Taxonomic name: Anoplophora glabripennis (Motchulsky)
Synonyms: Anoplophora nobilis
Common names: Asian longhorn beetle, Asian longhorned beetle (English), Asiatischer Laubholzkäfer (German), longicorne Asiatique (French), starry sky beetle (English)
Organism type: insect Native to China and Korea, Anoplophora glabripennis has been intercepted in solid wood packaging material in the USA (14 states) and Britain. Known infestations were discovered in New York (1996) and Chicago (1998) about 10 years after the beetle first entered the U.S. An infestation was also discovered in Austria in 2001. Description
Adult Asian longhorn beetles (Anoplophora glabripennis) are jet-black with a luster; 20-35mm in length and 7-12mm in width, the base of the 11-segmented antennae is whitish with a blue-black colour; the antennae of male and female beetles are 1.5 and 1.3 times their body length, respectively; and each elytron has about 20 white (sometimes yellow) spots.
Please see PaDIL (Pests and Diseases Image Library) Species Content Page Beetles: Asian longhorn beetle for high quality diagnostic and overview images. Occurs in:
agricultural areas, natural forests, planted forests, ruderal/disturbed, scrub/shrublands, urban areas Habitat description
Habitats of the Asian longhorn beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) include urban (ornamentals), agricultural (windbreaks), rural (shelterbelts and hedgerows) and forests. In its native range, adult beetles infest deciduous trees, particularly species of Populus (15 poplar species), Salix (S. matsudana), Ulmus (U. pumila, U. laeuig), and Acer (A. buergerianum, A. davidii , A. grosseri , A. negundo, A. palmatum, A. palmatum cv. 'alropurpureum’, A. robustrum, A. saccharum, A. truncatum). Other species have been listed as hosts, including Aesculus chinensis (horsechestnut), Alnus sp., Betula platyphylla (birch), Elaeagnus angustifolia, Fraxinus sp., Hippophae rhamnoides L. ssp., Malus sylvestris, Sinensis (buckthorn), Platanus orientalis (london plane/sycamore), Prunus sp. (questionable), Pyrus communis (questionable), Robinia pseudoacacia (questionable) and Tilia tuan (lindens/basswood), some of which may not be suitable for beetle development (e.g. oviposition only), and others that need verification. General impacts
Asian longhorn beetles (Anoplophora glabripennis) slowly kill trees over an estimated 3-5 year period, this period may be longer for some tree species. In their native China about 40% of poplar plantations are known to have been damaged (ca. 2.3 million ha.) by the beetle. 240 cities or counties have been infested in 5 provinces alone (totalling 230 thousand ha), and, an estimated 50 million trees were cut down over a 3 year period in Ningxia Province alone (1991-1993). The beetle causes severe damage from 21-43 degrees north latitude and 100-127 degrees east longitude (represents 4 climatic zones in China: the Transitional Zone between the Tropical Zone to the south and the Warm Temperate Zone to the north; and the Warm Temperate Zone; the Cool Temperate Zone, and the Arid Temperate Zone). In the US, where they are introduced, approximately 5,286 and 1,547 infested trees have been cut down in New York and Chicago, respectively, as of May 2001. In Austria, around 47 infested trees have been cut down (as of August 2001). Geographical range
Native range: Asian longhorn beetles (Anoplophora glabripennis) are native to China and Korea
Known introduced range: USA, Canada, Austria (CFIA, 2005). Introduction pathways to new locations
Nursery trade:
Seafreight (container/bulk):
Solid wood packing material: Anoplophora glabripennis is transporeted on infested fire wood, containers, pallets, dunage.
Local dispersal methods
Natural dispersal (local): Self-propelled flight.
Road vehicles: Adults hitch-hiking on vehicles. Management information
Preventative measures: In 2002, United Nation FAO's (Food and Agriculture Organisation) Interim Commission on Phytosanitary Measures imposed a global standard for treating wood packaging International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures No. 15 to stop the spread of invasives.Efforts to develop monitoring technology is underway, including pheromones, kairomones and bait/sentinel trees for monitoring adult Anoplophora glabripennis and acoustic technology for detection of beetle-infested trees. Efforts to indentify resistant host trees are also in progress.
Physical: Identification of infested trees via visual inspection (by ground survey, bucket trucks and tree climbers) for oviposition sites, emergence holes, sap and frass, followed by tree removal (including chipping and/or burning) is currently the only proven method of control.
Chemical: Systemic insecticides have been tested. Imidacloprid is currently being tested by APHIS and USFS, as well as being used operationally by APHIS in the New York and Chicago infestations (efficacy has not be published to date).
Biological: Entomopathogens, particularly fungi, are being evaluated at Cornell University and results to date are promising. Survey and identification of natural enemies in China have been conducted since 1999 (Smith and Yang). Two such parasitiods have been undergoing extensive studies and efficiacy and mass rearing results are promising (non-target studies have not yet been conducted). Identification and evaluation of potential biological control agents native to the U.S. and Europe have recently been initiated. Nutrition
Adult Asian longhorn beetles (Anoplophora glabripennis) are known to feed on leaves, petiole and twigs. Anoplophora glabripennis appear to attack healthy trees (under investigation), as well as stressed trees. Reproduction
Sexual reproduction: female Asian longhorn beetles (Anoplophora glabripennis) mate multiple times with a single male beetle, but will also mate with multiple male beetles. Female beetles continue to produce eggs throughout their life span. Male beetles display mate guarding. Differences in the nutrional quality of various host trees, including secondary substances, and/or structural features (i.e. bark thickness), likely influence the relative reproductive potential and longevity of the beetles.
Lifetime fecundity of Anoplophora glabripennis averaged 35 eggs/female (30-80 eggs) on Populus spp. (China), and 68 eggs/female on A. saccharum (Keena 2000), and 127.3, 46.8 and 30.7 viable eggs/female on A. platanoide, A. rubrum and S. nigra, respectively (Smith et al., Environ Entomol., In press). Daily oviposition of viable eggs averaged 1.2, 0.46 and 0.36 eggs/d on A. platanoides, A. rubrum and S. nigra, respectively (fecundity declines at 0.48 eggs per week over the lifetime of female beetles) (Smith et al. Environ Entomol., In press). Fecundity is negatively correlated with bark thickness (Smith et al., In press). Preovipositional period of the Asian longhorn beetles was 10.6, 16.7 and 15.8 days on A. platanoides, A. rubrum and S. nigra, respectively (Smith et al., Environ Entomol., In press). Lifecycle stages
Asian longhorn beetles (Anoplophora glabripennis) spend about 7 days within the pupal chamber as an adult before exiting the natal host (China). Longevity of female and male beetles was 42.5 days (14-66 days) and 20.6 days (3-50 days), respectively, on Populus spp. (China), and 73 days on A. saccharum (Keena, 2000), and 103.9 days (44-131 days), 97.2 days (30-137 days) and 83.0 days (58-107 days) on A. platanoides, A. rubrum and S. nigra, respectively (Smith et al., Environ Entomol., In press). Asian longhorn beetles are strong fliers and results from mass mark recapture studies show that 98% of adult beetles disperse less than 600m from their release point. However, Asian longhorn beetles dispersal potential over a single season was found to be 1,029m and 1,442m, for male and gravid female beetles, respectively (Smith et al., Environ Entomol, In press). This species has been nominated as among 100 of the "World's Worst" invaders Reviewed by: Major update under progress
Michael T. Smith, Ph.D., USDA-ARS Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Lab, Newark, DE 19713 USA.
Compiled by: Michael T. Smith, Ph.D., USDA-ARS Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Lab, Newark, DE 19713 USA & IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)
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Last Modified: Friday, 26 May 2006
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