Bos taurus (哺乳動物)

生態 分佈 管理 影響 參考資料 聯繫

一般影響 野牛會吃，壓碎和踐踏原生植物，嚴重影響植被(Aston 1912; Wodzicki 1950)。他們總是把森林地面裸露，幾乎清除所有的幼木、灌木和蕨類植物，直到只剩下少數難吃或耐吃的物種。在亞高山野生環境中，野牛會破壞、啃食低篷植被，開闢出空地。亞南極恩德比島的野牛使 Poa litorosa草叢和各種亞南極特有的草本植物無法再生(Parkes, 2005)。Scott等人(in Stone1984)認為馴養和野生的牛是夏威夷生態系統最具破壞性的生物，特別是夏威夷相思樹林。夏威夷相思樹再生的幼株(請參閱 Acacia koaia在IUCN瀕危物種紅皮書 )，在一些夏威夷森林中被完全抑制(Baldwin和Fagerlund 1943; SPREP, 2000)。 引入的牛群使繁殖場崩解，使得極度瀕危的阿姆斯特丹信天翁分布範圍和族群量減少(請參閱 Diomedea amsterdamensis在IUCN瀕危物種紅皮書)(國際鳥盟2007)。          地點特有的影響： Anegada Is. (British Virgin Islands)   威脅瀕危物種: Cattle, Bos taurus, are believed to be the major factor in changing food availablility to the 'Critically Endangered (CR)' Anegada Is. rock iguana (see Cyclura pinguis in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) on Anegada Is. (Veitch, 1998 in Varnham, 2006). 棲地改變: Vegetation changes caused by grazing cattle will also be affecting birds lizards and bats (Veitch, 1998 in Varnham, 2006). Falkland Islands (Malvinas) (sub-Antarctic)   傳播疾病: There is a risk that cattle may transmit bovine TB. 棲地改變: Cattle have been implicated in loss of tussac grass (Parodiochloa flabellata), fachine (Chiliotrichum diffusum) and changes in vegetation composition (McDowall et al., 2001 in Varnham, 2006). 降低本地生物多樣性: Cattle may play a possible role in extinction of some plant species (McDowall et al., 2001 in Varnham, 2006). Amsterdam Is. (sub-Antarctic) (French Southern Territories)   威脅瀕危物種: Degradation of breeding sites by introduced cattle has decreased the range and population of the 'critically endangered' Amsterdam albatross (see Diomedea amsterdamensis in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) across the island (BirdLife International 2007). Turks and Caicos Islands   威脅瀕危物種: Bos taurus may compete for grazing with or trample burrows of native rock iguanas (Mitchell et al., 2002 in Varnham, 2006). B. taurus pose a serious threat to the 'Critically Endangered (CR)' Turks & Caicos rock iguana (see Cyclura carinata in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) , presumably through competition for food plants, altering the vegetational composition of habitats and trampling soft substrates where iguanas burrow or nest (Alberts, 2000 in Varnham, 2006). Hawaii (Hawai‘i) Is. (United States (USA))   降低本地生物多樣性: Domestic and feral cattle are regarded as the “single most destructive agent to Hawaiian ecosystems, particularly to koa forests”. Regeneration of young koa (see Acacia koaia in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) trees is completely suppressed in some forests of Hawaii. Cattle grazing was considered to be a primary factor in the decline of an endemic leguminous vine (see Vicia menziesii in Protection) on the island of Hawaii. Cattle browsing was more destructive to mammane (Sophora chrysophylla) forests on Mauna Loa volcano, than sheep browsing.