一般影響
太平洋海岸入侵雙殼貝對底棲性社群動態的改變，大都未經調查，包括這些入侵種，如 M. galloprovincialis, Geukensia demissa, Musculista senhousia, Mya arenaria, Crassostrea virginica, Venerupis philippinarum, and Gemma gemma。已知在一些地方 M. galloprovincialis會競逐，替換掉本土貝類，而成為優勢的貝種。這是因為 M. galloprovincialis可能比本土貝類長得更快，更能容忍暴露在空氣中，且其繁殖率在 20%與 200%之間，大於本土貝類。一項實驗測試三個南非本土品種，暴露在空氣中容忍力，(與 M. galloprovincialis比較)，把貽放在高潮線 42個星期，其中歷經 7 天連續的空氣暴露。在這種情況下， M. galloprovincialis的存活率是 92%、但是另一種只有 78%，。 Perna perna, 為 Choromytilus meridionalis與 0-10% 的 37-46% 為 Aulacomya 在.(Hockey and van Erkom Schurink 1992, in Branch and Stephanni 2004)南非的原生貝類 M. galloprovincialis在半暴露與完全暴露的海岸上，逐漸地被替換，當M. galloprovincialis入侵時。實驗式地把 M. galloprovincialis移除後， A. ater就不會減少。(G.M. Branch Unpub. Data, in Branch and Stephanni 2004)同樣地，在南加州，已經證實，入侵的 M. galloprovincialis會使本土近親貽類 M. trossulus的族群下降。(Geller 1999)
自從1980年代起，引進地中海的貝類(M. galloprovincialis)已成功地侵入了非洲南部海岸，並已成為西海岸岩石潮間帶的優勢種。Robinson and Griffiths(2002)一項研究 M. galloprovincialis在入侵區域與非入侵區的差別，在南非 Langebaan 潟湖實行，研究顯示 M. galloprovincialis會對自然棲地社群造成影響。入侵區社群，明顯與非入侵區不同，天然的沙洲社群被典型的岩石海岸社群取代。為了保護國家公園的生物資源，應該移除貽貝床(Robinson and Griffiths 2002).
地點特有的影響：Africa 
棲地改變: Mytilus galloprovincialis has altered the appearance and structure of rocky shores in the region. Canada
雜交: Mytilus galloprovincialis hybridises with M. trossulus Gould (McDonald and Koehn 1988, Heath et al. 1995, Wonham 1999 and Anderson et al. 2002, in Branch and Stephanni 2004). Sea of Azov (Mediterranean)
競爭: Alien benthic species, namely Rhithropanopeus harrisi tridentata, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Mya arenaria and Cunearca cornea (=Scapharca inaequivalvis) have forced out some aboriginal species, such as Brachynotus sexdentatus, Parvicardium exiigum and Lentidium mediterraneum. Netherlands
污染: Mytilus galloprovincialis causes fouling of cooling water systems. South Africa
棲地改變: The presence of Mytilus galloprovincialis results in the loss of habitat for the native limpet Patella granularis (Hockey and van Erkom-Schurink 1992, in Morton 1996).
生態系統變化: From the perspective of predators, Mytilus galloprovincialis constitutes an additional source of food because it has substantially increased the biomass and vertical extent of mussels on the west coast (Van Erkom Schurink and Griffiths 1990, in Branch and Stephanni 2004). Two predators are known to have been affected: the whelk Nucella cingulata has increased in overall density on shores invaded by the mussel, increasing from 4 to 220•m-2 of shore (G.M. Branch, Unpub. Data, in Branch and Stephanni 2004). Secondly, the African Black Oystercatcher, Haematopus moquini, has switched its diet to feed on M. galloprovincialis, with a resulting increase in reproductive potential (Hockey and van Erkom Schurink 1992, in Branch and Stephanni 2004).
競爭: Relative to the three native species, Mytilus galloprovincialis grows faster in absolute terms under optimal conditions, and its growth is proportionally less diminished by exposure to air (Van Erkom Schurink and Griffiths 1993, in Branch and Stephanni 2004). Its annual reproductive output expressed as a percentage of its body mass, exceeds 120% as it reproduces more than once each year; its total annual output is between 20% and 200% greater than that of any of the indigenous species (Van Erkom Schurink and Griffiths 1991, in Branch and Stephanni 2004). This high reproductive output translates into an exceptionally high rate of recruitment, with densities of up to 20,000 recruits per 100cm2 being recorded on the west coast (Harris et al., 1998, in Branch and Stephanni 2004). M. galloprovincialis is also more tolerant of exposure to air than any of the indigenous species. Survivorship of M. galloprovincialis (measured over 24 months at midtide levels where the mussels experienced about 50% exposure to air) is more than double that of any of the other species. Confirmation of the relative tolerance of the four species to aerial exposure was provided by experiments in which mussels were held for 42 weeks at the high-tide level where they experienced up to 7 days of continuous exposure to air. Under these conditions, survivorship of M. galloprovincialis was 92%, but 78% for Perna perna, 37–46% for Choromytilus meridionalis and 0–10% for Aulacomya ater (Hockey and van Erkom Schurink 1992, in Branch and Stephanni 2004). M. galloprovincialis has a lower parasite load than the native P. perna, giving it a competitive advantage (Calvo-Ugarteburu and McQuaid 1998, in McEnnulty et al. 2001).
降低本地生物多樣性: The indigenous ribbed mussel A. ater was progressively displaced from semiexposed and exposed shores as the cover of M. galloprovincialis rose there. At sites where M. galloprovincialis was experimentally removed, there were no declines of A. ater (G.M. Branch Unpub. Data, in Branch and Stephanni 2004). Port Elizabeth (South Africa)
競爭: Relative to the three native species, Mytilus galloprovincialis grows faster in absolute terms under optimal conditions, and its growth is proportionally less diminished by exposure to air (Van Erkom Schurink and Griffiths 1993, in Branch and Stephanni 2004). Its annual reproductive output expressed as a percentage of its body mass, exceeds 120% as it reproduces more than once each year; its total annual output is between 20% and 200% greater than that of any of the indigenous species (Van Erkom Schurink and Griffiths 1991, in Branch and Stephanni 2004). This high reproductive output translates into an exceptionally high rate of recruitment, with densities of up to 20,000 recruits per 100cm2 being recorded on the west coast (Harris et al., 1998, in Branch and Stephanni 2004). M. galloprovincialis is also more tolerant of exposure to air than any of the indigenous species. Survivorship of M. galloprovincialis (measured over 24 months at midtide levels where the mussels experienced about 50% exposure to air) is more than double that of any of the other species. Confirmation of the relative tolerance of the four species to aerial exposure was provided by experiments in which mussels were held for 42 weeks at the high-tide level where they experienced up to 7 days of continuous exposure to air. Under these conditions, survivorship of M. galloprovincialis was 92%, but 78% for Perna perna, 37–46% for Choromytilus meridionalis and 0–10% for Aulacomya ater (Hockey and van Erkom Schurink 1992, in Branch and Stephanni 2004). West Coast of South Africa (South Africa)
競爭: Mytilus galloprovincialis competes directly with an abundant indigenous limpet, Scutellastra argenvillei. This competition has reduced the limpet's access to kelp. Dense aggregations of the limpets are now only found in small remnant patches of the previously dense limpet belt. Langebaan Lagoon (South Africa)
棲地改變: Robinson and Griffiths (2002) suggests that naturally-occurring sandbank communities are being converted by Mytilus galloprovincialis to habitats and communities more typical of rocky shores. Saldanha Bay (South Africa)
競爭: Relative to the three native species, Mytilus galloprovincialis grows faster in absolute terms under optimal conditions, and its growth is proportionally less diminished by exposure to air (Van Erkom Schurink and Griffiths 1993, in Branch and Stephanni 2004). Its annual reproductive output expressed as a percentage of its body mass, exceeds 120% as it reproduces more than once each year; its total annual output is between 20% and 200% greater than that of any of the indigenous species (Van Erkom Schurink and Griffiths 1991, in Branch and Stephanni 2004). This high reproductive output translates into an exceptionally high rate of recruitment, with densities of up to 20,000 recruits per 100cm2 being recorded on the west coast (Harris et al., 1998, in Branch and Stephanni 2004). M. galloprovincialis is also more tolerant of exposure to air than any of the indigenous species. Survivorship of M. galloprovincialis (measured over 24 months at midtide levels where the mussels experienced about 50% exposure to air) is more than double that of any of the other species. Confirmation of the relative tolerance of the four species to aerial exposure was provided by experiments in which mussels were held for 42 weeks at the high-tide level where they experienced up to 7 days of continuous exposure to air. Under these conditions, survivorship of M. galloprovincialis was 92%, but 78% for Perna perna, 37–46% for Choromytilus meridionalis and 0–10% for Aulacomya ater (Hockey and van Erkom Schurink 1992, in Branch and Stephanni 2004).
降低本地生物多樣性: Of the three indigenous mussels, the indigenous ribbed mussel A. ater is predictably most severely affected by M. galloprovincialis. The geographic overlap between the two is almost complete, and in the intertidal zone, they occupy similar, silt-free habitats. Of all the local mussel species, A. ater has the slowest growth, lowest reproductive output and the lowest tolerance to aerial exposure. Its filtration rate is also only 28% of that of M. galloprovincialis (Griffiths et al. 1992, in Branch and Stephanni 2004). At monitored sites near Saldanha Bay, invasion by M. galloprovincialis has diminished A. ater by 80% San Francisco Bay (Estuary) (United States (USA))
競爭: Mytilus galloprovincialis appears to outcompete its close relative, the native M. trossulus, in sites with warmer water of more constant salinity in San Francisco Bay (Sarver and Foltz 1993, in Geller 1999). California (United States (USA))
競爭: Mytilus galloprovincialis appears to outcompete its close relative, the native M. trossulus, in sites with warmer water of more constant salinity in San Francisco Bay (Sarver and Foltz 1993, in Geller 1999). M. galloprovincialis will climb over and smother a native mussel M. californianus in wave-protected areas in southern California (Geller 1999). Oregon (United States (USA))
雜交
|
