii) and the following endangered mammals: Northern bettong (Bettongia tropica); Mountain pygmy-possum (Burramys parvus); Ampurta (Dasycercus hillieri); Spotted-tailed quoll, or yarri (north Queensland subspecies) (Dasyurus maculatus gracilis); Spot-tailed quoll, spotted-tail quoll, tiger quoll (southeastern mainland population) (Dasyurus maculatus maculates); Southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus obesulus); Mala, rufous hare-wallaby (central mainland form) (Lagorchestes hirsutus unnamed subsp.); Karkarratul, northern marsupial mole (Notoryctes caurinus); Yitjarritjarri, southern marsupial mole (Notoryctes typhlops); Bridled nail-tail wallaby (Onychogalea fraenata); Dibbler (Parantechinus apicalis); Western barred bandicoot (Shark Bay) (Perameles bougainville bougainville); Eastern barred bandicoot (mainland) (Perameles gunnii unnamed subsp.); Red-tailed phascogale (Phascogale calura); Long-footed potoroo (Potorous longipes); Konoom, smoky mouse (Pseudomys fumeus); Hastings river mouse (Pseudomys oralis); Julia Creek dunnart (Sminthopsis douglasi); Sandhill dunnart (Sminthopsis psammophila); and Central rock-rat (Zyzomys pedunculatus).
In Australia red foxes are a threat to the following globally threatened mammals: the 'Critically Endangered (CR) Brush-tailed bettong (Bettongia penicillata); the 'Endangered (EN)' Numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus); the 'Vulnerable (VU)' Bilby (Macrotis lagotis); the 'Near Threatened (NT)' Burrowing bettong ( Bettongia lesueur); and Brush-tailed rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata). In Australia red foxes are a threat to the following reptiles: the 'Critically Endangered (CR)' Western swamp tortoise (Pseudemydura umbrina) and the 'Endangered (EN)' Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta); and the Mary River tortoise (Elusor macrurus).
捕食: Predation by the red fox is listed as a key threatening process under the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The red fox endangers a large number of threatened species (see Appendix A of DEWHA 2008b). Anecdotal, circumstantial and experimental evidence shows that fox predation is a major threat to the survival of native Australian fauna (Saunders et al. In Press 2008, in DEWHA 2008a). Terrestrial mammals at greatest risk of falling prey to the red fox are those that weigh between 35 and 5500 grams (sometimes referred to as the critical-weight-range species), many of which are endangered or vulnerable (DEWHA 2008a). Ground-nesting birds are also at high risk of predation by the red fox.
捕食: Native to Australia, the Night Parrot (Pezoporus occidentalis) is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Predation by foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and feral cats (Felis catus); competition for food and habitat degradation by introduced rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and reduced availability of water due to over-use by introduced camels (Camelus dromedarius) are some of the potential threats to the survival of this species. Decline in populations have been recorded in some areas coinciding with the arrival of feral cats (BirdLife International 2009).
捕食: The Australian native Princess parrot (Polytelis alexandrae) is listed as Near Threatened (NT) in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Habitat degradation due to altered fire regimes; herbivory and competition by introduced herbivores, rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus); sheep (Ovis aries) and camels (Camelus dromedarius); and predation by cats (Felis catus) and red foxes are some of the threats to this species (BirdLife International 2008)
捕食: The Baw Baw frog (Philoria frosti) is listed as 'Critically Endangered (CR) in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Native to Australia it is restricted to the Baw Baw plateau east of Melbourne. There is a deficiency of information in relation to demography and population dynamics of this species. Climate change impacts, pathogens such as the chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis); Willow (Salix cinerea), cattle (Bos taurus), rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), Sambar deer (Rusa unicolor), foxes (Vulpes vulpes), dogs (Canis lupus) and cats (Felis catus) have been identified as invasive species that might be impacting the species (Hero et al 2004).
經濟 /民生: Foxes kill around 10% of lambs Australia-wide and research has shown kill rates may be as high as 30%. In 2004 red foxes were estimated to cost the Australian environment and agricultural industries more than $227 million (McLeod 2004, in DEWHA 2008a). This estimate was based on a total of 7.2 million foxes in Australia (DEWHA 2008a). New South Wales (Australia)
威脅瀕危物種: Species threatened by the red fox in New South Wales include the 'Critically Endangered (CR)' mountain pygmy-possum (Burramys parvus); the 'Endangered (EN)' long-footed potoroo (Potorous longipes); the 'Vulnerable (VU)' malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata), Hastings river mouse (Pseudomys oralis); the 'Near Threatened (NT)' broad-toothed rat ((Mastacomys fuscus), yellow-footed rock-wallaby (Petrogale xanthopus), and the brush-tailed rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata); the 'Least Concern (LC)' Little tern (Sterna albifrons), and
Southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus).
捕食: Foxes suppress animal populations, particularly medium sized ground-dwelling and semi-arboreal mammals, ground-nesting birds and freshwater turtles. Foxes have also caused the failure of numerous attempts to reintroduce native fauna into areas of their former range. Red foxes have been implicated as partially responsible for the disappearance of medium-sized, ground-dwelling mammals from the arid and semi-arid regions of New South Wales. See the New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service website on Foxes for more details.
與其他入侵物種相互作用: The red fox has been identified as a vector of weed species such as bitou bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera rotundata). Northern Territory (Australia)
傳播疾病: Please see "Disease Transmission" under Australia distribution record.
威脅瀕危物種: Engandered species are at risk of predation by the European red fox.
捕食: The European red fox preys on many native mammals, birds, reptiles and invertebrates. Southeastern Australia (Australia)
捕食: The European red fox is believed to have contributed to the extinction of at least twenty native Australian mammals. An examples in East Gippsland includes the 'Near Threatened (NT)' eastern quoll Dasyurus viverrinus).
生態系統變化: Mammals play a number of important roles in the forest ecosystem, as pollinators, seed-dispersers and dispersers of fungal species important for plant growth. They are also important for soil aeration and the breakdown of leaf litter. In this way predation by the red fox on native mammals may lead to forest ecosystem changes. Tasmania (Australia)
傳播疾病: Please see "Disease Transmission" under Australia distribution record.
捕食: Tasmania's wildlife has not evolved in the presence of foxes and therefore lacks adequate adaptations to cope with fox predation. It is estimated that at least 78 native Tasmanian vertebrate species would be at risk if foxes became established. Of these 34 species have locally restricted ranges, 16 are suspected to be already declining in distribution and 12 are threatened according to Commonwealth or State threatened species legislation. Threatened and high conservation significance species at risk would include: the globally 'Near Threatened (NT)' Eastern barred bandicoot (Perameles gunnii gunnii); the globally 'Vulnerable (VU)' New Holland mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae); Little tern (Sterna albifrons sinensis ); Fairy tern (Sterna nereis nereis); Great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus); the globally 'Endangered (EN)' Green and gold frog (Litoria raniformis); Tussock skink (Pseudemoia pagenstecheri ); and the Glossy grass skink (Pseudemoia rawlinsoni). The Tasmanian pademelon and Tasmanian bettong, both of which thrive in Tasmania, are now extinct on the mainland because of the fox. The mainland eastern barred bandicoot has been reduced to a mere 200 surviving individuals due to fox predation. The young of unique species such as the Tasmanian devil, spotted tail quoll that are left unattended in dens are highly vulnerable to fox predation. More widespread species like ducks, shorebirds, ground nesting birds, blue tongue lizards, mountain dragons, skinks and frogs are all highly at risk. Even animals such as the little penguin and platypus are at risk. See the Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment website on Foxes in Tasmania - A Grave Threat to Our Wildlife for more details.
經濟 /民生: Losses to Tasmania's lamb and wool industries from fox predation may reach several million dollars per annum. Foxes also threaten Tasmania's image as an unspoiled tourist destination and its burgeoning nature-based tourism.
農業: Red foxes consume fruit such as grapes and damage bunches. Foxes also have a habit of chewing on irrigation emitters such as plastic drippers, destroying thousands of dollars of irrigation infrastructure. Foxes will prey on lambs, kids, fawns and poultry. Foxes kill around 10% of lambs Australia-wide and research has shown kill rates may be as high as 30%. Victoria (Australia)
傳播疾病: Please see "Disease Transmission" under Australia distribution record.
捕食: The red fox has been implicated in the extinction of six mammal species in the Victorian Mallee.
滋擾人類: The red fox can be a major nuisance to landholders especially hobby farmers through loss of household or hobby stock. Urban foxes have become a significant nuisance problem in a number of Australian cities. In parts of Melbourne the estimated fox density is up to 16 km-2 . Urban areas that support high densities of foxes also provide reservoirs that can replenish rural populations.
經濟 /民生: The importance of red fox predation on lambs as a cause of economic loss varies spatially and temporally. Foxes kill around 10% of lambs Australia-wide and research has shown kill rates may be as high as 30%. Fox predation may have a large impact in areas where foxes are common and where lambing occurs early in the season. Extensive lamb loss can occur when lambing is out of step with, or isolated from, neighbouring flocks.
農業: Pest status of the red fox in Victoria was based initially on livestock predation, particularly on newborn lambs (Saunders et al. 2007). Western Australia (Australia)
威脅瀕危物種: Small threatened native mammals in Western Australia which are impacted by the European red fox and have benefited from the baiting programme include the 'Critically Endangered (CR) woylie (Bettongia penicillata); the 'Endangered (EN)' numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus), the 'Vulnerable (VU)' western ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus occidentalis).
捕食: Small threatened native mammals in Western Australia which are impacted by the red fox have benefited from the baiting programme including the tammer wallaby (Macropus eugeii). On Dolphin Island a population of Rothschild’s rock-wallaby (Petrogale rothschildi) was near extinction by the 1970s but remained abundant on nearby Enderby and Rosemary Islands (which lack foxes). Canada
捕食: The red fox has a major impact on small bird and mammal populations, especially the California quail and mountain quail (Mosquin & Theodore 1997).
雜交: It is possible that the red fox may hybridise with native subspecies. Isle of Man
捕食: The red fox preys on terns and ground-nesting raptors among other animals (MacDonald & Halliwell 1994, in Varnham 2006). North America
捕食: European red foxes have negative impacts in many ecosystems due to the fact that they are generalist predators which attain relatively high densities.
競爭: European red foxes likely replaced native red foxes throughout all northern boreal regions and may threaten remaining native populations at higher elevations in the western United States. Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge (United States (USA))
威脅瀕危物種: Foxes have eliminated populations of the threatened Aleutian Canada geese (Branta canadensis leucopareia) on many islands endangering this species.
捕食: Foxes severely reduce populations of nesting birds by eating eggs, nestlings and adult birds in summer and caching birds and eggs for later consumption. In the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge waterfowl, shorebirds, seabirds and ptarmigan were particularly impacted (Bailey 1993, in Ebbert & Byrd 2002). Most of Alaska’s breeding seabirds are not adapted to co-exist with terrestrial mammals. Almost all islands where introduced foxes persisted are tree-less and most species nest on the surface of the ground or in earthen burrows making them particularly vulnerable to predation. For instance foxes eliminated populations of the threatened Aleutian Canada geese (Branta canadensis leucopareia) on many islands (Jones 1963; Byrd 1998, in Ebbert & Byrd 2002).
棲地改變: Guano (bird droppings) are a strong fertiliser for vegetation. The impact of the European red fox on bird colonies could impact local vegetation by reducing the amount of fertiliser.
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